This document discusses the physical and mechanical properties of materials. It defines key properties like hardness, ductility, malleability, conductivity, and explains the ordering of common materials according to each property. Methods for modifying material properties through heat treating techniques like annealing, case hardening, precipitation strengthening, tempering and quenching are also covered. The document also addresses degradation of materials through corrosion, environmental factors, and means of protecting materials.
Introduction
Properties
Factors affecting Composites
Phases of Composites
Classification of Composites
Manufacturing of Composites
Utilization and Application
Why to use Composites
Advantages and Disadvantages
Failures
References
A composite material is made by combining two or more materials
The two materials work together to give the composites a unique properties
However within the composite you can easily tell the different materials apart as they do not dissolve or blend into each other.
High Strength-to-weight ratio
Corrosion Resistance
Wear Resistance
Low electrical conductivity
Lower cost
Easy processing
Covers almost all application areas
Type of Reinforcement
Reinforcement size and its Orientation
Matrix Type
Fiber-Volume-Fraction (FVF)
Bonding between Reinforcement and matrix
Type of Reinforcement
Reinforcement size and its Orientation
Matrix Type
Fiber-Volume-Fraction (FVF)
Bonding between Reinforcement and matrix
Introduction
Properties
Factors affecting Composites
Phases of Composites
Classification of Composites
Manufacturing of Composites
Utilization and Application
Why to use Composites
Advantages and Disadvantages
Failures
References
A composite material is made by combining two or more materials
The two materials work together to give the composites a unique properties
However within the composite you can easily tell the different materials apart as they do not dissolve or blend into each other.
High Strength-to-weight ratio
Corrosion Resistance
Wear Resistance
Low electrical conductivity
Lower cost
Easy processing
Covers almost all application areas
Type of Reinforcement
Reinforcement size and its Orientation
Matrix Type
Fiber-Volume-Fraction (FVF)
Bonding between Reinforcement and matrix
Type of Reinforcement
Reinforcement size and its Orientation
Matrix Type
Fiber-Volume-Fraction (FVF)
Bonding between Reinforcement and matrix
This presentation contains the basics of the composites, types of the composites and the processing of the composites or we can say that manufacturing of the composites. This presentation can also help who are working on the de-lamination of the laminates.
Presentation for Fiber Composites course. Outlines the failure theories used in composite failure analysis and methods to design composite materials based on these failure theories.
This presentation will provide the non-metallurgist with a basic understanding of carbon and low alloy steels. First we'll describe the carbon and low alloy steels by examining the iron-carbon binary phase diagram and understand the basic microstructures as related to carbon content. We'll discuss the nomenclature of the different carbon and alloy steel groups. We will then examine how mechanical properties are influenced through carbon content, alloy additions and heat treatment. We will also discuss the differences in carbon and low alloy steels that are specified as structural steels and high strength-low alloy (HSLA) steels. Finally, we will address the issues of material selection, processing and finishing.
Describe type of welding joint design and welding symbols that usually used in welding design
After completing this chapter, the student should be able to
understand the basics of joint design.
list the five major types of joints.
list seven types of weld grooves.
identify the major parts of a welding symbol.
explain the parts of a groove preparation.
describe how nondestructive test symbols are used.
Each joint’s design affects the quality and cost of the completed weld.
Selecting the most appropriate joint design for a welding job requires special attention and skill.
Welding symbols are the language used to let the welder know exactly what welding is needed.
The welding symbol is used as shorthand and can provide the welder with all of the required information to make the correct weld.
The important points of composite materials are mentioned. This file includes, what is composite materials, its classifications, applications, advantages and disadvantages.
This presentation contains the basics of the composites, types of the composites and the processing of the composites or we can say that manufacturing of the composites. This presentation can also help who are working on the de-lamination of the laminates.
Presentation for Fiber Composites course. Outlines the failure theories used in composite failure analysis and methods to design composite materials based on these failure theories.
This presentation will provide the non-metallurgist with a basic understanding of carbon and low alloy steels. First we'll describe the carbon and low alloy steels by examining the iron-carbon binary phase diagram and understand the basic microstructures as related to carbon content. We'll discuss the nomenclature of the different carbon and alloy steel groups. We will then examine how mechanical properties are influenced through carbon content, alloy additions and heat treatment. We will also discuss the differences in carbon and low alloy steels that are specified as structural steels and high strength-low alloy (HSLA) steels. Finally, we will address the issues of material selection, processing and finishing.
