HOMEOSTASIS.pptx
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Homeostasis refers to the body's ability to regulate its internal environment to maintain a stable and constant condition. It involves various mechanisms to regulate key variables such as temperature, fluid balance, and pH levels. Homeostatic control systems use negative feedback loops to detect changes and counteract them to return conditions back to normal. Positive feedback mechanisms can also be involved to accelerate necessary responses like clotting, but these are tightly regulated to avoid harm. Multiple organ systems work in coordination through neural and hormonal signaling to maintain homeostasis.
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Homeostasis presentation
Homeostasis refers to an organism's ability to maintain relatively constant internal conditions despite changes in the external environment. It is critical for proper cellular function and tasks like digestion. Homeostasis works through a receptor receiving a stimulus, an integrator processing the signal, and an effector performing tasks to reestablish homeostasis. Examples include regulating body temperature, acid-base balance, glucose concentration, and fluid volume. Mitochondria also play an important role in metabolic homeostasis through processes like fission, mitophagy, and reticulum phagy. Understanding homeostasis is fundamental to biology and fields like medicine.
Homeostasis by Dr.Mrs. Padmaja R Desai
Homeostasis refers to the maintenance of a stable internal environment in the body. It is achieved through homeostatic mechanisms that regulate factors like temperature, pH, and electrolyte concentrations. Any deviation from normal ranges can affect enzyme function and lead to death. Homeostasis involves coordinated responses from organs like the lungs, gut, liver, and kidneys as well as the endocrine and nervous systems. Negative feedback mechanisms help stabilize conditions that rise or fall outside normal levels through corrective responses that oppose the initial change. Examples include insulin regulation of blood glucose and baroreceptor control of blood pressure. Positive feedback mechanisms can also be useful in limited contexts like blood clotting and childbirth but generally promote instability.
Body fluid, compartments and edema
The document discusses body fluids, fluid compartments, and edema. It notes that total body water is about 60% of body weight in adult males and 55% in females. Fluid balance is maintained through daily intake and output of water. The extracellular fluid volume makes up about 1/3 of total body water and is divided between interstitial fluid and plasma. Edema occurs when there is fluid accumulation from increased capillary pressure, decreased plasma oncotic pressure, increased capillary permeability, or lymphatic obstruction. Safety factors prevent edema from low tissue compliance, increased lymph flow, and washdown of interstitial proteins. Types of edema are classified by location such as generalized or localized edema.
ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND
This document discusses the pituitary gland. It begins with an introduction to the functional anatomy and hormones of the anterior pituitary gland. It then describes the gross anatomy and development of the pituitary gland. The document outlines the parts of the pituitary gland including the adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis. It details the histological structure and blood supply of the pituitary gland. The relationship between the hypothalamus and pituitary is examined, including the hypothalamic-pituitary portal system. Finally, the major anterior pituitary hormones are identified as the growth hormone family, glycoprotein hormone family, and pro-opiomelanocortin peptides family.
Introduction to amphibian experiments
The document provides details on experimental procedures using frogs for nerve-muscle physiology experiments. It describes how frogs are well-suited subjects due to characteristics like being cold-blooded and easy to handle. Equipment for stimulation and recording of muscle responses is explained, including an inductorium, kymograph, and levers. Procedures for dissecting nerves and muscles from frogs and recording simple muscle twitches are outlined. The effects of temperature on twitch characteristics are also discussed.
Excitable Tissues, Resting Membrane Potential & Action.pptx
Excitable tissues are capable of generating and transmitting electrochemical impulses along cell membranes. The resting membrane potential in most neurons is around -70mV due to uneven distribution of ions like potassium and sodium across the cell membrane. When a threshold stimulus is reached, voltage-gated ion channels allow rapid sodium influx and potassium efflux, causing a brief reversal of the potential known as an action potential. This propagates the electrochemical signal along the membrane.
The skeletal muscle and cutaneous circulation
Skeletal muscle circulation can increase blood flow up to 25-fold during exercise through vasodilation. The vascular supply begins with feed arteries that branch into arterioles and capillaries. Blood flow is regulated by vasoactive substances released from active muscle fibers and sympathetic nerve activity.
Cutaneous circulation regulates heat loss through the skin. The apical skin contains arteriovenous anastomoses that constrict to reduce heat loss. Non-apical skin uses sweat glands and vasoactive substances like bradykinin to dilate blood vessels. Cutaneous responses to stimuli include the triple response of redness, swelling, and wheal formation.
Homeostatis
Homeostasis refers to the maintenance of relatively constant internal conditions in the body despite changes in the external environment. There are three main types of regulation that work together to achieve homeostasis: chemical/hormonal regulation, nervous regulation, and autoregulation of tissues and organs. Homeostatic mechanisms use either negative or positive feedback loops. Negative feedback loops work to reduce any imbalance, while positive feedback loops intensify an initial stimulus over a short period of time, such as during childbirth.
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Homeostasis presentation
Homeostasis refers to an organism's ability to maintain relatively constant internal conditions despite changes in the external environment. It is critical for proper cellular function and tasks like digestion. Homeostasis works through a receptor receiving a stimulus, an integrator processing the signal, and an effector performing tasks to reestablish homeostasis. Examples include regulating body temperature, acid-base balance, glucose concentration, and fluid volume. Mitochondria also play an important role in metabolic homeostasis through processes like fission, mitophagy, and reticulum phagy. Understanding homeostasis is fundamental to biology and fields like medicine.
Homeostasis by Dr.Mrs. Padmaja R Desai
Homeostasis refers to the maintenance of a stable internal environment in the body. It is achieved through homeostatic mechanisms that regulate factors like temperature, pH, and electrolyte concentrations. Any deviation from normal ranges can affect enzyme function and lead to death. Homeostasis involves coordinated responses from organs like the lungs, gut, liver, and kidneys as well as the endocrine and nervous systems. Negative feedback mechanisms help stabilize conditions that rise or fall outside normal levels through corrective responses that oppose the initial change. Examples include insulin regulation of blood glucose and baroreceptor control of blood pressure. Positive feedback mechanisms can also be useful in limited contexts like blood clotting and childbirth but generally promote instability.
