2.3b kinds of rocks and weathering
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The document discusses Earth's interior and plate tectonics. It describes plate tectonics theory, including evidence like earthquake and volcanic activity. It also discusses different types of rock formations like igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks that are formed by volcanic eruptions and weathering of existing rocks at the surface. The key forces that shape the Earth's surface are convection currents in the mantle that cause the movement of tectonic plates.
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Classification of Rocks
EARTH MATERIALS AND PROCESSES
Topic: Classification of Rocks / Types of Rocks
Senior High School | Earth and Life Science
Learning Competency: Classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. (S11/12ES-Ib-10)
Senior High School | Earth Science
Learning Competency: Classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. (S11ES-Ic-6)
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Geology - Part 1
The document discusses the rock cycle and how rocks are formed. It explains that igneous rocks form from the cooling of magma, either underground to form intrusive rocks or above ground to form extrusive rocks. Sedimentary rocks form from the weathering, erosion, deposition and compaction of other rocks. Metamorphic rocks form from the alteration of existing rocks through heat and pressure in the Earth's crust. The rock cycle involves the interconversion of these three main types of rocks through various geological processes.
Geology - Part 2
This document discusses plate tectonics and the structure of the Earth. It describes the four main layers of the Earth - crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. It explains Alfred Wegener's theory of Pangaea and continental drift. It provides evidence that supports plate tectonics including matching continents, matching rock types and fossils, and seismic activity. It describes the three main types of plate boundaries and the associated geological features - divergent, convergent, and transform. It discusses what causes plates to move via convection currents in the mantle.
PETROLOGY
Petrology is the study of rocks and their origins, compositions, textures, and structures. There are three main types of rocks: igneous rocks formed from cooled magma, sedimentary rocks formed from compressed sediments, and metamorphic rocks formed from existing rocks subjected to heat and pressure. Rocks are constantly changing between these types through geological processes in the rock cycle, powered by Earth's interior heat and the energy from the sun. Igneous rocks can become sedimentary rocks through weathering and erosion then become metamorphic rocks through burial and increased heat and pressure, and metamorphic rocks can melt to form new magma and igneous rocks.
Metamorphic rocks
Metamorphic rocks are formed by heat and pressure acting on older igneous, sedimentary, or other metamorphic rocks. Earthquakes and volcanic activity apply this heat and pressure, which can melt rock into magma or flatten and rearrange mineral grains without melting. Metamorphic rocks are classified based on their texture as either foliated, with flattened and aligned mineral grains, or nonfoliated, with rearranged but not layered grains. Common metamorphic rocks include slate, gneiss, marble, and quartzite formed from their igneous or sedimentary protoliths under metamorphism.
Earth science
Minerals are naturally occurring inorganic substances that make up rocks. They form through three main processes: magmatic, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Rocks are composed of minerals or organic materials and also form through igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic processes. The Earth's interior is composed of layers including the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. Earthquakes occur along faults in the Earth's crust as the blocks of rock on either side move and release energy.
Ch04 igneous rocks-fall2007
This document discusses the formation of igneous rocks. It explains that igneous rocks form from the crystallization of magma or lava as it cools. Magma originates from the partial melting of rocks in the Earth's mantle or crust due to increased heat, decreased pressure, or the presence of volatiles like water. As magma cools, minerals crystallize out in a predictable order described by Bowen's Reaction Series. The composition of magma evolves as it cools through processes like fractional crystallization. Igneous rocks range from basalt to andesite to granite depending on their origin and evolution.
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The document discusses the three main types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. It describes the rock cycle whereby rocks constantly change from one type to another through geological forces. Igneous rocks form from molten rock and can be intrusive or extrusive. Sedimentary rocks form through the compaction and cementation of sediments and can be clastic or non-clastic. Metamorphic rocks form from heat and pressure acting on existing rocks, either through contact metamorphism near magma or regional metamorphism during tectonic activity.
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Classification of Rocks
EARTH MATERIALS AND PROCESSES
Topic: Classification of Rocks / Types of Rocks
Senior High School | Earth and Life Science
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Senior High School | Earth Science
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The document discusses the rock cycle and how rocks are formed. It explains that igneous rocks form from the cooling of magma, either underground to form intrusive rocks or above ground to form extrusive rocks. Sedimentary rocks form from the weathering, erosion, deposition and compaction of other rocks. Metamorphic rocks form from the alteration of existing rocks through heat and pressure in the Earth's crust. The rock cycle involves the interconversion of these three main types of rocks through various geological processes.
