The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all
aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This slide gives you ideas about functional matrix theory revisited by Melvin moss in a series of four articles which he tells the limitations of his first study and how he corrected it . this slide includes Functional matrix theory
Constrains of FMH,Functional matrix theory revisited
Articles,Reference
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all
aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This slide gives you ideas about functional matrix theory revisited by Melvin moss in a series of four articles which he tells the limitations of his first study and how he corrected it . this slide includes Functional matrix theory
Constrains of FMH,Functional matrix theory revisited
Articles,Reference
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all
aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Soft tissue analysis 2 /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
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Roth philosophy /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Tongue and its importance in orthodontic treatment /certified fixed orthodont...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in
continuing dental education , training dentists
in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide
range of dental certified courses in different
formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown &
Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all
aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Soft tissue analysis 2 /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Roth philosophy /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Tongue and its importance in orthodontic treatment /certified fixed orthodont...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in
continuing dental education , training dentists
in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide
range of dental certified courses in different
formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown &
Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
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Description :
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Corrosion and Its Types (Basic Chemistry - B.Tech / B.E. ))Afzal Imam
Corrosion is a process that occurs and encountered by us in our everyday lives. This presentation gives a basic idea about the process of corrosion. However, it is not in any way similar to the textbook knowledge provided by our schools and curriculum during high school years. This is designed to explain and clarify the concepts of corrosion to its viewers.
This presentation focuses on the topic of "Corrosion" in the subject basic chemistry usually taught in 1st or 2nd semester during B.Tech / B.E. courses. Other than the fact that this presentation is detailed oriented, this document can also be viewed for general information purposes as it is designed and explained in the simplest terms possible. Attractive and illustrative images are also used for the user to be able easily and quickly grasp the concept.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group of receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a teamof receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a team wwww.lisywomensclinic.co.za/
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
3. INTRODUCTION
The branch of science and
technology concerned with the
properties of metals , their
production and purification is
known as Metallurgy.
4. Matter is anything that occupies space and has
rest mass.
Matter is commonly said to exist In three states:
•SOLID
•LIQUID
•GAS
Matter is made up of atoms and molecules.
Atoms are made of sub- atomic particles, namely,
electrons, protons, and neutrons.
5.
6. An element that is a good conductor of
both electricity and heat.
Metals are usually malleable , ductile and shiny, that is they
reflect light.
PROPERTIES OF METALS
Metals have luster.
metals can be drawn into wire.(Ductile)
Metals can be hammered into sheets(Malleable)
Metals have a high melting point.
They are also very dense.
Metals are good conductors of electricity and heat
A chemical property of metal is its reaction with water and
oxygen. This results in corrosion and rust.
8. Metals are sometimes described as an arrangement of positive
ions surrounded by a sea of delocalized electrons.
Covalent Bonding:
A covalent bond is chemical bonding that is characterized
by the sharing of pairs of electrons between atoms.
The attraction-to-repulsion stability that forms between
atoms when they share electrons is known as covalent
bonding..
Covalent bonding can be seen in organic compounds like
dental resins.
9. Ionic Bonding:
Type of chemical bond that has to have a metal and
nonmetal ion through electrostatic attention. Explained
as an attraction between two oppositely charged ions.
The metal donates one or more electrons, forming a
positively charged ion with a stable electron configuration.
Electrons then enter the non metal, causing it to form a
negatively charged ion, also known as an anion which has a
stable electron configuration
10.
11. Stress:
It is the force per unit area acting on millions of atoms
in a material.
Stress is always accompanied by strain.
There are three types of stress depending on the three types
of forces experienced:-
1.Tensile Stress
2.Compressiv Stress
3. Shear Stress
12. Strain:
Strain is defined as the change in length per unit length, is
the relative deformation of an object subjected to stress.
Stress–Strain Curve
The relationship between the stress and strain that a
particular material displays is known as that material's
Stress-Strain curve.
13. Annealing (metallurgy), a heat treatment that alters the
microstructure of a material causing changes in
properties such as strength, hardness, and ductility
heat (metal or glass) and allow it to cool slowly, in order
to remove internal stresses and toughen it.
heat treatment that alters the physical and sometimes
chemical properties of a material to increase
its ductility and reduce its hardness ,making it more
workable.