Body fluid, compartments and edema
The document discusses body fluids, fluid compartments, and edema. It notes that total body water is about 60% of body weight in adult males and 55% in females. Fluid balance is maintained through daily intake and output of water. The extracellular fluid volume makes up about 1/3 of total body water and is divided between interstitial fluid and plasma. Edema occurs when there is fluid accumulation from increased capillary pressure, decreased plasma oncotic pressure, increased capillary permeability, or lymphatic obstruction. Safety factors prevent edema from low tissue compliance, increased lymph flow, and washdown of interstitial proteins. Types of edema are classified by location such as generalized or localized edema.
ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND
This document discusses the pituitary gland. It begins with an introduction to the functional anatomy and hormones of the anterior pituitary gland. It then describes the gross anatomy and development of the pituitary gland. The document outlines the parts of the pituitary gland including the adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis. It details the histological structure and blood supply of the pituitary gland. The relationship between the hypothalamus and pituitary is examined, including the hypothalamic-pituitary portal system. Finally, the major anterior pituitary hormones are identified as the growth hormone family, glycoprotein hormone family, and pro-opiomelanocortin peptides family.
Introduction to amphibian experiments
The document provides details on experimental procedures using frogs for nerve-muscle physiology experiments. It describes how frogs are well-suited subjects due to characteristics like being cold-blooded and easy to handle. Equipment for stimulation and recording of muscle responses is explained, including an inductorium, kymograph, and levers. Procedures for dissecting nerves and muscles from frogs and recording simple muscle twitches are outlined. The effects of temperature on twitch characteristics are also discussed.
Excitable Tissues, Resting Membrane Potential & Action.pptx
Excitable tissues are capable of generating and transmitting electrochemical impulses along cell membranes. The resting membrane potential in most neurons is around -70mV due to uneven distribution of ions like potassium and sodium across the cell membrane. When a threshold stimulus is reached, voltage-gated ion channels allow rapid sodium influx and potassium efflux, causing a brief reversal of the potential known as an action potential. This propagates the electrochemical signal along the membrane.
The skeletal muscle and cutaneous circulation
Skeletal muscle circulation can increase blood flow up to 25-fold during exercise through vasodilation. The vascular supply begins with feed arteries that branch into arterioles and capillaries. Blood flow is regulated by vasoactive substances released from active muscle fibers and sympathetic nerve activity.
Cutaneous circulation regulates heat loss through the skin. The apical skin contains arteriovenous anastomoses that constrict to reduce heat loss. Non-apical skin uses sweat glands and vasoactive substances like bradykinin to dilate blood vessels. Cutaneous responses to stimuli include the triple response of redness, swelling, and wheal formation.
Homeostatis
Homeostasis refers to the maintenance of relatively constant internal conditions in the body despite changes in the external environment. There are three main types of regulation that work together to achieve homeostasis: chemical/hormonal regulation, nervous regulation, and autoregulation of tissues and organs. Homeostatic mechanisms use either negative or positive feedback loops. Negative feedback loops work to reduce any imbalance, while positive feedback loops intensify an initial stimulus over a short period of time, such as during childbirth.
Adrenal hormones
The adrenal glands sit atop the kidneys and have two functional parts - the adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla. The adrenal cortex is divided into three zones that each secrete different hormones. The medulla secretes catecholamines like epinephrine. These hormones work together and with the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis to regulate processes like glucose metabolism, immune function, and the stress response. Stress can stimulate the adrenals to secrete glucocorticoids and other hormones to mobilize energy and resources in the body.
Counter current mechanism
The countercurrent mechanism in the kidney involves the interaction between the flow of filtrate through the loop of Henle and the flow of blood through the vasa recta blood vessels. This allows the solute concentration in the loop of Henle to range from 300 to 1200 mOsm. Water permeability is always high in the proximal tubule, always low in the ascending loop of Henle, and can be high or low in the distal tubules depending on the presence of ADH. There is a transport maximum for substances actively reabsorbed or secreted, where the tubular load exceeds the transport capacity and the substance appears in urine. The vasa recta perform countercurrent exchange to recycle NaCl in the medulla and
Physiology of the Endocrine System
The endocrine system is composed of organs positioned throughout the body in widely separated locations. Endocrinology is the study of the structure and functioning of the endocrine system.
JUXTA GLOMERULAR apparatus
The document summarizes the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) and tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism. The JGA is located near the glomerulus and is formed by macula densa cells, extraglomerular mesangial cells, and juxtaglomerular cells. The primary function of the JGA is secretion of hormones like renin and prostaglandins. The tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism regulates glomerular filtration rate through detection of NaCl concentration by the macula densa cells, which signals the release of adenosine to constrict or dilate the afferent arteriole accordingly.
Capillary circulation
The document discusses capillary circulation and microcirculation. It covers the structure of capillaries including their thin endothelial cell walls allowing for exchange of nutrients, wastes, and fluid. It describes the Starling forces that govern fluid filtration and exchange between blood and tissues, including capillary pressure, plasma and interstitial fluid oncotic pressures, and other factors. It also discusses edema, the accumulation of excess fluid in tissues, which can occur intracellularly or extracellularly due to various causes that impact capillary permeability or lymph flow.
L8_urine_conc.pptx
The key mechanisms that allow the kidney to concentrate urine include the countercurrent multiplier in the loop of Henle, urea recycling in the inner medullary collecting ducts, and the countercurrent exchange function of the vasa recta blood vessels. The countercurrent multiplier establishes an osmotic gradient in the renal medulla through active transport of ions out of the thick ascending limb. Urea recycling contributes to high osmolarity by facilitating urea movement into the medullary interstitium. The vasa recta maintain the hyperosmotic medulla through countercurrent exchange that prevents washout of solutes. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) promotes water reabsorption in the collecting ducts and
Homeostasis
Homeostasis refers to the maintenance of a constant internal environment in the body, keeping factors such as temperature, water concentration, and glucose levels stable despite changes in the external environment. This allows cells to function efficiently and prevents damage. Endothermic animals like mammals and birds internally regulate their body temperature, while ectothermic animals like reptiles rely on external temperatures. The skin plays an important role in homeostasis through its structure - the epidermis contains cells that protect the body and produce melanin and keratin, while the dermis contains sweat glands, blood vessels, and nerves that help regulate temperature.