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This document discusses plate tectonics and the structure of the Earth. It describes the four main layers of the Earth - crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. It explains Alfred Wegener's theory of Pangaea and continental drift. It provides evidence that supports plate tectonics including matching continents, matching rock types and fossils, and seismic activity. It describes the three main types of plate boundaries and the associated geological features - divergent, convergent, and transform. It discusses what causes plates to move via convection currents in the mantle.
PETROLOGY
Petrology is the study of rocks and their origins, compositions, textures, and structures. There are three main types of rocks: igneous rocks formed from cooled magma, sedimentary rocks formed from compressed sediments, and metamorphic rocks formed from existing rocks subjected to heat and pressure. Rocks are constantly changing between these types through geological processes in the rock cycle, powered by Earth's interior heat and the energy from the sun. Igneous rocks can become sedimentary rocks through weathering and erosion then become metamorphic rocks through burial and increased heat and pressure, and metamorphic rocks can melt to form new magma and igneous rocks.
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Metamorphic rocks are formed by heat and pressure acting on older igneous, sedimentary, or other metamorphic rocks. Earthquakes and volcanic activity apply this heat and pressure, which can melt rock into magma or flatten and rearrange mineral grains without melting. Metamorphic rocks are classified based on their texture as either foliated, with flattened and aligned mineral grains, or nonfoliated, with rearranged but not layered grains. Common metamorphic rocks include slate, gneiss, marble, and quartzite formed from their igneous or sedimentary protoliths under metamorphism.
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Minerals are naturally occurring inorganic substances that make up rocks. They form through three main processes: magmatic, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Rocks are composed of minerals or organic materials and also form through igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic processes. The Earth's interior is composed of layers including the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. Earthquakes occur along faults in the Earth's crust as the blocks of rock on either side move and release energy.
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This document discusses the formation of igneous rocks. It explains that igneous rocks form from the crystallization of magma or lava as it cools. Magma originates from the partial melting of rocks in the Earth's mantle or crust due to increased heat, decreased pressure, or the presence of volatiles like water. As magma cools, minerals crystallize out in a predictable order described by Bowen's Reaction Series. The composition of magma evolves as it cools through processes like fractional crystallization. Igneous rocks range from basalt to andesite to granite depending on their origin and evolution.
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The document discusses the three main types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. It describes the rock cycle whereby rocks constantly change from one type to another through geological forces. Igneous rocks form from molten rock and can be intrusive or extrusive. Sedimentary rocks form through the compaction and cementation of sediments and can be clastic or non-clastic. Metamorphic rocks form from heat and pressure acting on existing rocks, either through contact metamorphism near magma or regional metamorphism during tectonic activity.
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This document discusses how metamorphic rocks are formed and classified. Metamorphic rocks form deep underground through heat and pressure changing existing rocks. They are classified based on their texture into either foliated rocks, which have layers or bands, or non-foliated rocks, which lack layers or bands. Common foliated metamorphic rocks include slate, phyllite, schist and gneiss, while common non-foliated rocks include quartzite and marble.
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Igneous rocks form when magma cools and crystallizes either underground or at the surface. Sedimentary rocks form through the lithification of sediments. Metamorphic rocks form from pre-existing rocks undergoing changes due to heat, pressure, and chemically active fluids in the Earth's crust. The rock cycle illustrates how igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks are interrelated as they form and change over time through geological processes within the Earth.
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Here are the answers to the questions from the passages:
P226 –
1. Igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic
2. Sedimentary rocks form from sediments
3. Sedimentary rocks can tell us about the environment they were deposited in, such as depth of water or presence of fossils
5. Metamorphic rocks form when existing rocks are subjected to heat and pressure
8. During metamorphism, the mineral grains in sedimentary and igneous rocks recrystallize and change shape
P232 –
1. Intrusive igneous rocks form when magma cools and solidifies within the earth's crust
2. Extrusive igne
5.4 metamorphic rock
Metamorphic rocks are formed from existing igneous, sedimentary, or other metamorphic rocks by heat, pressure, and chemical processes deep beneath the Earth's surface. There are two types of metamorphism: contact metamorphism near magma intrusions, and regional metamorphism caused by heat and pressure during tectonic plate movement, most commonly resulting in chemical changes to the rocks. Metamorphic rocks can be classified as either foliated or nonfoliated based on their texture.
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The document discusses the three main rock groups: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Igneous rocks form from cooling magma, either underground (intrusive) or above ground (extrusive). Sedimentary rocks form through the compaction and cementation of sediments. Metamorphic rocks are formed from existing rocks undergoing heat and pressure without melting. The rock cycle diagram shows how rocks continuously change between these three types through various geologic processes.