14.
15. In materials science, quenching is the rapid cooling of a
work piece to obtain certain material properties.
It prevents low-temperature processes, such
as phase transformations, from occurring by only
providing a narrow window of time
It can reduce crystallinity and thereby increase
toughness of both alloys and plastics.
16.
17. Ability of a material (such as a metal) to undergo
permanent deformation through elongation or bending
at room temperature without fracturing.
It is the maximum plastic deformation a material can
withstand.
Gold is the most ductile metal, followed by silver.
18. Malleability refers to metals(and other hard materials)
ability to be stretched, shaped, or molded through
applied pressure.
This is the reason that metals such as gold, silver, and
platinum, are used to make jewelry and electronic
circuits.
Gold is the most malleable metal followed by silver.
19. A metal made by combining two or more metallic
elements, especially to give greater strength or resistance to
corrosion.
Alloys are used in a wide variety of many applications. In
some cases, a combination of metals may reduce the overall
cost of the material while preserving important properties. In
other cases, the combination of metals imparts synergistic
properties to the constituent metal elements such as
corrosion resistance or mechanical strength.
20.
21. Alloy is a combination of different elements, at least one
of which is a metal.
There can be binary, ternary or quaternary alloy systems
based on the number of chemical elements.
Alloys are often made to alter the mechanical properties of
the base metal, to induce hardness, toughness, ductility, or
other desired properties.
22. CLASSIFICATION OF CAST ALLOYS:
Major elements- gold based, palladium based, etc.
Uses- post and core alloys, crown and bridge alloys, etc.
Nobility- high noble, base metal alloys.
Principal three elements- Ti-Al-V, Fe-Ni-Cr, Au-Pd-Ag, etc.
Dominanat phase system- eutectic, peritectic, etc.
23. When materials change temperature they can change state,
this is called a phase change.
Whenever there is a phase change (change of state) in a
material, the atoms or molecules involved are rearranged.
Solid Solutions:
A solid phase containing two or more elements, at least one
of which is a metal, that are intimately combined at the
atomic level, producing a homogeneous crystalline structure
at room temperature.
24.
25. Miscibility(MIXABLE) is the property of liquids to mix in
all proportions, forming a homogeneous solution.
BUT there are a few metals that when they meet behave like
oil and water.
A combination of density differences and surface tension
ensure that the two materials separate in to two distinct
layers.
Diesel and water, aluminum and lead are few examples.
26.
27. Wrought alloys are cold worked alloys that have been
plastically deformed to alter the shape of the structure and
some mechanical properties (strength, hardness, ductility).
The work done on the alloy is at a temperature far below the
solidus, and is therefore called as cold work.
The resulting alloy is harder and has a good strength
Resistance to deformity
It can be modified by heating and annealing
29. When carbon in small quantities is added to iron, ‘Steel’ is
obtained.
The influence of carbon on mechanical properties of iron is
much larger than other alloying elements.
The atomic diameter of carbon is less than the interstices
between iron atoms and the carbon goes into solid solution
of iron.
Adding more and more carbon to iron (upto solubility of
iron) provides increased mechanical strength.
However addition of carbon has two deleterious effects on
iron:-
Decreases ductility
Causes problems with the welding procedures.
30. Steel is an alloy made by combining iron and other elements,
the most common of these being carbon.
When carbon is used, its content in the steel is between 0.2%
and 2.1% by weight, depending on the grade.
Other alloying elements used are
manganese, chromium, vanadium and tungsten.
Steel is harder and stronger than iron.
32. In metallurgy, stainless steel, also known as inox steel or
inox from French inoxydable, is a steel alloy with a
minimum of 10.5% chromium content by mass.
Stainless steel does not readily corrode, rust or stain with
water as ordinary steel does
Stainless steel differs from carbon steel by the amount of
chromium present. Unprotected carbon steel rusts readily
when exposed to air and moisture..