Homeostasis and control system of body
Homeostasis refers to the maintenance of stable internal conditions essential for survival. Key aspects include concentrations of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients and waste, pH levels, electrolyte and salt levels, and temperature regulation. The body has two fluid transport systems - blood circulation and exchange between blood vessels and tissues.
The nervous and endocrine systems control bodily functions and maintain homeostasis. The nervous system controls rapid responses while the endocrine system regulates metabolism via hormones. Negative feedback loops reverse stimuli to maintain balance, like temperature increasing exercise and triggering cooling. Positive feedback intensifies stimuli, like uterine stretching intensifying contractions during childbirth. Overall, feedback systems allow the body to precisely balance its internal environment.
General Physiology - Action potential
The document summarizes membrane potentials and action potentials in nerve cells. It discusses:
1) The concentration gradients that give rise to resting membrane potentials via the Nernst equation and Goldman equation. Key ions like sodium, potassium and chloride contribute to a resting potential of around -90mV.
2) How action potentials are initiated when the membrane reaches a threshold potential, causing voltage-gated sodium channels to open and depolarize the membrane. Potassium channels then open to repolarize the membrane.
3) The roles of other ions like calcium and various ion pumps and channels in maintaining resting potentials and propagating action potentials down nerve fibers via saltatory conduction. Action potentials rely on precise ion concentration gradients maintained
Renal blood flow (The Guyton and Hall physiology)
In an average 70-kilogram man, the combined blood flow through both kidneys is about 1100 ml/min, or about 22 per cent of the cardiac output. Two kidneys makes about 0.4 % of total body weight but receive very high blood flow as compared with other body organ. The purpose of additional blood flow is to supply sufficient plasma for high rates of GF which is essential for regulating body fluid volumes & solute concentrations.
Characteristics of the renal blood flow:
1, High blood flow. 1100 ml/min, or 22 percent of the cardiac output. 94% to the cortex.
2, Two capillary beds
High hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillary (about 60 mmHg) and low hydrostatic pressure in peritubular capillaries (about 13 mmHg)
Blood flow to renal medulla is supplied by vasa recta.
Blood flow in vasa recta of medulla is very low as compared to blood flow in cortex.
Blood flow in renal medulla is 1-2 % of total renal blood flow.
Vasa recta are important to form concentrated urine.
Gastrointestinal physiology
The document discusses gastrointestinal physiology, including the general principles, anatomical layers, electrical activity, movements, and control systems of the gastrointestinal tract. Some key points include:
- The GI tract provides water, electrolytes, and nutrients through movement of food, secretion of juices, absorption, blood circulation, and control by local and hormonal systems.
- Electrical activity in the smooth muscle is regulated by slow waves and spike potentials that control rhythmic contractions for propulsion.
- The enteric nervous system controls motor and secretory functions through two plexuses and works with the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
- Peristalsis, segmentation, and mixing movements propel and process contents through the different regions.
Introduction to Git Physiology
This document discusses gastrointestinal physiology, specifically focusing on the musculature of the digestive tract. It describes the main muscle layers - longitudinal and circular muscles - and how their contractions function to move food through the tract. It also discusses the electrical activity of the muscles, including slow waves and spike potentials generated by interstitial cells of Cajal that control the rhythm of movements. Contractions can be either phasic with relaxation, seen in most of the tract, or tonic without relaxation, as in sphincters.
Posterior pitutary
The posterior pituitary gland, also called the neurohypophysis, contains nerve endings from the hypothalamus that secrete two hormones: oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH, also called vasopressin). These hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported to the posterior pituitary. ADH controls water conservation in the body by increasing water reabsorption in the kidneys. Oxytocin aids milk ejection from the breasts during nursing and helps stimulate contractions during childbirth. Both ADH and oxytocin secretion are stimulated by increased extracellular fluid osmolarity and decreased blood volume or pressure.
Local control of blood flow by the tissue
The document discusses the local control of blood flow by tissues. It states that each tissue controls its own blood flow proportionally to its metabolic need. There are both acute and long-term mechanisms of control. Acute control involves rapid vasodilation and vasoconstriction through substances like adenosine. Long-term control changes the size and number of blood vessels over months through angiogenesis. The document outlines theories of control like the vasodilator theory and oxygen lack theory. It also discusses special mechanisms in tissues like the kidney and brain.
Amphibian Graphs- Cardiac Muscle
This document discusses the effects of temperature, ions, drugs, and nerve stimulation on the frog heart as measured by cardiograms. It includes:
1) Drawings and explanations of ideal graphs showing how warm and cold saline affect the heart rate and amplitude of the sinus venosus and ventricle.
2) Descriptions of how the first and second Stannius ligatures prove the sinus venosus is the pacemaker and demonstrate auto rhythmicity.
3) A graph and definition of vagal escape along with its causes when stimulating the vagus nerve.
4) Graphs and explanations of how sodium, calcium, potassium, adrenaline, and acetylcholine affect heart rate and
HOMEOSTASIS
Homeostasis refers to the body's ability to maintain stable internal conditions and regulate physiological processes even when the external environment changes. All body systems work cooperatively through feedback mechanisms to sense changes and restore balance. For example, the cardiovascular system transports materials to cells while the respiratory system regulates gas exchange and pH. When a parameter like blood pressure rises, negative feedback loops bring it back down through effectors like the baroreceptors. This maintains stability and allows the body to function properly despite external fluctuations.
Arterial blood pressure
Normal arterial blood pressure ranges from 90-140/60-90 mmHg. Systolic pressure is the maximum pressure when blood is ejected from the heart, while diastolic is the minimum pressure when the heart is resting between beats. Mean arterial pressure, which averages 93 mmHg, is the main driving force for blood flow. Blood pressure is regulated through short term mechanisms like baroreceptor and chemoreceptor reflexes which control heart rate and vascular tone, and long term factors like blood volume and vessel elasticity. Strict control of blood pressure is important to ensure adequate blood flow to vital organs.
