Polyhydramnios is defined as excessive amniotic fluid over 2000 ml or a single pocket over 8 cm. It occurs in 1-2% of pregnancies. Causes include maternal diabetes, fetal anomalies, multiple gestations, and idiopathic in 65% of cases. It can be acute or chronic based on onset. Acute presents before 20 weeks with symptoms like abdominal pain and vomiting. Chronic presents later with dyspnea, palpitations, and edema. Signs include an enlarged, tense abdomen where fetal parts cannot be distinguished easily.

1. POLYHYDRAMNIOS

2. Polyhydramnios is defined as a state where liquor amnii exceeds
2000 ml or when A.F.I. is more than 24-25 cm or a single pocket
of amniotic fluid is greater than 8 cm by ultrasonography.
Incidence: 1% to 2 % of the cases
Causes
Maternal (15%)
Rh iso-immunization
DM
Placental (less than 1%)
Placental chorioangioma
Circumvallate placental syndrome
Fetal (18%)
Multiple pregnancies
Fetal anomalies
Idiopathic (65%)

3. Clinical types: Depending on the
rapidity of onset hydramnios can be
Acute – rare – appear in a
matter of few days
Chronic – more common 10
times more commoner to acute
appear in a matter of few months

4. Routine OBH
History suggestive of Rh iso- immunization such as still
birth, fetal hydrops, jaundice in new born requiring
exchange transfusion etc.
History suggestive of DM – Previous big baby fetal death at
35 weeks, classical symptoms of DM like polyurea,
polydypsia, polyphagia
History of Drug intake especially in First trimester
History of Previous fetal anomalies like Anencephaly-risk of
recurrence is 2%

5. Acute Polyhydramnios: Onset is acute usually occurs before 20
weeks of pregnancy and presents usually with symptoms and
labour starts before 28 weeks of pregnancy.
It may present as
Acute abdomen - abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting
Breathlessness which increases on lying down position
Palpitation
Oedema of legs, varicosities in legs, vulva and hemorroids
Signs:
Patient looks ill, with out features of shock
Oedema of legs with signs of PIH
Abdomen unduly enlarged with shiny skin
Fluid thrill may be present
Internal examination shows taking up of cervix or even dilatation
with bulging membranes

6. Chronic Polyhydramnios: More common than
acute 10% more common
Since accumulation of liquor is gradual and so
patient may be symptomatic or asymptomatic.
Symptoms are mainly due to mechanical causes
Dyspnoea is more in supine position
Palpitation
Oedema
Oliguria may result from ureteral obstruction
by enlarged uterus
Pre-eclampsia 25 %( oedema, hypertension and
proteinuria)

7. Signs GPE
Patient may be dyspnoic at rest
Pedal Oedema
Evidence of PIH
Abdominal examination
Inspection
Abdomen is markedly enlarged globular with fullness in flanks
Skin over the abdomen is tense shiny with large striae
Palpation
Height of uterus is more than the corresponding periods of
Amenorrhoea
Abdominal girth is more
Fetal parts cannot be well defined external ballotment is more easily
elicited
Malpresentations are more common and presenting part is usually
high up
Fluid thrill is present
Auscultation
Fetal heart sounds are not heard distinctly

8. Internal examination :
Cervix is pulled up
May be sometimes dilated and admits tip of finger
through which bag of membranes which is tense
is felt.
At times patient may present with complications
like
Pre ecclampsia
PROM
Preterm labour
Placental abruption
Cord prolapse