Stainless steels contain sufficient chromium to form
a passive film of chromium oxide, which prevents further
surface corrosion by blocking oxygen diffusion to the steel
surface and blocks corrosion from spreading into the metal's
internal structure
33. Austenitic steels:- most extensively used in dentistry.
most commonly used variety is 18-8 stainless steel.
chromium content is between 13%-28%.
Martensitic steels:- lower chromium content (12%-18%)
Ferritic steels:- chromium content is 15%-25%.
One of the differences between the two phases is that
martensite has a body-centered tetragonal (BCT) crystal
structure, whereas austenite has a face-centered cubic (FCC)
structure.
40. Why are molybdenum added to stainless steels?
Molybdenum adds corrosion resistance and high
temperature strength.
Molybdenum containing grades of stainless steels are
generally more corrosion resistant than molybdenum-free
grades.
Austenitic steel has more molybdenum content than ferritic
and martensite.
Because of their good mechanical properties and the ease of
fabrication, austenitic stainless steels are much more widely
used than ferritic stainless steels.
41. About 75% of all stainless steel used worldwide is austenitic
and about 25% is ferritic.
The other families, martensitic, duplex and precipitation
hardenable stainless steels each represent less than 1% of the
total market.
Adding 8% nickel to a ferritic chromium stainless steel
makes an austenitic chromium-nickel stainless steel. If less
nickel is added to a chromium steel, about four or five
percent, a duplex structure, a mixture of austenite and
ferrite, is created as in duplex stainless steel
42. Sensitization refers to the precipitation of carbon atoms at
grain boundaries in a stainless steel or alloy, causing the alloy
to be susceptible to intergranular corrosion or intergranular
stress corrosion cracking.
Austenitic SS loose their corrosion resistance if heated to
400o C to 900o C.
Small carbon atoms rapidly diffuse into the grain boundaries
to combine with iron and chromium atoms and to form
(CrFe)4C.
(CrFe)4C is highly susceptible for corrosion.
44. Annealing should be use rather than direct heating
Another control technique for preventing intergranular
corrosion involves incorporating strong carbide formers or
stabilizing elements such as niobium or titanium in the
stainless steels. Such elements have a greater affinity
for carbon than chromium does. Carbide formation with
these elements reduces the carbon available in the alloy for
formation of chromium carbides.
A third option is reduce carbon content below 0.03 percent
so that insufficient carbon is available for carbide formation.
45. Gold alloys
Gold has been used in jewelry and early versions of dentistry
for several thousand years – primarily as gold foil.
The first used orthodontic wire was a gold wire.
Pure gold is also very soft. To produce an enduring gold
restoration for dentistry, requires the production of strong
gold alloys and establishment of suitable fabrication
procedures.
The gold alloy wire compositions were generally similar to
those of type IV gold casting alloys.
.
46. The gold alloy wires had elastic force delivery much less than
that for stainless steel wires.
Substantial hardening and strengthening of these alloys was
done by appropriate heat treatment.
Gold is alloyed with copper to increase it’s strength and to
decrease it’s ductility and malleability.
By the 1950s ss alloys were used for most orthodontic
purpose
49. Why are only austenitic stainless steels used in orthodontics?:-
Greater ductility and ability to undergo more cold work
Substantial strengthen during cold work.
Greater ease of welding.
Ability to overcome sensitization.
Comparative ease of forming.
SS orthodontic wires can become fully annealed in a few
seconds at temperatures from 7000 C- 800O C.
Unfortunately, this temperature lies in the soldering and
welding temperature range of ss wires.
Result is a new, recrystallized microstructure within a few
seconds after the start of welding which decreases the
working range of the wire.
50. This disadvantage is minimized by using low fusing solders,
and by confining the time for welding procedures to a
minimum.
Any softening that occurs under such circumstances can be
reversed
Later by cold working procedures like polishing and
finishing.
51. An increase in the elastic properties of ss wires can be
obtained by heat treatment to 4000 C- 5000 C after it has
been cold worked.
The wire is pushed only to the recovery stage and not up to
the recrystallization stage.
This removes the residual stresses from the wire and
stabilizes the shape of the appliance.