Describe type of welding joint design and welding symbols that usually used in welding design
After completing this chapter, the student should be able to
understand the basics of joint design.
list the five major types of joints.
list seven types of weld grooves.
identify the major parts of a welding symbol.
explain the parts of a groove preparation.
describe how nondestructive test symbols are used.
Each joint’s design affects the quality and cost of the completed weld.
Selecting the most appropriate joint design for a welding job requires special attention and skill.
Welding symbols are the language used to let the welder know exactly what welding is needed.
The welding symbol is used as shorthand and can provide the welder with all of the required information to make the correct weld.
The important points of composite materials are mentioned. This file includes, what is composite materials, its classifications, applications, advantages and disadvantages.
Download link: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318852873_Engineering_Drawing_-_I
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.22512.56328
An engineering drawing is a type of technical drawing, used to fully and clearly define requirements for engineered items, and is usually created in accordance with standardized conventions for layout, nomenclature, interpretation, appearance size, etc.
Its purpose is to accurately and unambiguously capture all the geometric features of a product or a component. The end goal of an engineering drawing is to convey all the required information that will allow a manufacturer to produce that component.
Numerical Solution of Diffusion Equation by Finite Difference Methodiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Mathematics(IOSR-JM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mathemetics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mathematics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
This Presentation briefly covers the highlights of steel; manufacturing of steel by basic oxygen furnace and electric arc furnace method, types of steel their properties and composition, applications of steel, corrosion, heat treatment, effect of alloying element.
topic suited for Ethiopian university engineering curriculum
Hi i am from earth and you are tasked to rescue it and a person is a symbol of affection and love with you and your family a very happy birthday to you little bit .
Dear All, Best Greetings! This presentation is very useful to all of you to understand the steel basics, background, history, steel making process video, characteristics, metallurgical properties, iron carbon diagram, different phases in steel, effects of alloying elements, high carbon steel introduction, and application of low, medium and high carbon steel.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
3. Outcomes
• State the physical properties of materials.
• Define what is meant by mechanical properties of
materials.
• State the mechanical properties of materials.
• Describe the mechanical properties of materials.
Next
5. Physical and Mechanical
Properties
• It is the arrangement of atoms within a material that
greatly influences that materials behaviour and its
properties:
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Hardness.
Ductility.
Malleability.
Conductivity.
Thermal expansion.
Optical properties.
Magnetic properties.
Melting point.
Next
6. Hardness
• What is hardness?
– The ability of a material to
withstand impacts.
– This is defined by the
deformation when a
prescribed load is applied
to the surface of the material.
Next
7. Hardness
• Materials in order of hardness:
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Diamond.
Cubic boron nitride (ceramic).
Carbides.
Hardened steels.
Cast irons.
Copper.
Acrylic.
Aluminium.
Lead.
Next
8. Ductility
• Ductility is a mechanical property that describes the
extent in which solid materials can be plastically
deformed without fracture.
Next
10. Malleability
• Malleability is a physical property of metals that defines
the ability to be hammered, pressed or rolled into thin
sheets without breaking.
• It is the property of a metal to deform under
compression.
Next
11. Malleable
• Materials in order of malleability:
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Gold.
Silver.
Aluminium.
Copper.
Tin.
Lead.
Steel.
Next
12. Tensile Strength
• There are three typical definitions of tensile strength:
– Yield strength - The stress a material can withstand without
permanent deformation. This is not a sharply defined point. Yield
strength is the stress which will cause a permanent deformation
of 0.2% of the original dimension.
– Ultimate strength - The maximum stress a material can
withstand.
– Breaking strength - The stress coordinate on the stress-strain
curve at the point of rupture.
Next
15. Electrical Conductivity
• Electrical conductivity is the measure of a material's
ability to accommodate the transport of an electric
charge.
• A Conductor such as a metal has high conductivity, and
an insulator like glass or a vacuum has low conductivity.
• A semiconductor has a conductivity that varies widely
under different conditions.
Next
16. Electrical Conductivity
• Materials listed in order of conductivity:
Gold.
Lead.
Platinum.
Mercury.
Tin.
Silver.
Nickel.
Silicon.
Copper.
Cobalt.
Iron.