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There are three main types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Igneous rocks can be extrusive, with little to no crystals, or intrusive, with large interlocking crystals. Sedimentary rocks form from the lithification of sediments. Metamorphic rocks are formed from heat and pressure altering existing rocks, and can be formed through contact or regional metamorphism. Common metamorphic rocks include gneiss, slate, and quartzite. The rock cycle shows how rocks continuously change between these three types over geological time.
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The document discusses igneous rocks, which form from molten rock material known as magma or lava. Igneous rocks can form underground from cooling magma (intrusive rocks) or on the surface from cooling lava (extrusive rocks). The temperature of magma/lava influences igneous activity and rock properties, ranging from 1,170°C for basalt to 800-1,100°C for dacite. Intrusive rocks form large visible crystals as they cool slowly underground, while extrusive rocks cool too quickly to form crystals. Igneous rocks are an important economic resource, as precious metals and gems are often associated with them.
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Rocks form through three main processes: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Igneous rocks form when magma or lava cools and crystallizes. Sedimentary rocks form through the compaction and cementation of sediments over time. Metamorphic rocks were originally igneous or sedimentary rocks that were subjected to heat and pressure within the Earth, transforming their composition and structure.
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Index.
- Study of the Earth's interior.
- Geochemical model.
- Geodynamic model.
- The internal engine of the Earth.
- Vertical movements of the lithosphere.
- Horizontal movements of the Earth.
- Associated hazards with internal dynamics.
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The three main types, or classes, of rock are sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous and the differences among them have to do with how they are formed. Sedimentary rocks are formed from particles of sand, shells, pebbles, and other fragments of material. Together, all these particles are called sediment.
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The document discusses the rock cycle and the relationships between the three main rock groups: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Igneous rocks form from magma, either slowly below ground as plutonic rocks or quickly at the surface as volcanic rocks. Sedimentary rocks form at the surface from eroded materials that are transported and deposited. Metamorphic rocks form from changes to existing rocks through pressure, temperature, and fluids deep underground. The rock cycle is powered by the Earth's interior heat and momentum, as well as energy from the sun, and involves surface and subsurface geological processes that connect the hydrologic and tectonic cycles.
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Metamorphic rocks are rocks that have changed from one type to another due to high heat and pressure underground over millions of years. This process of metamorphism can change a rock's texture, chemical composition, and internal structure. Jade rock specifically forms where tectonic plates meet in areas with high underground heat and pressure, as this environment transforms pyroxene rock into crystalline jade over long periods of time.
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There are two main ways loose sediment becomes a sedimentary rock:
1. Cementation - Loose sediment particles are cemented together by minerals deposited from water. The cement binds the particles into a solid rock.
2. Compaction and lithification - Under great pressure from overlying layers of sediment, loose particles are compressed into a solid mass. Their original structures may still be visible in the solidified rock. Over geologic time and increased pressure and cementation, the sediment lithifies and hardens into sedimentary rock.
2.2a earthquakes and volcanoes introduction
The document discusses Earth's interior and plate tectonics, explaining that Earth's interior is composed of layers and plates that move and interact, causing earthquakes and volcanic activity at plate boundaries. Evidence for plate tectonics includes earthquake and volcanic activity at places like convergent and divergent plate boundaries. The movement of tectonic plates is responsible for creating different landforms over long periods of time through processes like mountain building, volcanism, and earthquakes.
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This document discusses how metamorphic rocks are formed and classified. Metamorphic rocks form deep underground through heat and pressure changing existing rocks. They are classified based on their texture into either foliated rocks, which have layers or bands, or non-foliated rocks, which lack layers or bands. Common foliated metamorphic rocks include slate, phyllite, schist and gneiss, while common non-foliated rocks include quartzite and marble.
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Igneous rocks form when magma cools and crystallizes either underground or at the surface. Sedimentary rocks form through the lithification of sediments. Metamorphic rocks form from pre-existing rocks undergoing changes due to heat, pressure, and chemically active fluids in the Earth's crust. The rock cycle illustrates how igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks are interrelated as they form and change over time through geological processes within the Earth.
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Here are the answers to the questions from the passages:
P226 –
1. Igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic
2. Sedimentary rocks form from sediments
3. Sedimentary rocks can tell us about the environment they were deposited in, such as depth of water or presence of fossils
5. Metamorphic rocks form when existing rocks are subjected to heat and pressure
8. During metamorphism, the mineral grains in sedimentary and igneous rocks recrystallize and change shape
P232 –
1. Intrusive igneous rocks form when magma cools and solidifies within the earth's crust
2. Extrusive igne
5.4 metamorphic rock
Metamorphic rocks are formed from existing igneous, sedimentary, or other metamorphic rocks by heat, pressure, and chemical processes deep beneath the Earth's surface. There are two types of metamorphism: contact metamorphism near magma intrusions, and regional metamorphism caused by heat and pressure during tectonic plate movement, most commonly resulting in chemical changes to the rocks. Metamorphic rocks can be classified as either foliated or nonfoliated based on their texture.