Human Physiology Part 4
Neural control mechanisms involve neurons communicating via neurotransmitters and graded or action potentials. Neurons have specialized structures that allow signaling, including dendrites, axons, and synapses. Neurotransmitters are released at synapses and can be excitatory or inhibitory, influencing the electrical activity of the postsynaptic neuron. Synaptic transmission underlies neural communication and can be modulated by drugs or disease.
Homeostasis
We have discuss Definition of homeostasis which is state of balance .then The scope of human physiology in homeostasis means the feature and characteristics of homeostasis control system and feedback system. Negative and positive feedback when and where it place . Also components of homeostasis control system which include reflex arc, local homeostatic response . And intercellular chemical messengers .
Regulation of arterial blood pressure
There are three main mechanisms that control arterial blood pressure:
1. Rapid mechanisms act within seconds to minutes through baroreceptor and chemoreceptor reflexes in the medulla to increase or decrease heart rate, cardiac contractility, and peripheral resistance.
2. Intermediate mechanisms act over hours to days through stress relaxation of blood vessels and capillary fluid shifts to regulate blood volume and pressure.
3. Long-term mechanisms act over days to weeks through regulation of extracellular fluid volume by atrial natriuretic peptide, ADH, and the renin-angiotensin system to control blood pressure by altering sodium and water reabsorption in the kidneys.
homeostatsis 2022 physiology department.pptx
This document discusses homeostasis and control systems in the body. It defines homeostasis as the maintenance of nearly constant internal conditions and lists factors that are homeostatically regulated, including temperature, nutrient levels, and pH. It describes three main types of control systems: negative feedback, which opposes deviations from the set point; positive feedback, which amplifies changes; and feed-forward control, which anticipates changes. Negative feedback is the most common and acts through sensors, integrators and effectors to detect changes and restore the controlled variable to normal. Disruptions in homeostasis can lead to illness or death.
6. Body regulation.Homeostasis and adaptation to the environment.ppt
The document discusses the two major systems that control and coordinate functions within the body - the nervous system and the endocrine system.
The nervous system conveys fast electrical signals along neurons to specific target tissues, while the endocrine system secretes hormones into the bloodstream to produce slower but longer-lasting responses. These two systems work together to maintain homeostasis through various reflex pathways, using both negative and positive feedback loops. Negative feedback acts to return the body to its normal set point, while positive feedback intensifies a response over a short period of time, such as during childbirth. Homeostasis allows the body to adapt to changes in the external environment through both short-term acclimatization and long-term genetic adaptation.
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Adrenal hormones
The adrenal glands sit atop the kidneys and have two functional parts - the adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla. The adrenal cortex is divided into three zones that each secrete different hormones. The medulla secretes catecholamines like epinephrine. These hormones work together and with the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis to regulate processes like glucose metabolism, immune function, and the stress response. Stress can stimulate the adrenals to secrete glucocorticoids and other hormones to mobilize energy and resources in the body.
Counter current mechanism
The countercurrent mechanism in the kidney involves the interaction between the flow of filtrate through the loop of Henle and the flow of blood through the vasa recta blood vessels. This allows the solute concentration in the loop of Henle to range from 300 to 1200 mOsm. Water permeability is always high in the proximal tubule, always low in the ascending loop of Henle, and can be high or low in the distal tubules depending on the presence of ADH. There is a transport maximum for substances actively reabsorbed or secreted, where the tubular load exceeds the transport capacity and the substance appears in urine. The vasa recta perform countercurrent exchange to recycle NaCl in the medulla and
Physiology of the Endocrine System
The endocrine system is composed of organs positioned throughout the body in widely separated locations. Endocrinology is the study of the structure and functioning of the endocrine system.
JUXTA GLOMERULAR apparatus
The document summarizes the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) and tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism. The JGA is located near the glomerulus and is formed by macula densa cells, extraglomerular mesangial cells, and juxtaglomerular cells. The primary function of the JGA is secretion of hormones like renin and prostaglandins. The tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism regulates glomerular filtration rate through detection of NaCl concentration by the macula densa cells, which signals the release of adenosine to constrict or dilate the afferent arteriole accordingly.
Capillary circulation
The document discusses capillary circulation and microcirculation. It covers the structure of capillaries including their thin endothelial cell walls allowing for exchange of nutrients, wastes, and fluid. It describes the Starling forces that govern fluid filtration and exchange between blood and tissues, including capillary pressure, plasma and interstitial fluid oncotic pressures, and other factors. It also discusses edema, the accumulation of excess fluid in tissues, which can occur intracellularly or extracellularly due to various causes that impact capillary permeability or lymph flow.
L8_urine_conc.pptx
The key mechanisms that allow the kidney to concentrate urine include the countercurrent multiplier in the loop of Henle, urea recycling in the inner medullary collecting ducts, and the countercurrent exchange function of the vasa recta blood vessels. The countercurrent multiplier establishes an osmotic gradient in the renal medulla through active transport of ions out of the thick ascending limb. Urea recycling contributes to high osmolarity by facilitating urea movement into the medullary interstitium. The vasa recta maintain the hyperosmotic medulla through countercurrent exchange that prevents washout of solutes. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) promotes water reabsorption in the collecting ducts and
Homeostasis
Homeostasis refers to the maintenance of a constant internal environment in the body, keeping factors such as temperature, water concentration, and glucose levels stable despite changes in the external environment. This allows cells to function efficiently and prevents damage. Endothermic animals like mammals and birds internally regulate their body temperature, while ectothermic animals like reptiles rely on external temperatures. The skin plays an important role in homeostasis through its structure - the epidermis contains cells that protect the body and produce melanin and keratin, while the dermis contains sweat glands, blood vessels, and nerves that help regulate temperature.
Homeostasis and control system of body
Homeostasis refers to the maintenance of stable internal conditions essential for survival. Key aspects include concentrations of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients and waste, pH levels, electrolyte and salt levels, and temperature regulation. The body has two fluid transport systems - blood circulation and exchange between blood vessels and tissues.
