2nd hour
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1) Beadle and Tatum's experiment using bread mold Neurospora showed that each gene encodes the structure of one polypeptide, supporting the "one gene, one enzyme" hypothesis. 2) Meselson and Stahl's experiment using radioisotope labeling of DNA demonstrated that DNA replication occurs via the semi-conservative model, where each new DNA molecule contains one original and one newly synthesized strand.
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Biok_2.7_DNA_replication_transcription_ and_translation.pptx
More from Hidayatul Illah
Pop gen part 2new
The document discusses the Hardy-Weinberg law of genetic equilibrium. It states that the law describes how allele and genotype frequencies in a population remain constant from generation to generation if the population meets five assumptions: large population size, random mating, no mutations, no migration, and no natural selection. It provides examples of using the Hardy-Weinberg equations to calculate allele and genotype frequencies for populations of rats and cattle.
Pop gen part 1
This document discusses population genetics concepts, including gene pools and allele frequencies. It defines a gene pool as the total set of genes in a population, consisting of all alleles at all gene loci in all individuals. Allele frequency is the ratio of a given allele to all alleles of that gene in the population. For a gene locus with two alleles, the frequencies of the alleles (p and q) must sum to 1. If the allele frequencies do not change between generations, the gene pool is considered to be in genetic equilibrium.
Lect 3 meiosis
Meiosis is a type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half and produces gametes like sperm and egg cells. It involves two divisions, Meiosis I and Meiosis II. In Meiosis I, homologous chromosomes pair up and separate, reducing the number by half. Meiosis II then separates the sister chromatids, resulting in four haploid daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the original cell. Meiosis introduces genetic variation between daughter cells and is essential for sexual reproduction.
Lect 2 mitosis
Mitosis is the process of cell division that results in two daughter cells with identical genetic material to the original parent cell. It has four main stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Cytokinesis then divides the cytoplasm. In animal cells, cytokinesis occurs via cleavage furrow formation, while in plant cells it occurs through cell plate formation between the daughter cells. Mitosis plays important roles in growth, cell replacement, regeneration, and asexual reproduction.
Hour 6
The document discusses genetic mapping and pedigree analysis. It defines genetic mapping as using recombination frequency data to determine the relative positions of genes on chromosomes. It provides an example of calculating recombination frequency and mapping genes in Drosophila. Pedigree analysis is defined as using standardized symbols in family trees to show genetic relationships and inheritance patterns across generations, like analyzing an inherited disease in the British Royal family.
Hour 5new
This document discusses different types of genes and inheritance patterns:
1) Lethal genes can be dominant or recessive, with recessive lethal alleles following a 2:1 genotypic to phenotypic ratio as seen in mouse coat color.
2) Linked genes on the same chromosome are inherited together and do not follow Mendel's laws of independent assortment unless separated by crossing over. This is demonstrated using examples in fruit flies.
3) Sex is determined by X and Y chromosomes in humans, with females as XX and males as XY. Sex-linked genes on the X chromosome are inherited differently between males and females.
Hour 4
The document discusses different variations from Mendelian inheritance patterns:
1) Codominance, where both alleles are fully expressed in heterozygotes, following a 1:2:1 genotypic and phenotypic ratio. Blood groups are an example.
2) Incomplete dominance, where heterozygotes exhibit an intermediate phenotype between the two homozygotes, also with a 1:2:1 ratio. Snapdragon flower color is used as an example.
3) Multiple alleles, where there are more than two allelic forms at a locus, such as the ABO blood group alleles in humans.
4) Polygenic inheritance, where quantitative traits like human skin color are influenced by multiple genes in
Hour 3
The document discusses Mendel's experiments on dihybrid crosses. It explains that Mendel crossed pure-breeding plants that differed in two traits - plant height and flower color. In the F1 generation, all offspring exhibited the dominant traits of tall height and purple flowers. When the F1 plants were self-crossed, the F2 generation showed a 9:3:3:1 ratio of phenotypes. This supported Mendel's law of independent assortment, which states that two traits segregate independently during gamete formation.
Hour 2
The document discusses Mendel's experiments on monohybrid crosses using pea plants. It explains that a monohybrid cross involves a single trait determined by one gene, such as tall vs dwarf plants. Mendel observed that the ratio of dominant to recessive phenotypes in the F2 generation is 3:1, while the ratio of genotypes is 1:2:1. His experiments supported his laws of segregation and independent assortment.
Hour 1
The document summarizes key concepts from Mendel's experiments on genetic inheritance in pea plants. It defines terms like alleles, genes, loci, genotype, and phenotype. It describes Mendel's pea plants and the seven traits he studied, including seed shape, seed color, flower color, pod shape, pod color, flower position, and plant height. It outlines his experimental method and results, finding ratios of dominant to recessive traits in the F2 generation close to the expected 3:1 ratio for each of the seven traits studied.
4th hour
The document summarizes key aspects of protein synthesis, which occurs in two main steps - transcription and translation. In transcription, DNA is transcribed into mRNA in the cell nucleus. In translation, mRNA is translated into proteins in the cytoplasm. The genetic code uses three-letter codons in mRNA to specify 20 amino acids. Transcription and translation together allow the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to proteins.
3rd hour
DNA replication begins at origins of replication where proteins recognize specific sequences and attach to DNA. The two strands then separate, forming a replication bubble.
DNA helicase unwinds the strands to prevent knot formation while topoisomerase prevents rewinding. Leading strand synthesis proceeds continuously from 5' to 3' toward the replication fork, using RNA primers made by primase. Lagging strand synthesis occurs discontinuously away from the fork, producing Okazaki fragments joined by ligase. DNA polymerase and ligase complete the process, forming two double helix strands.
1st hour
This document summarizes Chapter 4 of a biology textbook, which covers the expression of biological information over 6 hours. It discusses DNA and genetic information, DNA replication, protein synthesis, and the lactose operon. The first section covers DNA structure, including the Watson and Crick model showing DNA as a double helix composed of nucleotides with phosphate, sugar, and nitrogenous base components. DNA acts as the carrier of genetic information by encoding protein sequences and allowing heredity and adaptation through replication and mutation.
Lect 1 cell cycle
This document summarizes key concepts about cell division from Chapter 1. It discusses that all new cells are derived from existing cells through cell division, which involves duplicating genetic material. There are two types of cell division: mitosis produces two identical daughter cells, while meiosis reduces the chromosome number by half to produce gametes. The cell cycle is described as having four main phases - G1, S, G2, and Mitosis - where the cell grows and duplicates its DNA before dividing.
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2nd hour
- 1. 1)Beadle & Tatum’s Experiment - Using bread mold neurospora to show each gene encodes the structure of one polypeptide. 2)Meselson & Stahl’s Experiment - Using the radioisotope labeling technique to show the semi-conservative model of DNA replication