Zinc.
Aluminum.
Titanium.
Magnesium.
Next
17. Thermal Conductivity
• In heat transfer, the thermal conductivity of a substance
is an intensive property that indicates its ability to
conduct heat.
• Alloys will have variable thermal conductivities due to
composition.
Next
18. Thermal Conductivity
• Materials in order of thermal conductivity:
Silver.
Gold.
Magnesium.
Zinc.
Nickel.
Platinum.
Lead.
Mercury.
Copper.
Aluminium.
Silicon.
Cobalt.
Iron.
Tin.
Titanium.
Next
19. Magnetic Properties
• While most materials can be influenced in some way by
a magnetic field, the following materials are thousands of
times more susceptible than other materials:
–
–
–
–
Iron.
Nickel.
Cobalt.
Compounds containing these elements are also magnetic.
Next
21. Degradation of Materials
• Corrosion.
– The deterioration of a material as a result of a reaction with its
environment, especially with oxygen (oxidation).
– Although the term is usually applied to metals, all materials,
including wood, ceramics (in extreme conditions) and plastics,
deteriorate at the surface to varying degrees when they are
exposed to certain combinations of sunshine (UV light), liquids,
gases or contact with other solids.
Next
22. Wood
• The environmental factors that affect degradation in
wood are:
– Biological organisms – fungi and insects.
– Risk of wetting or permanent contact with water.
– Wood is susceptible to attack when the moisture content
exceeds 20%.
Next
23. Wood
• Physical and mechanical effects of degradation in wood:
– Change in cross-sectional dimensions, swelling and shrinkage.
– Strength and stiffness decrease as moisture content increases.
– Durability is affected.
– Coatings can be compromised.
Next
24. Plastic
• It is widely accepted that plastics do not corrode.
• However, micro organisms that can decompose lowdensity polyethylene do exist.
Next
25. Plastic
• Elastomers can cause other plastics to corrode or melt
due to prolonged contact (e.g. rubber left on a set
square).
Next
26. Plastic
• UV light will weaken certain plastics and produce a
chalky faded appearance on the exposed surface.
Next
27. Plastic
• Heat will weaken or melt certain plastics even at
relatively low temperatures.
Next
28. Plastic
• Cold can cause some plastics to become brittle and
fracture under pressure.
Next
31. Metal
• Most metals corrode because they react with oxygen in
the atmosphere, particularly under moist conditions –
this is called oxidation.
Next
32. Metal
• Ferrous metals such as steel are particularly susceptible
to oxidation and require ongoing maintenance or they
will suffer inevitable structural failure.
• Choice of metal, environmental location and design
features must all be considered
Next
carefully.
33. Metal
• Some non-ferrous metals are particularly resistant to
corrosion (e.g. copper and zinc).
• They form strong oxides on their surfaces (as do
aluminium and lead) and these protect the metal from
further oxidation.
Next
34. Metal
• Most corrosion of ferrous metals occur by electrochemical reaction. This is also known as wet corrosion.
• Electro-chemical corrosion can occur when:
– two different metals are involved.
– there is an electrolyte present.
– metals are separated on the Galvanic Table (potential difference
exists).
– the metals are in contact.
Next
35. Metal
• When two dissimilar metals are placed in a jar of
electrolyte (sea water), an electric current is produced.
Next
36. Metal
• When two dissimilar metals are placed in a jar of
electrolyte (sea water), an electric current is produced.
• In actual two metal situations, designers must be aware
of the Galvanic Series. The potential difference between
the two metals determines which metal will corrode.
• In the environment, rainwater will also act as an
electrolyte. One of the metals will be eaten away (the
anode) if it is higher up on the Galvanic Table.
Next
38. Metal
• Protection and finishing:
• There are various protection and finishing treatments
applied to metals, including:
–
–
–
–
–
sacrificial protection.
design features.
anodising of aluminium.
protective coating (e.g. paint, plastic, metal).
electro plating.
Next
39. Metal
• Sacrificial (cathodic) protection.
• This is where one metal is deliberately sacrificed to
protect another.
•
Sea water attacks bronze propellers. A slab of magnesium, aluminium or
zinc is attached to the wooden hull near the propeller. This becomes the
anode and corrodes while the expensive propeller (cathode) is protected.
The anode must be replaced regularly.