Rock Cycle PowerPoint
The document discusses the three main rock groups: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Igneous rocks form from cooling magma, either underground (intrusive) or above ground (extrusive). Sedimentary rocks form through the compaction and cementation of sediments. Metamorphic rocks are formed from existing rocks undergoing heat and pressure without melting. The rock cycle diagram shows how rocks continuously change between these three types through various geologic processes.
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This document provides an overview of lesson 7 on minerals and rocks. It discusses the three main types of rocks - igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic - and the processes involved in their formation. For each rock type, details are given on their origin, typical textures, classification schemes, and examples. The lesson also describes key concepts like magma, lava, intrusive/extrusive rocks, sedimentary features, and contact/regional metamorphism. Finally, students are assigned homework to research specific rock examples in more depth.
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This document provides an introduction to petrology, including definitions and classifications of different rock types. It discusses the three main types of rocks: igneous rocks formed from cooling magma or lava, sedimentary rocks formed from weathered materials, and metamorphic rocks formed from changes to pre-existing rocks. It describes common textures and structures seen in each rock type, such as vesicular, columnar, and gneiss textures. Finally, it discusses the importance of petrology for civil engineering applications by providing details on rock properties relevant to strength and durability.
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This document describes metamorphic rock and the processes of metamorphism. It explains that rocks can undergo metamorphism through heat, pressure, or both, which causes changes to their structure, texture, or composition. There are two types of metamorphism: contact metamorphism near magma intrusions, and regional metamorphism deep underground from pressure. Original minerals change into more stable minerals indicating temperature and pressure. Metamorphic rocks exhibit foliated or non-foliated textures and structures like folds that result from deformation during metamorphism.
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There are three main types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Igneous rocks can be extrusive, with little to no crystals, or intrusive, with large interlocking crystals. Sedimentary rocks form from the lithification of sediments. Metamorphic rocks are formed from heat and pressure altering existing rocks, and can be formed through contact or regional metamorphism. Common metamorphic rocks include gneiss, slate, and quartzite. The rock cycle shows how rocks continuously change between these three types over geological time.
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This document provides an overview of plate tectonics and related geological phenomena. It discusses the three main types of plate boundaries: convergent, divergent, and transform. Convergent boundaries form trenches and mountains, divergent boundaries form ocean ridges and create new lithosphere, and transform boundaries involve lateral plate movement. Plate tectonics theory holds that plate interactions cause volcanoes, earthquakes, and mountain building. The document also examines earthquakes, seismic risk maps, and volcanoes, defining key terms and risks associated with each.
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Petrology is the study of rocks and their origins. It includes the study of igneous rocks that form from cooling magma, sedimentary rocks that form from the lithification of sediments, and metamorphic rocks that form from alterations due to heat, pressure, and chemical changes. Igneous petrology focuses on volcanic and plutonic rocks. Sedimentary petrology examines rocks like sandstone and limestone. Metamorphic petrology analyzes slates, gneisses, and marbles. Weathering and erosion break down rocks at the surface through physical or chemical means.
Igneous rocks intro lec 1
The document discusses igneous rocks, which form from molten rock material known as magma or lava. Igneous rocks can form underground from cooling magma (intrusive rocks) or on the surface from cooling lava (extrusive rocks). The temperature of magma/lava influences igneous activity and rock properties, ranging from 1,170°C for basalt to 800-1,100°C for dacite. Intrusive rocks form large visible crystals as they cool slowly underground, while extrusive rocks cool too quickly to form crystals. Igneous rocks are an important economic resource, as precious metals and gems are often associated with them.
Formation of rocks
Rocks form through three main processes: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Igneous rocks form when magma or lava cools and crystallizes. Sedimentary rocks form through the compaction and cementation of sediments over time. Metamorphic rocks were originally igneous or sedimentary rocks that were subjected to heat and pressure within the Earth, transforming their composition and structure.
4ESO. Unit 1 Plate tectonics.
Index.
- Study of the Earth's interior.
- Geochemical model.
- Geodynamic model.
- The internal engine of the Earth.
- Vertical movements of the lithosphere.
- Horizontal movements of the Earth.
- Associated hazards with internal dynamics.
3 main categories of rocks
The three main types, or classes, of rock are sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous and the differences among them have to do with how they are formed. Sedimentary rocks are formed from particles of sand, shells, pebbles, and other fragments of material. Together, all these particles are called sediment.
