I hope You all like it. I hope It is very beneficial for you all. I really thought that you all get enough knowledge from this presentation. This presentation is about materials and their classifications. After you read this presentation you knowledge is not as before.
this ppt describes materials ,metals, ceremics and its types, polymer, composites etc.
u can study more topics of material science on this you tube channel
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Materials Engineering and Metallurgy Lecture NotesFellowBuddy.com
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I hope You all like it. I hope It is very beneficial for you all. I really thought that you all get enough knowledge from this presentation. This presentation is about materials and their classifications. After you read this presentation you knowledge is not as before.
this ppt describes materials ,metals, ceremics and its types, polymer, composites etc.
u can study more topics of material science on this you tube channel
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLAd8Bzun6OmL4Sg2sKbDJ1b5PZZ0Vb5Hu
FellowBuddy.com is an innovative platform that brings students together to share notes, exam papers, study guides, project reports and presentation for upcoming exams.
We connect Students who have an understanding of course material with Students who need help.
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# Students can catch up on notes they missed because of an absence.
# Underachievers can find peer developed notes that break down lecture and study material in a way that they can understand
# Students can earn better grades, save time and study effectively
Our Vision & Mission – Simplifying Students Life
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Materials Engineering and Metallurgy Lecture NotesFellowBuddy.com
FellowBuddy.com is an innovative platform that brings students together to share notes, exam papers, study guides, project reports and presentation for upcoming exams.
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: Part of inanimate matter, which is useful to engineer in the practice of his profession (used to produce products according to the needs and demand of society)
Material Science: Primarily concerned with the search for basic knowledge about internal structure, properties and processing of materials and their complex interactions/relationships
This lesson highlights the classification of the engineering materials and their processing techniques. The engineering materials can broadly be classified as:
a) Ferrous Metals
b) Non-ferrous Metals (aluminum, magnesium, copper, nickel, titanium)
c) Plastics (thermoplastics, thermosets)
d) Ceramics and Diamond
e) Composite Materials & f) Nano-materials.
The engineering materials are often primarily selected based on their mechanical, physical, chemical and manufacturing properties. The secondary factors to be considered are the cost and availability, appearance, service life and recyclability.
This module deals with the classification of the engineering materials and their processing techniques. The engineering materials can broadly be classified as:a) Ferrous Metals ,b) Non-ferrous Metals (aluminum, magnesium, copper, nickel, titanium) ,c) Plastics (thermoplastics, thermosets) ,d) Ceramics and Diamond,e) Composite Materials & f) Nano-materials.
: Part of inanimate matter, which is useful to engineer in the practice of his profession (used to produce products according to the needs and demand of society)
Material Science: Primarily concerned with the search for basic knowledge about internal structure, properties and processing of materials and their complex interactions/relationships
This lesson highlights the classification of the engineering materials and their processing techniques. The engineering materials can broadly be classified as:
a) Ferrous Metals
b) Non-ferrous Metals (aluminum, magnesium, copper, nickel, titanium)
c) Plastics (thermoplastics, thermosets)
d) Ceramics and Diamond
e) Composite Materials & f) Nano-materials.
The engineering materials are often primarily selected based on their mechanical, physical, chemical and manufacturing properties. The secondary factors to be considered are the cost and availability, appearance, service life and recyclability.
This module deals with the classification of the engineering materials and their processing techniques. The engineering materials can broadly be classified as:a) Ferrous Metals ,b) Non-ferrous Metals (aluminum, magnesium, copper, nickel, titanium) ,c) Plastics (thermoplastics, thermosets) ,d) Ceramics and Diamond,e) Composite Materials & f) Nano-materials.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
3. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
• Stone → Bronze → Iron → Advanced Materials
Beginning of the Material Science - People
began to make tools from stone – Start of
the Stone Age about two million years ago.
Natural materials: stone, wood, clay, skins,
etc.
4. Historical Perspective
• The Stone Age ended about 5000 years ago with
introduction of Bronze in the Far East. Bronze is
an alloy (a metal made up of more than one
element), copper + < 25% of tin + other
elements.
• Bronze: can be hammered or cast into a variety
of shapes, can be made harder by alloying,
corrode only slowly after a surface oxide film
forms.
5. Historical Perspective
• The Iron Age began about 3000 years ago
and continues today. Use of iron and steel, a
stronger and cheaper material changed
drastically daily life of a common person.