The nervous and endocrine systems control bodily functions and maintain homeostasis. The nervous system controls rapid responses while the endocrine system regulates metabolism via hormones. Negative feedback loops reverse stimuli to maintain balance, like temperature increasing exercise and triggering cooling. Positive feedback intensifies stimuli, like uterine stretching intensifying contractions during childbirth. Overall, feedback systems allow the body to precisely balance its internal environment.
General Physiology - Action potential
The document summarizes membrane potentials and action potentials in nerve cells. It discusses:
1) The concentration gradients that give rise to resting membrane potentials via the Nernst equation and Goldman equation. Key ions like sodium, potassium and chloride contribute to a resting potential of around -90mV.
2) How action potentials are initiated when the membrane reaches a threshold potential, causing voltage-gated sodium channels to open and depolarize the membrane. Potassium channels then open to repolarize the membrane.
3) The roles of other ions like calcium and various ion pumps and channels in maintaining resting potentials and propagating action potentials down nerve fibers via saltatory conduction. Action potentials rely on precise ion concentration gradients maintained
Renal blood flow (The Guyton and Hall physiology)
In an average 70-kilogram man, the combined blood flow through both kidneys is about 1100 ml/min, or about 22 per cent of the cardiac output. Two kidneys makes about 0.4 % of total body weight but receive very high blood flow as compared with other body organ. The purpose of additional blood flow is to supply sufficient plasma for high rates of GF which is essential for regulating body fluid volumes & solute concentrations.
Characteristics of the renal blood flow:
1, High blood flow. 1100 ml/min, or 22 percent of the cardiac output. 94% to the cortex.
2, Two capillary beds
High hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillary (about 60 mmHg) and low hydrostatic pressure in peritubular capillaries (about 13 mmHg)
Blood flow to renal medulla is supplied by vasa recta.
Blood flow in vasa recta of medulla is very low as compared to blood flow in cortex.
Blood flow in renal medulla is 1-2 % of total renal blood flow.
Vasa recta are important to form concentrated urine.
Gastrointestinal physiology
The document discusses gastrointestinal physiology, including the general principles, anatomical layers, electrical activity, movements, and control systems of the gastrointestinal tract. Some key points include:
- The GI tract provides water, electrolytes, and nutrients through movement of food, secretion of juices, absorption, blood circulation, and control by local and hormonal systems.
- Electrical activity in the smooth muscle is regulated by slow waves and spike potentials that control rhythmic contractions for propulsion.
- The enteric nervous system controls motor and secretory functions through two plexuses and works with the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
- Peristalsis, segmentation, and mixing movements propel and process contents through the different regions.
Introduction to Git Physiology
This document discusses gastrointestinal physiology, specifically focusing on the musculature of the digestive tract. It describes the main muscle layers - longitudinal and circular muscles - and how their contractions function to move food through the tract. It also discusses the electrical activity of the muscles, including slow waves and spike potentials generated by interstitial cells of Cajal that control the rhythm of movements. Contractions can be either phasic with relaxation, seen in most of the tract, or tonic without relaxation, as in sphincters.
Posterior pitutary
The posterior pituitary gland, also called the neurohypophysis, contains nerve endings from the hypothalamus that secrete two hormones: oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH, also called vasopressin). These hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported to the posterior pituitary. ADH controls water conservation in the body by increasing water reabsorption in the kidneys. Oxytocin aids milk ejection from the breasts during nursing and helps stimulate contractions during childbirth. Both ADH and oxytocin secretion are stimulated by increased extracellular fluid osmolarity and decreased blood volume or pressure.
Local control of blood flow by the tissue
The document discusses the local control of blood flow by tissues. It states that each tissue controls its own blood flow proportionally to its metabolic need. There are both acute and long-term mechanisms of control. Acute control involves rapid vasodilation and vasoconstriction through substances like adenosine. Long-term control changes the size and number of blood vessels over months through angiogenesis. The document outlines theories of control like the vasodilator theory and oxygen lack theory. It also discusses special mechanisms in tissues like the kidney and brain.
Amphibian Graphs- Cardiac Muscle
This document discusses the effects of temperature, ions, drugs, and nerve stimulation on the frog heart as measured by cardiograms. It includes:
1) Drawings and explanations of ideal graphs showing how warm and cold saline affect the heart rate and amplitude of the sinus venosus and ventricle.
2) Descriptions of how the first and second Stannius ligatures prove the sinus venosus is the pacemaker and demonstrate auto rhythmicity.
3) A graph and definition of vagal escape along with its causes when stimulating the vagus nerve.
4) Graphs and explanations of how sodium, calcium, potassium, adrenaline, and acetylcholine affect heart rate and
HOMEOSTASIS
Homeostasis refers to the body's ability to maintain stable internal conditions and regulate physiological processes even when the external environment changes. All body systems work cooperatively through feedback mechanisms to sense changes and restore balance. For example, the cardiovascular system transports materials to cells while the respiratory system regulates gas exchange and pH. When a parameter like blood pressure rises, negative feedback loops bring it back down through effectors like the baroreceptors. This maintains stability and allows the body to function properly despite external fluctuations.
Arterial blood pressure
Normal arterial blood pressure ranges from 90-140/60-90 mmHg. Systolic pressure is the maximum pressure when blood is ejected from the heart, while diastolic is the minimum pressure when the heart is resting between beats. Mean arterial pressure, which averages 93 mmHg, is the main driving force for blood flow. Blood pressure is regulated through short term mechanisms like baroreceptor and chemoreceptor reflexes which control heart rate and vascular tone, and long term factors like blood volume and vessel elasticity. Strict control of blood pressure is important to ensure adequate blood flow to vital organs.
Human Physiology Part 4
Neural control mechanisms involve neurons communicating via neurotransmitters and graded or action potentials. Neurons have specialized structures that allow signaling, including dendrites, axons, and synapses. Neurotransmitters are released at synapses and can be excitatory or inhibitory, influencing the electrical activity of the postsynaptic neuron. Synaptic transmission underlies neural communication and can be modulated by drugs or disease.
Homeostasis
We have discuss Definition of homeostasis which is state of balance .then The scope of human physiology in homeostasis means the feature and characteristics of homeostasis control system and feedback system. Negative and positive feedback when and where it place . Also components of homeostasis control system which include reflex arc, local homeostatic response . And intercellular chemical messengers .
Regulation of arterial blood pressure
There are three main mechanisms that control arterial blood pressure:
1. Rapid mechanisms act within seconds to minutes through baroreceptor and chemoreceptor reflexes in the medulla to increase or decrease heart rate, cardiac contractility, and peripheral resistance.
2. Intermediate mechanisms act over hours to days through stress relaxation of blood vessels and capillary fluid shifts to regulate blood volume and pressure.
3. Long-term mechanisms act over days to weeks through regulation of extracellular fluid volume by atrial natriuretic peptide, ADH, and the renin-angiotensin system to control blood pressure by altering sodium and water reabsorption in the kidneys.
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homeostatsis 2022 physiology department.pptx
This document discusses homeostasis and control systems in the body. It defines homeostasis as the maintenance of nearly constant internal conditions and lists factors that are homeostatically regulated, including temperature, nutrient levels, and pH. It describes three main types of control systems: negative feedback, which opposes deviations from the set point; positive feedback, which amplifies changes; and feed-forward control, which anticipates changes. Negative feedback is the most common and acts through sensors, integrators and effectors to detect changes and restore the controlled variable to normal. Disruptions in homeostasis can lead to illness or death.
6. Body regulation.Homeostasis and adaptation to the environment.ppt
The document discusses the two major systems that control and coordinate functions within the body - the nervous system and the endocrine system.
The nervous system conveys fast electrical signals along neurons to specific target tissues, while the endocrine system secretes hormones into the bloodstream to produce slower but longer-lasting responses. These two systems work together to maintain homeostasis through various reflex pathways, using both negative and positive feedback loops. Negative feedback acts to return the body to its normal set point, while positive feedback intensifies a response over a short period of time, such as during childbirth. Homeostasis allows the body to adapt to changes in the external environment through both short-term acclimatization and long-term genetic adaptation.
homeostasis-210302030230.pdf
- Homeostasis refers to the maintenance of stable internal conditions in the body despite changes in the external environment.
- The internal environment is the extracellular fluid (ECF) that surrounds cells, including plasma and interstitial fluid. Changes in the ECF directly impact cells.
- Homeostatic mechanisms, including negative feedback and feedforward mechanisms, work to sense deviations from normal ranges and activate effectors to correct imbalances and maintain homeostasis.
Homeostasis I Negative and Positive Feedback Mechanism I Feedforward Mechanis...
Homeostasis I Negative and Positive Feedback Mechanism I Feedforward Mechanism I General Physiology I
The slide will be about :
1. Definition of homeostasis
2. What is internal environment ?
3. Why ECF is considered as an internal environment for cell ?
4. Homeostatic mechanism
5. Components of homeostatic mechanism
6. Feedback mechanism
7. Negative feedback mechanism
8. Positive feedback mechanism
9. Feedforward mechanism
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Feedback Regulation Loop (Feedback Mechanism): Positive and Negative Feedback...
This PowerPoint presentation describes about:
1. Feedback Regulation Loop or Feedback Mechanism
2. Importance
3. Examples
4. Working Mechanism and its Components
5. Types
5 (a). Positive Feedback Mechanism
5 (b). Negative Feedback Mechanism
6. Disruption to Feedback Mechanism
Homeostasis.pptx
an intro to homeostasis, its definition, significance, different types of controlling mechanisms. what is feed back mechanism, feed forward mechanism, negative feedback mechanisms. the slides give only a partial introduction to homeostasis not a detailed one. reference books used are from boron book for medical physiology, Guyton international edition on medical physiology.
5. Homeostasis.pptx
Homeostasis refers to the maintenance of a stable internal environment in the body. The body achieves homeostasis through negative feedback mechanisms that regulate physiological variables like core temperature, pH, blood glucose, and blood pressure when they deviate from their set points. A homeostatic control system consists of receptors that monitor the variable, a control center that establishes the set point, and effectors that adjust the variable back toward the set point through negative feedback. Examples provided demonstrate how negative feedback regulates body temperature through sweat glands and antidiuretic hormone secretion, while positive feedback increases oxytocin secretion during childbirth.
Homeostasis.pptx
Homeostasis refers to the body's ability to maintain stable internal conditions such as temperature and blood sugar levels. It is regulated through feedback mechanisms - primarily negative feedback loops that work to reduce the effect of a stimulus and return the body to its set point. Key components of homeostasis include receptors that detect changes, a control center that receives this information and communicates messages, and effectors that respond to bring the condition back into the normal range. Examples provided include regulation of blood pressure and temperature through negative feedback as well as the positive feedback loop involved in blood clotting.
Physiology definition
This document provides an introduction to the field of physiology. Physiology is the study of how the body functions at various levels of organization and the goal is to explain the physical and chemical factors responsible for life. The human body functions through homeostasis, which is the dynamic self-regulation of internal conditions. Homeostasis is maintained through various feedback systems including the nervous, endocrine, and immune systems. Regulation occurs through chemical, nervous, and autoregulation. Both negative and positive feedback loops help control important variables like blood pressure and temperature. The field of physiology seeks to understand normal human body function and how systems fail in disease in order to alleviate health conditions.
Regulatory mechanisms have 4 essential features. Name them and gi.pdf
Regulatory mechanisms have 4 essential features. Name them and give one example of each
from 2 of the following: drinking, feeding, sleep, circadian rhythms and temperature regulation
Regulatory mechanisms have 4 essential features. Name them and give one example of each
from 2 of the following: drinking, feeding, sleep, circadian rhythms and temperature regulation
Solution
Regulatory mechanisms have 4 essential features:
1. The internal system variable to be regulated (characteristic to be regulated)
2. An optimal value of set point
3. A detector to monitor the variable
4. homoeostatic correctional mechanism
Positive feedback mechanism is defined as the output response produced by the activity of input
signal trough a specific amount of stimulus on the organ during the process of homeostasis.