Clinically it helps to decrease the chances of fracture of the
appliance.
52. Commercially marketed as Elgiloy by Elgiloy corp., USA.
The passivating effect is due to the presence of a layer of
chromium oxide, same as in the case of ss wires.
Elgiloy Blue is very popular among orthodontists because the
wire can be manipulated into desired shapes and then heat
treated to achieve considerable increases in strength and
resilience.
Elgiloy (Co-Cr-Ni Alloy) is a "super-alloy" consisting of 39-
41% Cobalt, 19-21% Chromium, 14-16% Nickel, 11.3-
20.5% Iron, 6-8% Molybdenum, and 1.5-2.5% Manganese.
53. Alloy of choice for the fabrication of fixed palatal quad
helix appliance for the treatment of maxillary constriction.
54. Nitinol is an acronym for Nickel Titanium Naval Ordnance
Laboratories
It was developed by William Buehler and Frederick Wang
A shape memory alloy is an alloy that “remembers” its
shape.
Nickel-Titanium alloys were first developed in 1962 and 1963.
The 1st Ni-Ti alloy was marketed by Unitek Corp., USA in
1972.
The use of Ni-Ti in orthodontics was advocated by
Andreason in early 1970s.
These alloys possess two unique properties , viz. super
elasticity and shape memory.
55. Require special bending techniques and cannot be bent over
a sharp bend or complete loop.
Alloy is brittle, so cannot be soldered or welded.
Ni- ti alloys in dentistry are based on equiatomic
intermetallic compound Niti, which contains 55wt% nickel
and 45 wt% titanium because of the differing atomic weights
of the two metals.
Ni – Ti intermetallic compound can exist in different crystal
structures, namely bcc austenitic ni- ti and distorted
monoclinic, triclinic or hexagonal martensitic ni- ti.
Austenitic ni- ti is a high temp., low stress form, and
martensitic ni- ti is a low temp., high stress form.
These wires offered modulus of elasticity approx 20% that of
the ss wires, and a wide elastic working range.
56. Disadvantages of Ni- Ti Wires:-
They are difficult to form into clinical shapes
Have to be joined by mechanical crimping as they can’t be
soldered or welded.
Rough surface of the wire can lead to increased arch wire-
bracket friction and a long treatment time.
57. Beta titanium wires in orthodontics is marketed by the name
TMA, i.e. Titanium Molybdenum Alloy by Ormco Corp.,
USA.
Beta titanium was considered for orthodontic use by
Burstone and Goldberg who saw it’s potential of delivering
lower biomechanical forces as compared to elgiloy and ss
wires.
Also the spring back values are much higher, which increases
it’s working range for tooth movement.
The second advantage of TMA is it’s excellent formability,
which is due to the their bcc structure.
The third clinical advantage of TMA is that it is the only
orthodontic wire alloy possessing true weldability.
58. TMA wires are the most expensive of orthodontic wires.
Beta titanium wires lack Ni completely.
Corrosion resistance is due to formation of TiO2 on the
surface. The resistance is not due to the passivating effect of
chromium as in the case of stainless steel.
Disadvantages of TMA:
Surface roughness of TMA wires is much more than for
stainless steel and Elgiloy wires.
The roughness originates from the adherence of the titanium
in both wire alloys to the dies or rollers used in wire
processing.
Manufacturers have developed the nitrogen ion
implantation technique for decreasing the surface
roughness of ni- ti and beta titanium alloys.
59.
60. These nickel-free Beta Titanium alloy arch wires were
developed by Dr. Burstone.
Excellent alternative over TMA arch wires, the superb
formability for placement of loops and bends reducing
important chair side time.
The flexibility makes it the perfect arch wire for use during
the mid-to-late stages of treatment.
61. Due to ease of bending the CNA Nickel-Free Arch wire, this
wire is ideal for use when the following is required.
Custom tipping
Aligning
Space closure
Rotation
Tooth movement
Doctors are moving to the CNA Nickel-Free over TMA because:
CNA Arch wire does not break as easily as TMA
The CNA Arch wire has a smooth, high-polish finish which
provides less friction
It is easier to form loops and bends with the CNA Arch wire.