• Age of Advanced materials: throughout the
Iron Age many new types of materials have
been introduced (ceramic, semiconductors,
polymers, composites…).
6. Historical Perspective
• Understanding of the relationship among
structure, properties, processing, and
performance of materials. Intelligent design of
new materials evolved.
• A better understanding of structure-composition
properties relations has lead to a remarkable
progress in properties of materials. Example is
the dramatic progress in the strength to density
ratio of materials, that resulted in a wide variety
of new products, from dental materials to tennis
racquets.
7. Figure from: M. A. White, Properties of Materials
(Oxford University Press, 1999)
8. MATERIAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
• Material science is the investigation of the
relationship among processing, structure,
properties, and performance of materials.
• Materials engineering is on the basis of these
structure–property correlations, designing or
engineering the structure of a material to produce
a predetermined set of properties.
9.
10. Structure
• the structure of a material usually relates to
the arrangement of its internal components
• Subatomic level- Electronic structure of
individual atoms that defines interaction
among atoms (interatomic bonding) and
with their nuclei.
11. • Atomic level-Arrangement of atoms or
molecules in materials relative to one
another. (for the same atoms can have
different properties, e.g. two forms of
carbon: graphite and diamond).
12. • Microscopic structure-Arrangement of
small grains of material that can be
identified by microscopy. And it is a larger
structure, which contains large groups of
atoms that are normally agglomerated
together.
14. Property
• A property is a material trait in terms of the
kind and magnitude of response to a
specific imposed stimulus. Generally,
definitions of properties are made
independent of material shape and size.
• Virtually all important properties of solid
materials may be grouped into six different
categories: mechanical, electrical, thermal,
magnetic, optical, and deteriorative.
15. • Mechanical properties relate deformation to
an applied load or force; examples include
elastic modulus and strength.
• Electrical properties, such as electrical
conductivity and dielectric constant, the
stimulus is an electric field.
• Thermal behaviorof solids can be
represented in terms of heat capacity and
thermal conductivity.
16. • Magnetic properties demonstrate the
response of a material to the application of
a magnetic field.
• Optical properties, the stimulus is
electromagnetic or light radiation; index of
refraction and reflectivity are representative
optical properties.
• Deteriorative characteristics relate to the
chemical reactivity of materials
17. Processing and
Performance.
• With regard to the relationships of these
four components, the structure of a material
will depend on how it is processed.
Furthermore, a material’s performance will
be a function of its properties.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22. CLASSIFICATION OF
MATERIALS
• Metals: valence electrons are detached
from atoms, and spread in an 'electron sea'
that "glues" the ions together.
• Strong, ductile, conduct electricity and heat
well, are shiny if polished.
• Materials in this group are composed of one
or more metallic elements (such as iron,
aluminum, copper, titanium, gold, and
23. • nickel), and often also nonmetallic elements
(for example, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen)
in relatively small amounts.
• Atoms in metals and their alloys are
arranged in a very orderly manner and in
comparison to the ceramics and polymers,
are relatively dense.
24. • With regard to mechanical characteristics,
these materials are relatively stiff and strong
yet are ductile (i.e., capable of large
amounts of deformation without fracture),
and are resistant to fracture which accounts
for their widespread use in structural
applications.
25. • Metals are extremely good conductors of
electricity and heat, and are not transparent
to visible light; a polished metal surface has
a lustrous appearance. In addition, some of
the metals (viz., Fe, Co, and Ni) have
desirable magnetic properties.
26.
27. Ceramics
• Ceramics are compounds between metallic
and nonmetallic elements; they are most
frequently oxides, nitrides, and carbides.
• some of the common ceramic materials
include aluminum oxide (or lumina,Al2O3),
silicon dioxide (or silica, SiO2), silicon
carbide (SiC), silicon nitride (Si3N4)
28. • in addition, what some refer to as the
traditional ceramics—those composed of
clay minerals (i.e., porcelain), as well as
cement, and glass.
• With regard to mechanical behavior,
ceramic materials are relatively stiff and
strong—stiffnesses and strengths are
comparable to those of the metals.
29. • ceramics are typically very hard. On the
other hand, they are extremely brittle (lack
ductility), and are highly susceptible to
fracture.
• These materials are typically insulative to
the passage of heat and electricity
• (i.e., have low electrical conductivities, and
are more resistant to high temperatures and
30. • harsh environments than metals and
polymers.
• With regard to optical characteristics,
ceramics may be transparent, translucent, or
opaque and some of the oxide ceramics
(e.g., Fe3O4) exhibit magnetic behavior.
31.
32. Polymers
• Polymers include the familiar plastic and
rubber materials. Many of them are organic
compounds that are chemically based on
carbon, hydrogen, and other nonmetallic
elements (viz.O,N, and Si).
• they have very large molecular structures,
often chain-like in nature that have a
backbone of carbon atoms.
33. • Some of the common and familiar polymers
are polyethylene (PE), nylon, poly(vinyl
chloride) (PVC), polycarbonate (PC),
polystyrene (PS), and silicone rubber.
• These materials typically have low densities
whereas their mechanical characteristics are
generally dissimilar to the metallic and
ceramic materials—they are not as stiff nor
as strong as these other material types
34. • many of the polymers are extremely ductile
and pliable (i.e., plastic), which means they
are easily formed into complex shapes.
• they are relatively inert chemically and
unreactive in a large number of
environments.
35. • One major drawback to the polymers is
their tendency to soften and/or decompose
at modest temperatures, which, in some
instances, limits their use.
• they have low electrical conductivities and
are nonmagnetic
36.
37. Bar-chart of room temperature density values for
various metals, ceramics, polymers, and
composite materials.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42. Composites
• A composite is composed of two (or more)
individual materials, which come from
metals, ceramics, and polymers.
• The design goal of a composite is to
achieve a combination of properties that is
not displayed by any single material, and
also to incorporate the best characteristics
of each of the component materials.
43. • One of the most common and familiar
composites is fiberglass, in which small
glass fibers are embedded within a
polymeric material (normally an epoxy or
polyester).
44. ADVANCED MATERIALS
• Materials that are utilized in high-
technology (or high-tech) applications.
• Examples include electronic equipment
(camcorders, CD/DVD players, etc.),
computers, fiber-optic systems, spacecraft,
aircraft, and military rocketry.
45. • they may be of all material types (e.g.,
metals, ceramics, polymers), and are
normally expensive.
• Advanced materials include
semiconductors, biomaterials, and what we
may term “materials of the future”
46. Semiconductors
• Semiconductors have electrical properties
that are intermediate between the electrical
conductors (metals and metal alloys) and
insulators (ceramics and polymers)
• the electrical characteristics of these
materials are extremely sensitive to the
presence of minute concentrations of
impurity atoms, for which the
47. • concentrations may be controlled over very
small spatial regions.
• the electrical characteristics of these
materials are extremely sensitive to the
presence of minute concentrations of
impurity atoms, for which the
concentrations may be controlled over very
small spatial regions.
48. • Semiconductors have made possible the
advent of integrated circuitry that has
totally revolutionized the electronics and
computer industries
49. Biomaterials
• Biomaterials are employed in components
implanted into the human body for
replacement of diseased or damaged body
parts.
• These materials must not produce toxic
substances and must be compatible with
body tissues
50. Materials of the Future
• Smart Materials-group of new and state-of-
the-art materials now being developed that
will have a significant influence on many of
our technologies. Components include some
type of sensor and an actuator.
– Four types of materials are commonly used for
actuators: shape memory alloys, piezoelectric
ceramics, magnetostrictive materials, and
electrorheological/magnetorheological fluids.
51. – Shape memory alloys are metals that, after
having been deformed, revert back to their
original shapes when temperature is changed.
– Piezoelectric ceramics expand and contract in
response to an applied electric field (or
voltage); conversely, they also generate an
electric field when their dimensions are altered
– The behavior of magnetostrictive materials is
analogous to that of the piezoelectrics, except
52. that they are responsive to magnetic fields.
- Also, electrorheological and
magnetorheological fluids are liquids that
experience dramatic changes in viscosity
upon the application of electric and
magnetic fields, respectively.
-
53. • Materials/devices employed as sensors
include optical fibers, piezoelectric
materials (including some polymers), and
microelectromechanical devices.
• Nanoengineered Materials - the
dimensions of these structural entities are
on the order of a nanometer
54. MODERN MATERIALS’
NEEDS
• development of even more sophisticated
and specialized materials, as well as
consideration of the environmental impact
of materials production.
• Materials which reduces the weight of
transportation vehicles (automobiles,
aircraft, trains, etc.), as well as increasing
engine operating temperatures, will enhance
fuel efficiency.