Positive feedback in isolation is not sufficient to maintain homeostasis because of set point
alterations triggered by the stimulus. Sometimes, if the effect is not going to produce in time
when the stimulus arrived to the organ, homeostasis cannot be reached as it may trigger harmful
effects. This is due to incapability of the organ to maintain the adequate direction of a given
stimulus result in severe acceleration of its effect sometimes finally disequilibrium in
homeostasis. Therefore, homeostasis can be better achieved by negative feedback loop.
1. Temperature regulation- hypothalamus:
Fever mechanism: Initially pyrogens produced by the microbial species either bacteria or viruses
or internal arachidonic acid metabolites such as prostaglandins and prostacyclins promote a
raised \"set point\" on hypothalamus ((detector to monitor the temperature variable) in the brain
followed by peripheral vasoconstriction associated with active generation of heat finally raise in
ambient temperature (detector to monitor the variable). This vasoconstriction (before increasing
temperature of the body) is going to enable reduction of heat loss via skin and makes person to
feel cold.
2. Circadian rhythms:
Circadian rhythms and SCN: Suprachaismatic nuclei (SCN) that is receives inputs from retinas
of the eyes and maintains equilibrium with the daily circadian rhythms. These SCN often
produce neuronal impulses of circadian rhythms. It has clearly observed in hamster due to
increase in circadian periods before surgery procedure and also increased in after surgery
procedure but decreased in t hamster. Thereby it is concluded that SCN controls these rhythms
via feedback loops and via hormones. Even sometimes after removal from brain, SCN produces
impulses. There are “a few other components” outside the SCN that profoundly exhibit circadian
patterns are pituitary body and pineal body in the brain.
Feedback mechanism involves the following events: Cells regulate their metabolic activity
through positive & negative feedback mechanisms in which \"mainly enzymatic protein
synthesis\" mediates regulation of cell metabolic activity. Negative feedback mechanism induce
\"constant\".
3. Homeostatis.ppt
In this presentation, i have discussed the information regarding the homeostatis. It is beneficial for the B.Pharm, B.Sc students or medical students.
Maintaining life
To maintain homeostasis, the body uses control systems involving receptors, control centers, and effectors. A stimulus is detected by receptors and signaled to the control center. The control center then sends responses through effectors to balance the stimulus and maintain stable internal conditions, even as external environments change. Negative feedback mechanisms shut off or reduce stimuli to return the body to normal states, while positive feedback can increase stimuli and disrupt homeostasis. Homeostasis of body temperature through these control systems is essential for biochemical processes to function properly.
homeostatis.pptx
This document discusses homeostasis and the systems involved in maintaining homeostasis. It defines homeostasis as the maintenance of nearly constant internal conditions despite changes in the external environment. The key systems that help regulate homeostasis include the respiratory, gastrointestinal, excretory, nervous, and endocrine systems. Feedback mechanisms, including negative and positive feedback loops, allow these systems to sense changes in parameters like temperature, pH, electrolyte concentrations, and hormones to activate responses to correct deviations from normal ranges. Negative feedback loops work to return the stimulus and response in opposite directions, while positive feedback triggers further increases in a variable.
Homeostasi spate
Homeostasis refers to the body's ability to regulate and maintain stable internal conditions necessary for survival, even when external conditions change. It operates through negative and positive feedback loops. Negative feedback loops work to reverse changes that move conditions outside the normal range, like increasing heart rate in response to stress. Positive feedback loops intensify changes, like contractions during childbirth increasing in strength as pressure from the baby rises. Homeostasis is constantly disrupted by internal and external stimuli but feedback loops work to quickly restore equilibrium and prevent conditions from becoming dangerous.
Homeostasis
Homeostasis, thermoregulation, osmoregulation, and excretion were discussed. Homeostasis involves sensors, effectors, and negative feedback to maintain steady internal conditions. Thermoregulation uses sweating, vasoconstriction/vasodilation, and shivering to control temperature. Osmoregulation relies on ADH, aldosterone, and ANH to regulate water and salt levels. Excretion eliminates nitrogenous and salt wastes via glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and secretion in the kidney nephron. Deterioration of excretion can cause kidney failure, gout, or kidney stones.
Bio for pyschologists
This document aims to improve the reader's knowledge of the endocrine and nervous systems. It provides background information on how multicellular organisms respond to their environment through communication systems like the nervous and endocrine systems. The nervous system allows for rapid communication through electrical signals in the central and peripheral nervous systems. The endocrine system involves hormone communication through glands secreting hormones into the bloodstream, which target specific tissues to elicit responses and maintain homeostasis through negative feedback loops.
lecture 1 physio ppt.pptx
Physiology is the study of functions of animal tissues, organs and systems. The goal is to understand mechanisms at physical and chemical levels. Physiological processes obey laws of physics and chemistry. Structure and function are closely related through evolution. Homeostasis refers to maintenance of stable internal conditions despite external changes. Feedback control systems detect variations and trigger responses to correct deviations and maintain homeostasis. Negative feedback slows processes when products accumulate, while positive feedback accelerates production.
Homeostasis
Homeostasis refers to the body's ability to maintain stable internal conditions even as external conditions change. It is achieved through negative or positive feedback mechanisms. Negative feedback acts to shut off or reduce the stimulus causing imbalance, like a thermostat regulating room temperature. Positive feedback intensifies the original stimulus to push the variable further, seen in blood clotting and childbirth. Key components of homeostatic systems are sensors that detect stress, a control center that receives this information and sends messages, and effectors that respond to messages to reestablish homeostasis. Examples provided are temperature regulation through sweating and blood sugar regulation through insulin release.
homeostasis.pptx
The document discusses homeostasis, which refers to maintaining a constant internal environment in the body. This internal environment is the extracellular fluid that circulates in the blood and interstitial fluid between cells. Several body systems work together to maintain homeostasis and keep pH, temperature, nutrient/oxygen levels, water/electrolyte balance, and hormones within normal ranges. The homeostatic system uses sensors, control centers, effectors, and feedback loops (negative and positive) to detect deviations from normal levels and correct them, helping regulate various body systems and functions.