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The document discusses the rock cycle and the relationships between the three main rock groups: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Igneous rocks form from magma, either slowly below ground as plutonic rocks or quickly at the surface as volcanic rocks. Sedimentary rocks form at the surface from eroded materials that are transported and deposited. Metamorphic rocks form from changes to existing rocks through pressure, temperature, and fluids deep underground. The rock cycle is powered by the Earth's interior heat and momentum, as well as energy from the sun, and involves surface and subsurface geological processes that connect the hydrologic and tectonic cycles.
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Metamorphic rocks are rocks that have changed from one type to another due to high heat and pressure underground over millions of years. This process of metamorphism can change a rock's texture, chemical composition, and internal structure. Jade rock specifically forms where tectonic plates meet in areas with high underground heat and pressure, as this environment transforms pyroxene rock into crystalline jade over long periods of time.
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2.3a minerals and rocks
There are two main ways loose sediment becomes a sedimentary rock:
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2. Compaction and lithification - Under great pressure from overlying layers of sediment, loose particles are compressed into a solid mass. Their original structures may still be visible in the solidified rock. Over geologic time and increased pressure and cementation, the sediment lithifies and hardens into sedimentary rock.
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The document discusses Earth's interior and plate tectonics, explaining that Earth's interior is composed of layers and plates that move and interact, causing earthquakes and volcanic activity at plate boundaries. Evidence for plate tectonics includes earthquake and volcanic activity at places like convergent and divergent plate boundaries. The movement of tectonic plates is responsible for creating different landforms over long periods of time through processes like mountain building, volcanism, and earthquakes.
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Over the last decade, demand for spring management has increased as traditional spring sources have started drying up or becoming contaminated. In response, communities, NGOs and state agencies began dedicated spring protection programmes. In the Himalayas, the State of Sikkim and organizations such as Central Himalayan Action and Research Group (CHIRAG) and People Science Institute (PSI) started identifying and protecting spring recharge areas around 2007. The difference between these programmes and many other previous efforts is that they went beyond supply-side improvements to focus on the use of hydrogeology to map springsheds for targeted interventions.
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This document provides information about minerals, rocks, and the rock cycle from a student presentation. It defines minerals as naturally occurring crystalline solids with definite chemical compositions. It describes the three main rock types - igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic - and their characteristic formation processes involving cooling of magma, lithification of sediments, and alteration of existing rocks by heat, pressure, and fluids respectively. The document also outlines several key mineral and rock properties including color, luster, hardness, cleavage, and textures that are important for identification and classification.
MODULE 4 AND 5.pptx
The document provides an overview of earth and life sciences topics including minerals, rocks, and the three main types of rocks - igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. It discusses how rocks are formed, classified, and the importance of studying rocks and minerals. It also summarizes the rock cycle and exogenic processes of weathering and erosion, describing the physical and chemical agents that break down rocks and how eroded materials are transported and deposited in new locations.
MODULE 4 AND 5.pptx
The document provides an overview of earth and life sciences topics including minerals, rocks, and the rock cycle. It discusses the three main types of rocks - igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic - and how they are formed. The document also summarizes the processes of weathering and erosion, describing how physical and chemical breakdown of rocks is transported by agents and deposited in new locations.
Igneous Rock.pptx
Rocks can be categorized into three main types - igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic - based on their formation process. Igneous rocks form from the cooling and solidification of magma or lava. Sedimentary rocks form from the compaction and cementation of sediments. Metamorphic rocks form from the alteration of existing rocks through heat, pressure, and chemically active fluids. These three rock types are interrelated through the rock cycle, where one rock type can transform into another through various geological processes over long periods of time. Studying rocks provides insight into Earth's systems and geological processes.
Petrology
The document provides information about petrology, which is the study of rocks. It discusses the structure of the Earth and defines rocks as aggregates of minerals. Rocks are classified based on their geological origin as igneous, sedimentary or metamorphic. Igneous rocks form from the solidification of magma or lava and include intrusive and extrusive types. Sedimentary rocks form from the compaction or cementation of sediments derived from pre-existing rocks by weathering processes. The document outlines the formation of magma from heat and pressure conditions in the Earth's interior and how magma crystallizes into igneous rocks as it cools on the surface or in the crust.
Notes on Weathering
Weathering is the breaking down of rocks and materials at the Earth's surface through mechanical and chemical processes. Mechanical weathering occurs via physical processes like temperature changes and ice wedging, while chemical weathering alters the composition of minerals through reactions with water, acids, and oxygen. The rate of weathering depends on factors like climate, topography, rock composition, and exposure time.