Once intended shape is formed, the arch wire maintains its
integrity
62. {References:1. Titanium-niobium, a new finishing wire alloy. By Michel dalstra, Gabriella denes, birte melsen J.Clin orthod res. 2000 feb;3(1):6-
142. A comparative evaluation of metallurgical properties of stainless steel and tma wires with Tiolium and titanium niobium archwires by r
devaki vijayalakshmi,ks nagachandran, pradeep kummi, p jayakumar (indian j dent res,20(4),2009)
It was introduced in early 1995 by DR ROHIT
SACHDEVA
Titanium Niobium Wire or Ti-nb wire have a larger
plastic range, similar activation and deactivation curves
and relatively low spring back.
Its stiffness is 20% lower than TMA and 70% lower than
stainless steel.
Ti- nb is soft and easy to form, yet it has the same
working range of stainless steel
Manufactured by OrmcoPROPERTIES:
63. TITANIUM NIOBIUM WIRE Clinical applications
The low spring back and high formability of the titanium-
niobium archwire allows creation of finishing bends Hence,
this wire can be used as an finishing archwire.
64. Brightly polished and aesthetically pleasing , Smoother
for reduced friction, More resistant to breakage.
Timolium titanium archwire is manufactured by TP
ORTHODONTIST
Timolium arch wires combines The flexibility, continuous
force and spring back of nickel titanium with the high
stiffness and bendability of stainless steel wire.
65. ADVANTAGE:
Loops and bends can be made without breakage
Can be welded easily
Easier to bend and shape,
Can use in Nickel sensitive patients,
During initial treatment : it is excellent for space closure,
tooth alignment, leveling and bite opening.
Its super cable property Improved treatment efficiency.
Simplified mechanotherapy
Flexibility and ease of engagement regardless of crowding
66. ( References:1. Supercable and the SPEED system by Berger J, Byloff FK, Waram T j clin orthod 1998 Apr;32(4):246-532. Alignment
efficiency of superelastic coaxial nickel-titanium vs superelastic single-stranded nickel-titanium in relieving mandibular anterior crowding A
randomized controlled prospective study by Biju Sebastiana (Angle Orthod.)
In 1993, Hanson combined the mechanical advantages of
multistranded cables with the material properties of
superelastic wires to create a superelastic nickel titanium
coaxial wire. This wire, called super cable.
It comprises seven individual strands that are Woven
together in a long, gentle spiral to maximize flexibility and
minimize force delivery.
67. SUPER CABLE PROPERTIES:
Improved treatment efficiency
Simplified mechanotherapy
Elimination of archwire bending
Flexibility and ease of engagement regardless of crowding
Fewer patient visits, due to longer archwire activation.
Minimal patient discomfort after initial archwire placement.
A light, continuous level of force, preventing any adverse
response of the supporting periodontium.
No evidence of anchorage loss.
68. SUPER CABLE DISADVANTAGES:
Tendency of wire ends to fray if not cut with sharp
instruments
Tendency of arch wires to break and unravel in extraction
spaces
Inability to accommodate bends, steps, or helices.
Tendency of wire ends to migrate distally and occasionally
irritate soft tissues as severely crowded or displaced teeth
begin to align.
69.
70. References:1. Combination anchorage technique: an update of current mechanics by Thompson WJ. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1988
May;93(5):363-79.2. Dual-Flex Archwires by JAMES L. CANNON, DDS, MS JCO VOLUME 18 : NUMBER 09 : PAGES (648-649) 1984
Small gauge, flexible archwires that produce light forces over
a large working range have been useful during the initial
alignment of crowded, malposed teeth, and have virtually
eliminated the need for loops.
However, wire spans at extraction sites are longer and more
flexible; and space closure with inter-or intramaxillary
traction and overbite correction requires stability in the
buccal segments.