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Regulatory mechanisms have 4 essential features. Name them and gi.pdf
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HOMEOSTASIS.pptx
- 1. HOMEOSTASIS
- 2. Introduction • Definition: – Homeostasis means condition in which internal environment of body remains relatively constant despite changes in external environment – For this purpose, living membrane with varying permeabilities such as vascular endothelium & cell membrane play important role in exchange of fluid, electrolyte, nutrient & metabolites across compartment of body fluid • Examples of Homeostatic mechanism: – Kidney : Ion concentration – Lungs : Removal of acid forming CO2 – GIT : Nutrients
- 3. Internal environment (IE) Cells – are capable of living, growing, & performing their special functions • So, long as proper concentration of O2, Glucose, different ion, AA, fatty substance & other constituent available in IE ECF – since all body cells essentially depend upon ECF for maintenance of cellular life
- 4. Examples of IE changes 1. Carbohydrate rich diet : disturb blood sugar level 2. Heavy sweating : decreases Na+ conc. of ECF 3. Violent exercise / expose to heat : elevates ECF temperature (Homeostasis is maintenance of IE (ECF) at a constant)
- 5. The factors involved in maintenance of IE (Homeostasis) • Maintenance of pH of ECF (acid–base balance) • Regulation of temperature • Maintenance of water and electrolyte balance • Supply of nutrients, oxygen, enzymes & hormones • Removal of metabolic and other waste products,
- 6. System involved in Homeostasis • Resp. system : PH & temperature • GIT : Nutrients • Liver : Modifying & storage • Musculoskeletal : Movements & protection from adverse environments. • CNS : Control & interpretation. • ANS : Vegetative functions • CVS : Compensatory adjustment ( eg. fainting) • Endocrine : Neuro-endocrine activity. • Immune system : Interleukins & cytokines • Kidney : Acid base balance
- 7. Components of Homeostasis control system
- 8. Homeostasis Using a Neural Pathway
- 9. Mechanism of regulation • Control loops (sensory inputs ) – Open loop – Closed loop • Intrinsic –Automatic response, involve one organ/tissue/cell. • Extrinsic –Controlled by nervous & endocrine system. –Feedback mechanism also included
- 11. Example- Extrinsic Mechanism Neural Hormonal
- 12. Mechanism of action of Homeostatic control systems • By ‘feedback’ mechanism (2 Types) – Negative feedback mechanism – Positive feedback mechanism • Other control system - feed-forward control - Adaptive control system
- 13. Negative feedback mechanism • Most control systems of body act by negative feedback. • If activity of a particular system is increased or decreased, a control system initiates a negative feedback, which return activity toward normal Features :- • Change in variable being regulated brings about responses that tend to push variable in direction opposite to original change • Opposite effect is mainly ‘inhibitory’. • This minimizes changes from set point of system leading to stability.
- 15. Examples of negative feedback Mechanism Cortisol by suprarenal glands Blood cortisol concentration Pituitary and Hypothalamus ACTH output Stimulation of suprarenal gland Cortisol output 1. Cortisol
- 17. Cont… 3. Maintenance of water balance
- 18. Cont… 4. Regulation of blood glucose
- 19. Other example of Negative feedback mechanism 5. When BP suddenly rises or lowers, it initiates a series of reactions that tries to bring blood pressure to normal levels 6. Regulation of body temperature
- 20. Positive feedback mechanism • Positive feedback is better known as a vicious circle • Usually it is harmful & in some instances even death can occur due to positive feedback…For e.g. (Flowchart showing how +ve feedback mechanism can cause death)
- 21. Cont… • A mild degree of feedback can be overcome by negative feedback control mechanisms of body, & vicious cycle fails to develop For example • when a patient bleeds 1 L of blood instead of 2 L, -ve feedback mechanisms of controlling BP may overcome +ve feedback, & BP will return to normal • So, Homeostatic systems utilizing +ve feedback have two primary characteristics:- - Time limitation - Intensification
- 23. Further, sometimes +ve feedback can serve useful purposes Examples of Positive feedback Mechanism 1. Clot formation followed by rupture of vessels is accelerated by vicious cycle of thrombin formation so stops bleeding. 2. Child birth during labour is facilitated by progressively increasing uterine contractions due to positive feedback from stretching of cervix by head of baby 3. Generation of nerve signals by vicious cycle of progressive leakage of Na+ ions from channels set up following stimulation of membrane of nerve fibre is due to +ve feedback
- 25. 2. Child birth during labour
- 26. 3. Generation of nerve signals Memb. of nerve fiber (stimulated) Opening of Na++ channel Changes memb. Potential Opening of more Na++ channel Nerve action potential generated Process continues.
- 27. Harmful Effects of Positive Feedback • Positive feedback can be harmful. Examples of these harmful outcomes: – Fever causes +ve feedback within homeostasis that increases body temperature continually. If the temperature > 45 degrees C (113 degrees F) cellular proteins denature, metabolism stops & death. – Chronic hypertension favors process of atherosclerosis which causes narrowing of blood vessel openings. Resulting in more damage to walls of blood vessels.
- 28. Other control system Feed forward:- • A direct effect of stimulus on control system before the action of feed back signals. • Frequently used along with negative feedback • Anticipate changes in the variable improves speed of body’s homeostasis responses minimizes fluctuations in level of variable
- 29. Cont…..
- 30. Adaptive control system • Adaptive control system refers to a delayed type of negative feedback mechanism • This is seen in nervous system
- 31. For example--- • when some movements of body occur very rapidly, there is not enough time for signal travel from peripheral parts of body to brain & then back to periphery again to control movements. • Under such circumstances brain uses a principle called feed-forward control to cause required muscle contraction which retrospectively is conveyed to brain by sensory nerve signals from moving part. • If the movement performed is found incorrect, then brain corrects the feed-forward signals that it sends to muscle next time movement is required. • Such a correction made by successive retrospective feedback mechanism is called adaptive control. Cont……
- 32. >>>Thanks>>>