Weatheringnotes
Weathering is the breaking down of rocks and materials at the Earth's surface through mechanical and chemical processes. Mechanical weathering occurs via physical processes like temperature changes and ice wedging, while chemical weathering alters the composition of minerals through reactions with water, acids, and oxygen. The rate of weathering depends on factors like climate, topography, rock composition, and exposure time.
Cabral, sheila mariz
The document discusses the three main types of rocks found on Earth: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. Igneous rocks form from cooling magma, either underground with large crystals or above ground with small crystals. Sedimentary rocks form through the weathering and deposition of other rocks over time. Metamorphic rocks form from existing rocks undergoing heat and pressure within the Earth, changing their composition and structure.
egeo-merge.pdf
This document provides an overview of geology and earth science concepts. It discusses the structure of the Earth, including its core, mantle, and crust. It describes three main rock types - igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. It also summarizes plate tectonics theory and how the movement of tectonic plates has caused continental drift over geological time. Finally, it provides a brief overview of earthquakes and seismic wave propagation.
Weathering notes
Weathering is the breaking down of rocks and materials at the Earth's surface through mechanical and chemical processes. Mechanical weathering occurs via physical processes like temperature changes, ice wedging, and abrasion without changing the chemical composition. Chemical weathering alters the chemical composition through processes like dissolution by water and acids or oxidation. The rate of weathering depends on factors like the rock composition, climate, topography, and exposure time.
Constructive and destructive_forces
Constructive and destructive forces shape the Earth's surface. Constructive forces like deposition from wind, water and ice build up features through processes like creating sand dunes, deltas, and depositing material from glaciers. Destructive forces like erosion, weathering, earthquakes and volcanic eruptions destroy and change surface features through breakdown of land and landscapes. Humans try to control these natural forces through activities like flood control projects, seismological studies, and beach reclamation.
Rocks for class 2011
This document defines rocks and describes the three main types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. It explains that rocks are divided based on how they were formed and can change between types through geological processes. The rock cycle diagram shows how rocks continuously change between igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic forms over millions of years through melting, cooling, burial and erosion.
Origin
This document provides an outline on the origin and evolution of the Earth. It discusses the Earth's place in the solar system and how the Earth formed from a rotating cloud of dust after the formation of the solar system. It describes how the Earth grew and differentiated over time through bombardment, insulation, gravitational compression, and radioactive decay. The document outlines the current structure of the Earth, describing its chemical and mechanical layering into a crust, mantle, and core. It introduces the concept of plate tectonics, how the lithosphere is broken into plates that move at divergent, convergent, and transform plate boundaries.
Similar to 2.3b kinds of rocks and weathering (20)
More from Dave Templonuevo
2.3d chapter review
The document is a review for Chapter 17 which covers topics about the structure of the Earth, plate tectonics, earthquakes, volcanoes, rocks and minerals. It contains 47 multiple choice questions testing knowledge about these topics, including the layers of Earth's structure, plate boundary types, seismic wave properties, rock and mineral identification and formation processes.
2.3c weathering and erosion
The document discusses weathering and erosion, describing two types of weathering (physical and chemical) that break down rocks, as well as various agents of erosion like water, wind, waves, and glaciers that transport eroded materials. Physical weathering breaks rocks into smaller pieces without changing their chemical composition through processes like frost wedging and plant wedging, while chemical weathering alters the chemical makeup of rocks through oxidation and reactions with carbon dioxide and acid rain.
2.3c weathering and erosion
The document discusses the processes of weathering and erosion, explaining that weathering breaks down rocks through physical or chemical means, while erosion is the removal and transportation of weathered materials by agents such as water, wind, waves, ice, and gravity. It describes two types of weathering - physical/mechanical weathering which breaks rocks into smaller pieces without changing composition, and chemical weathering which alters the chemical makeup of rocks.
2.2c convection currents drive the tectonics movement that drives vocanic ac...
Convection occurs when hotter molecules within fluids rise and cooler molecules sink, transferring heat. This convection process occurs within the Earth's mantle, with hotter rock rising and cooler rock sinking, driving the movement of tectonic plates at Earth's surface. The movement of tectonic plates is related to volcanic activity, as plates pull apart or come together at plate boundaries like mid-ocean ridges or subduction zones.
2.2b earthquakes and volcanoes
The document defines key vocabulary related to earthquakes, including focus, epicenter, seismic waves (P waves, S waves, surface waves), and discusses what causes earthquakes. It then explains how energy from earthquakes is transferred by P waves and S waves. P waves are longitudinal waves that travel faster and arrive first, compressing and stretching the Earth's crust. S waves are transverse waves that move more slowly and cause side-to-side shaking motions. Finally, it briefly describes the three main types of volcanoes: shield volcanoes which erupt frequently with gentle slopes, composite volcanoes with steeper sides made of layers of ash and lava, and cinder cones which are small and explosive.