It is used at the beginning of treatment. The flexible front
part easily aligns the anterior teeth and the rigid posterior
part maintains the anchorage and molar control by means of
the “V” bend, mesial to the molars
71. There are three specific combined wires are in use in
orthodontics:
1. Dual Flex-l
Anterior section made of 0.016-inch round Titanal
and a posterior section made of 0.016-inch round steel.
2. Dual Flex-2
Flexible anterior segment composed of an 0.016 ´
0.022-inch rectangular Titanal and a rigid posterior segment
of round 0.018-inch steel.
3. Dual Flex-3
A flexible anterior part of an 0.017 0.025-inch Titanal
rectangular wire and a posterior part of 0.018 square steel
wire.
72. The Dual Flex-2 and 3 wires establish anterior anchorage and
control molar rotation during the closure of posterior spaces.
73. References:1. Effect of coating on properties of esthetic orthodontic nickel-titanium wires by Masahiro Iijimaa; Takeshi Mugurumab; William
A. Brantleyc; Han-CheolChoed; Angle Orthodontist, Vol 82, No 2, 2012
The BioForce high esthetic archwire is a NiTi, thermally activated
shape memory archwire.
BioForce provides the right force to each tooth, applying
low, gentle forces for the anterior (100g) and increasingly
stronger forces across the posteriors (300g).
BioForce high esthetic arch wires are available in square section of
.018 x .018 and .020 x .020 in medium and large arch sizes.
74.
75. References:1. Talass M E .Optiflex archwire treatment of a skeletal Class HI open bite. J Clin Orthod 1992; 26: 245-52.2. Effect of coating on
properties of esthetic orthodontic nickel-titanium wires by Masahiro Iijimaa; Takeshi Mugurumab; William A. Brantleyc; Han-CheolChoed;
Angle Orthodontist, Vol 82, No 2, 2012
It was designed by DR. TALASS in 1992
Optiflex is a non metallic orthodontic arch wire.
It has got unique mechanical properties with a highly
aesthetic appearance made of clear optical fiber
It comprises of 3 layers.
A) A silicon dioxide core that provides the force for
moving tooth.
B) A silicon resin middle layer that protects the core form
moisture and adds strength.
C) A strain resistant nylon outer layer that prevents
damage to the wire and further increases strength.
76. It the most aesthetic orthodontic archwire.
It is completely stain resistant, and will not stain or loose its
clear look even after several weeks in mouth.
Its effective in moving teeth using light continuous force
Precaution’s while using optiflex archwires
1) Optiflex archwires should be tied into brackets with
elastomeric ligatures. Metal ligatures should never be used
since they will fracture the glass core
2) Sharp bends similar to those placed in a metal wire
should never be attempted with optiflex, as these bends
will immediately fracture the glass core.
3) Using instruments with sharp edges, like the scaler etc
should be avoided instead a gentle finger pressure is used to
insert the archwire into the slot.
4) To cut the end of the archwire distal to the molar, it is
recommended to the use the mini distal end cutter which
is designed to cut all 3 layer’s of optiflex.
77.
78. References:1. Zufall S W, Kusy R P. Sliding mechanics of coated compo-site wires and the development of an engineering model for binding. Angle Orthod 2000; 70: 34- 47.2.
Burstone C.J., Kuhlberg A.J. Fiber-reinforced composites in orthodontics. JCO 2000; 36: 271-9.3. Fiber Reinforced Composite Arch-Wires in Orthodontics:Function Meets
Excellent aesthetics because of their translucency.
Excellent combination of high elastic recovery, high tensile
strength and low weight.
79.
80. REFERENCES:
World Encyclopedia – Lexicon
Encyclopedia – C.P. Adams – E.H. Greener – Richard Van Noort –
William R. Proffit – Contemporary Orthodontics, 3rd edition, Mosby Company, 2000.
Graber Thomas M., Vanarsdall. Jr. Robert L. – Orthodontics,
Current Principles and techniques, 2nd edition, Mosby Company, 1994.
Raymond C. – Edgewise Orthodontics, 3rd edition,
C.V. Mosby Company, 1982. Kenneth J.
Anusavice - Philips’ Science Of Dental Materials, 10th edition W.B. Sounders Company, 1996.