Next
40. Metal
• Design features:
•
Avoid, or provide extra protection for stressed parts, elbows, folds
and bends, etc.
•
Avoid crevices or sumps that retain moisture.
•
Reduce Galvanic effect by careful selection of metals or by design
detailing.
•
Select an appropriate alloy.
Next
41. Metal
• Anodising of aluminium:
– An electrolytic process that increases the thickness of
aluminium's naturally occurring protective oxide film.
– Organic acid electrolytes will produce harder films and can
incorporate dyes to give the coating an attractive colour.
Next
42. Metal
•
•
Protective coating: paint
Paint is widely used particularly to protect steel. It is not effective
over time and under certain conditions and must be renewed
regularly – often at considerable expense.
•
The more effective paints contain lead,
zinc or aluminium in suspension.
Part of the protection they provide is
sacrificial.
•
Next
43. Metal
•
Protective coating: plastic
•
•
A variety of plastic coatings exist.
They include:
– brush-on coating.
– electrostatic spraying.
– hot dipping in fluidised tank.
Next
44. Metal
• Protective coating: metal
• Metal coatings give the best protection.
• They include:
–
–
–
–
–
hot dipping.
powder cementation.
metal spraying.
metal cladding.
electro-plating.
Next
45. Metal
• Protective coating: electro-plating
• Uses the chemical effect of an electric current to provide
a decorative and/or protective metal coating to another
metal object:
Next
46. Metals
• The effect of corrosion on mechanical and physical
properties:
– Reduction of metal thickness leading to loss of strength or
complete structural failure.
– Localised corrosion leading to a ‘crack’ like structure. Produces
a disproportionate weakening in comparison to the amount of
metal lost.
– Fatalities and injuries from structural failure, e.g. bridges,
buildings, or aircraft.
– Damage to valves or pumps due to solid corrosion products.
Next
47. Metal
• Environmental considerations:
– Contamination of fluids/foodstuffs in pipes and containers.
– Leakage of potentially harmful pollutants and toxins into the
environment.
– Increased production/design and ongoing maintenance costs.
This results in greater use of scarce resources and the release
of harmful CO² gasses into the environment.
Next
49. Modifying Properties of
Materials
•
Heat treating is a group of industrial and metalworking processes
used to alter the physical, and sometimes chemical, properties of a
material.
•
Heat treatment techniques include:
–
–
–
–
–
Annealing.
Case hardening.
Precipitation strengthening.
Tempering.
Quenching.
Next
50. Annealing
• A heat treatment that alters a material to increase its
ductility and to make it more workable.
• It involves heating a material to above its critical
temperature, maintaining a suitable temperature, and
then cooling.
• Annealing can induce ductility, soften material, relieve
internal stresses, refine the structure by making it
homogeneous, and improve cold working properties.
Next
51. Case Hardening
• Case hardening is a process that is used to harden the
outer layer of case hardening steel while maintaining a
soft inner metal core.
• The case hardening process uses case hardening
compounds for the carbon addition.
• Steel case hardening depth depends upon the
application of case hardening depth.
Next
52. Case Hardening
• Case hardening is useful for objects that need to be
hardened externally to endure wear and tear, but soft
internally to withstand shock.
Next
53. Precipitation Strengthening
• A technique where heat is applied to a malleable
material, such as a metal alloy, in order to strengthen it.
• The technique hardens the alloy by creating solid
impurities, called precipitates, which stop the movement
of dislocations in the crystal lattice structure.
Next
54. Precipitation Strengthening
• Dislocations are the primary cause of plasticity in a
material.
• The absence of dislocations increases the material's
yield strength.
Next
55. Tempering
• Tempering is a process of heat treating, which is used to
increase the toughness of iron-based alloys.
• The exact temperature determines the amount of
hardness removed.
• For example, very hard tools are often tempered at low
temperatures, while springs are tempered to much
higher temperatures.
Next
56. Quenching
•
Quenching is an accelerated method of bringing a metal
back to room temperature.
• Quenching can be performed with forced air convection,
oil, fresh water, salt water and special purpose polymers.
• This produces a harder material by either surface
hardening or through-hardening varying on the rate at
which the material is cooled.
Next
58. Outcomes
• State the physical properties of materials.
• Define what is meant by mechanical properties of
materials.
• State the mechanical properties of materials.
• Describe the mechanical properties of materials.
Next