2.1i earth's interior and plate tectonics review and enrichment lesson
This document provides information on plate tectonics including different types of plate boundaries and movements. It includes 3 video clips on plate tectonics, convergent boundaries, and transform boundaries. The text then defines key terms like lithosphere, asthenosphere, and magma and describes the three main types of plate boundaries: divergent where plates move apart, convergent where they move together, and transform where they scrape past one another.
2.1e asthenosphere and plate tectonics final printing of research
The document provides instructions for a PowerPoint presentation on asthenosphere and plate tectonics, asking the presenter to show their presentation, revise it if needed, print it, lay the slides out on poster paper, and hang the finished posters on the wall.
2.1d asthenosphere and plate tectonics research
The asthenosphere is the weak, hot, ductile layer of the upper mantle that lies below the lithosphere. Convection currents in the asthenosphere are driven by heat from the Earth's core and mantle, which causes the asthenosphere to slowly flow outward. Plate tectonics refers to the movement and interactions of the Earth's tectonic plates, which are driven by convection currents in the asthenosphere. Continental plates are less dense pieces of the Earth's crust that sit atop the asthenosphere and move slowly over time as the asthenosphere flows.
2.1c layers of the earth
The Earth is composed of four main layers from outermost to innermost:
1) The crust, which is the top solid rocky layer ranging from 5-70km thick.
2) The mantle, which makes up over 80% of the Earth's volume and is divided into the upper, middle, and lower mantle.
3) The outer core, which is liquid due to extreme heat and composed of nickel and iron.
4) The inner core, the hottest layer that is solid due to immense pressure from the layers above.
2.1b earth's interior and plate tectonics
The document summarizes the structure of the Earth and plate tectonics. It describes how the Earth initially formed as a molten ball that separated into layers over time, with denser materials like iron and nickel sinking to form the core. Less dense materials rose to form the crust. The crust and rigid upper mantle make up the lithosphere plates, which move atop the slowly flowing asthenosphere. Heat causes the asthenosphere to expand and push plates, resulting in their movement at boundaries in divergent or convergent patterns.
1.2e the sun and stars
This document defines key terms related to stars and their life cycles. It describes the evolution of massive stars from red giants to supergiants and their explosive deaths as supernovae, leaving behind neutron stars or black holes. Lower mass stars end as white dwarfs. The document also defines terms like photosphere, chromosphere, sunspots, and features of the Sun like coronal streamers, holes, and filaments.
1.2c nuclear fusion in stars
1) Nuclear fusion occurs inside the core of stars where extreme pressure and heat cause hydrogen atoms to fuse together, forming helium and releasing energy.
2) The temperature in a star's core is over 15 million kelvins and the density is over 150 times greater than water, creating the conditions for nuclear fusion.
3) During nuclear fusion, the nuclei of hydrogen atoms combine to form helium, releasing a large amount of energy in the process. This energy flows outward from the core, balancing the inward force of gravity in the star.
1.2b light from stars
1. The document discusses how the brightness of stars is affected by their temperature, size, and distance from Earth. Hotter, larger, and closer stars appear brighter, while cooler, smaller, and more distant stars appear dimmer.
2. The color of a star is related to its temperature - hotter stars emit more short-wavelength blue and ultraviolet light, while cooler stars emit more long-wavelength red and infrared light.
3. By analyzing the spectral lines of starlight, astronomers can determine the chemical composition of stars and what elements are present. Different elements produce distinctive patterns of lines in the star's spectrum.
1.2a what are stars
Ancient Greeks thought stars were fixed to a celestial sphere and did not realize they were other suns. This view was incorrect because stars are actually enormous balls of hot, glowing gases that are extremely far away from Earth. A constellation is a recognizable pattern of stars in the night sky that forms an imaginary outline or picture and has been given a name, such as Orion or Ursa Major.
1.2a what are stars
Ancient Greeks thought stars were fixed to a celestial sphere and did not realize they were other suns. This view was incorrect because stars are actually enormous balls of hot, glowing gases that are extremely far away from Earth. A constellation is a recognizable pattern of stars in the night sky that forms an imaginary outline or picture and has been given a name, such as Orion or Ursa Major.
1.1f the origin and fate of the universe
The document discusses the origin and fate of the universe. It provides a timeline of cosmic events from the formation of hydrogen and helium nuclei shortly after the Big Bang to the formation of our solar system around 4.6 billion years ago. It also explains that the ultimate fate of the universe, whether it expands forever or contracts back into a "big crunch", depends on the total mass of the universe and its interaction with gravitational forces.
1.1e the origin of the universe - further investigation of the big bang theory
The document provides instructions for a classroom activity on the Big Bang Theory. Students are asked to complete a Frayer Model in their notebook about the Big Bang Theory, showing at least 4 ideas about it. They are also asked to give 4 things that were happening after the Big Bang, provide 4 proofs that the Big Bang really happened, and tell 3 new things they learned from the activity. The teacher emphasizes no excuses, just results, and reminds students to show up, engage, and produce meaningful work.
1.1e the origin of the universe - further investigation of the big bang theory
The Big Bang Theory proposes that the universe began approximately 13.8 billion years ago from the violent expansion of space and time starting from an extremely dense and hot state called a singularity. As the universe expanded and cooled, the first simple atomic elements like hydrogen and helium formed. Over millions of years, gravity caused matter to accumulate into dense clouds that collapsed and formed the first stars and galaxies. The early universe was dominated by hydrogen and helium, with heavier elements forming later in dying stars.
1.1d the origin of the universe (source internet)
The document discusses the origin of the universe according to the Big Bang theory. It states that the Big Bang occurred approximately 13.8 billion years ago as the single, extremely hot and dense point which exploded, causing the observable universe to expand and cool. As the universe expanded, primordial atoms formed and the leftover radiation from the early hot dense period became cosmic microwave background radiation, which is detectable and provides evidence supporting the Big Bang model. The future of the universe remains uncertain but may expand indefinitely and grow cooler.
1.1c the origin of the universe (source book)
The document discusses the origin of the universe according to the Big Bang theory. It explains that the Big Bang theory postulates that approximately 13.8 billion years ago, the entire visible universe was concentrated into a very hot and dense single point, and then rapidly expanded. It also notes that the cosmic microwave background radiation discovered in 1965 provides substantial support for the Big Bang theory, as it is consistent with the theory that the universe was once much hotter and denser. The future of the universe remains uncertain based on current scientific understanding.
More from Dave Templonuevo (20)
2.2c convection currents drive the tectonics movement that drives vocanic ac...
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2.1i earth's interior and plate tectonics review and enrichment lesson
2.1i earth's interior and plate tectonics review and enrichment lesson
2.1e asthenosphere and plate tectonics final printing of research
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1.1e the origin of the universe - further investigation of the big bang theory
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2.3b kinds of rocks and weathering
- 1. Earth’s Interior and Plate Tectonics Earth’s Interior Weathering Physical and Plate and Erosion Evidence Weatheri Tectonics for Plate ng What is Earth’s Tectonics Chemical Interior Weatheri like Transform ng Erosion Fault Boundaries Earthquake Plate Convergent Minerals Tectonics s and Plate and Rocks Boundaries Volcanoes Divergent How old Plate What are Structure are Rocks Boundaries Earthquake Volcanoes and s Origin of Rocks
- 2. Vocabulary Minerals – a natural, inorganic solid with a definite chemical composition and a characteristic internal structure.
- 3. Vocabulary Igneous Rock - from cooled and hardened magma or lava.
- 4. Vocabulary Weathering – change in the physical form or chemical composition of rock materials exposed at Earth’s surface.
- 5. Vocabulary Sedimentary Rock – rock formed from compressed or cemented deposits of sediments.
- 6. Vocabulary Fossils – the traces of remains of a plant or an animal found in sedimentary rocks.
- 7. Vocabulary Metamorphic rock – rock formed from other rocks as a result of heat, pressure, or chemical processes.
- 8. Igneous Rock The faster the rock cools the less the crystals grow.
- 9. Igneous Rock Obsidian rocks are smooth stones used by early American Indians to make tools. Their composition is much like that of granite.
- 10. Igneous Rock Obsidian becomes smoother as they cool much more quickly. Because they cool more quickly, they have less or no crystals.
- 11. 2 kinds of Igneous Rock
- 12. 2 kinds of Igneous Rock Extrusive igneous rock cools on Earth’s surface.
- 13. 2 kinds of Igneous Rock Intrusive igneous rock forms from magma that cools while trapped beneath Earth’s surface. They are insulated and cools off slowly
- 14. 2 kinds of Igneous Rock Because of long cooling period, the crystals form. Crystals on intrusive igneous are larger than those on extrusive igneous.
- 15. Weathering Weathering is the process by which rocks are broken down as follows: Pieces of boulders fall down hillsides due to gravity, wind or rain. Rivers carry rocks down into deltas, lakes or the sea. Waves beating against cliffs.
- 16. Weathering Gravity, waves, rivers, wind, etc. break the pieces into pebbles, sand and even smaller pieces. As pieces of rock accumulate, they can form another type of rock: Sedimentary rock.