Craig Robert G. – Restorative Dental Materials, 9th edition C.V. Mosby Company, 1993.
BIBLOGRAPHY
Comparative friction of wires under dry and wet conditions. Stannard, Gau, and Hanna; AJO; 1986;
89(6) :485-491. Interviews on orthodontic wires. Wilcock A.J. Jr.; JCO; 1988; XXII (8):484-489.
Some metallurgical aspects of orthodontic stainless steel. Wilkinson J.V.; Am. J. Of Orth.; 1962;
48(3):192-206.
Applied materials engineering for orthodontic wires. Wilcock A. J. Jr.; Australian Orth. J.; 1989;
11(1):22-29.
Stress relaxation and recovery behavior of composite archwire bending. Scott W. Zufall and Robert
P. Kusy; European Journal of Orth.; 2000; 1-12.
Mechanical properties and clinical application of orthodontic wires. Sunil Kapila and Rohit
Sachdeva; Am. J. of Dentofacial Orthopedics.; 1989; 96:100-109.
Some metallurgical aspects of orthodontic stainless steel. John V. Wilkinson, Am. J. Orth.;1962;
48:192-200.
A review of contemporary arch wires: Their properties and characteristics. Robert P. Kusy, Angle
Orthodontics; 1997; 197-207. BIBLOGRAPHY
81. REFERENCES:
William R. Proffit -Contemporary Orthodontics, 5th edition, Mosby Company, 20122. Graber Thomas M.,
.Vanarsdall. Jr. Robert L. – Orthodontics, Current Principles and techniques
Titanium-niobium, a new finishing wire alloy. By Michel dalstra, Gabriella denes, birte melsen Clin orthod res.
2000 feb;3(1):6-144.
A comparative evaluation of metallurgical properties of stainless steel and tma wires with Tiolium and titanium
niobium archwires by r devaki vijayalakshmi,ks nagachandran, pradeep kummi, p jayakumar (indian j dent
res,20(4),20095.
A comparative evaluation of metallurgical properties of stainless steel and tma wires with Tiolium and titanium
niobium archwires by r devaki vijayalakshmi,ks nagachandran, pradeep kummi, p jayakumar (indian j dent
res,20(4),20096.
Mechanical Properties and Surface Characteristics of Three Archwire Vinod Krishnan, MDSa; K. Jyothindra
Kumar, MDS, M. Orth RCS, MDO RCPS, FDS RCS Alloys (Angle Orthod 2004;74:825–.
Supercable and the SPEED system by Berger J, Byloff FK, Waram T j clin orthod 1998 Apr;32(4):246-538.
Alignment efficiency of superelastic coaxial nickel-titanium vs superelastic single-stranded nickel-titanium in
relieving mandibular anterior crowding A randomized controlled prospective study by Biju Sebastiana (Angle
Orthod. 2012;82:703–708.)
Dual-Flex Archwires by JAMES L. CANNON, DDS, MS JCO VOLUME 18 : NUMBER 09 : PAGES (648-649) 198412.
Effect of coating on properties of esthetic orthodontic nickel-titanium wires by Masahiro Iijimaa; Takeshi
Mugurumab; William A. Brantleyc; Han-Cheol Choed; Angle Orthodontist, Vol 82, No 2, 201213.Talass M E .
Optiflex archwire treatment of a skeletal Class HI open bite. J Clin Orthod 1992; 26: 245-52.14.
Effect of coating on properties of esthetic orthodontic nickel-titanium wires by Masahiro Iijimaa; Takeshi
Mugurumab; William A. Brantleyc; Han-Cheol Choed; Angle Orthodontist, Vol 82, No 2, 201215. Zufall S W, Kusy
R P.
Sliding mechanics of coated compo-site wires and the development of an engineering model for binding. Angle
Orthod 2000; 70: 34-47.16. Burstone C.J., Kuhlberg A.J. Fiber-reinforced composites in orthodontics. JCO 2000;
36: 271-9.17.
Fiber Reinforced Composite Arch-Wires in Orthodontics:Function Meets Esthetics by Ashima Valiathan and
Siddhartha Dhar
: