This document provides information about minerals, rocks, and the rock cycle from a student presentation. It defines minerals as naturally occurring crystalline solids with definite chemical compositions. It describes the three main rock types - igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic - and their characteristic formation processes involving cooling of magma, lithification of sediments, and alteration of existing rocks by heat, pressure, and fluids respectively. The document also outlines several key mineral and rock properties including color, luster, hardness, cleavage, and textures that are important for identification and classification.
Rocks found in India are classified into three broad categories, viz. igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks.
Their occurrences vary from widespread stretches to small patches or pockets throughout the country. The distribution of various rocks are to be studied in Indian geography, Indian Geology, Economic Geography. mining geology, mineral exploration and applied geology in particular.
Petrology
Definition of a rock, petrology. Classification of rocks-Geological classification of rocks. Rock Cycle. Classification of igneous Forms, structures and textures of igneous rocks. Classification of sedimentary rocks, and its structures and textures. Classification of metamorphic rocks, its structures and textures.
Megascopic Study of Granite, Dolerite, Basalt, Pegmatite, Charnockite, Sandstone, Shale, Limestone, Gneiss, Schist, Quartzite, Marble and Slate.
The three main types, or classes, of rock are sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous and the differences among them have to do with how they are formed. Sedimentary rocks are formed from particles of sand, shells, pebbles, and other fragments of material.
Nature of Igneous Rocks, Magma, Lava, Textures, Types classification,compositions,Bowen’s Reaction Series, characteristics of magma, Origin of Magmas, Evolution of Magma, Magma Differentiation,Partial Melting,Fractional Crystallization, Plate Tectonic Setting of Igneous Rocks
Rocks found in India are classified into three broad categories, viz. igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks.
Their occurrences vary from widespread stretches to small patches or pockets throughout the country. The distribution of various rocks are to be studied in Indian geography, Indian Geology, Economic Geography. mining geology, mineral exploration and applied geology in particular.
Petrology
Definition of a rock, petrology. Classification of rocks-Geological classification of rocks. Rock Cycle. Classification of igneous Forms, structures and textures of igneous rocks. Classification of sedimentary rocks, and its structures and textures. Classification of metamorphic rocks, its structures and textures.
Megascopic Study of Granite, Dolerite, Basalt, Pegmatite, Charnockite, Sandstone, Shale, Limestone, Gneiss, Schist, Quartzite, Marble and Slate.
The three main types, or classes, of rock are sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous and the differences among them have to do with how they are formed. Sedimentary rocks are formed from particles of sand, shells, pebbles, and other fragments of material.
Nature of Igneous Rocks, Magma, Lava, Textures, Types classification,compositions,Bowen’s Reaction Series, characteristics of magma, Origin of Magmas, Evolution of Magma, Magma Differentiation,Partial Melting,Fractional Crystallization, Plate Tectonic Setting of Igneous Rocks
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
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CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
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Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
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1. Suez University
Faculty of Petroleum & Mining Engineering
Minerals and Rocks
Student
Belal Farouk El-saied Ibrahim
Class / III
Section / Engineering Geology and Geophysics
The Reference / Basic Pet. Geology
(P.K.Link
Presented to
Prof. Dr. / Shouhdi E. Shalaby
)
3. What are minerals?
All rocks are composed of
minerals
Minerals are naturally
occurring, inorganic,
crystalline solid with a
definite chemical
composition found on
Earth.
There are about 3500
known minerals
4. About 20 minerals make up more than 95%
of all of the rocks in the Earth’s crust
5. Composition of the Earth’s
Crust
Eight Elements that make up over 98%
of Earth’s Crust
-Oxygen (O)
-Silicon (SI)
-Aluminum (Al)
-Iron (Fe)
-Calcium (Ca)
-Sodium (Na)
-Potassium (K)
-Magnesium (Mg)
6. MINERAL PROPERTIES
Physical properties of minerals are dictated by the nature of
the underlying atomic structure, nature and arrangement of
chemical bonds, and energy levels of valence electrons.
Color
Luster
Hardness
Streak
Density
Crystal Shape
Cleavage and Fracture
Special Properties
7. Color
Usually the first and most easily observed
-Some minerals are always the same color
-Some minerals can have many colors
ROSE QUARTZ
QUARTZ
SMOKY QUARTZ
12. External Crystal Form:a solid plane in which the
atoms are arranged in orderly, repeating patterns
A. cubic
B. tetragonal
C. hexagonal
D. orthorhombic
E. triclinic
F. monoclini
(some minerals do not show well-developed crystals).
Fluorite
14. CLEAVAGE: splitting along preferred directions due to weak
bonds within the atomic structure. Cleavage is described as perfect,
good, poor.
This is a property of crystals – be careful that you are looking at
crystals and not crystal aggregates.
Cleavages can be confused with crystal faces – can often see
cleavage planes perpendicular to crystal faces.
Some crystals do not show cleavage due to similar bond strengths
throughout the crystal structure. However, a crystal can have 1, 2,
3… directions of cleavage. It is important to note: (i) the number
of cleavage directions, and (ii) their angular relationship:
1 direction; 2 directions at 90˚; 2 directions, inclined;
3 directions, cubic; 3 directions, rhombohedral;
4 directions, octahedral; 6 directions dodecahedral.
17. Fracture: the way a substance breaks where not controlled
by cleavage. Described as: conchoidal,
irregular, splintery, blocky, hackly.
Specific Gravity: unitless property, defined by
mo u n
a f ss c
s _ t e
s
_ b
a
mo q_.o 2
a f e lv f H
s _ ao _
s
_ u l
_
O
Ice:
0.9
Quartz:
2.65
Most silicates: 2.5-3.0
Galena
7.5
Gold
19.3
23. Igneous Rocks
Magma- molten material underground
Lava- magma that reaches the surface
Igneous rocks are formed from magma
that has cooled and hardened either
beneath the surface or from a volcanic
eruption
24. 2 Ways to Form Igneous Rock
Intrusive Igneous
Rocks - form when
magma hardens
beneath Earth’s
surface
Magma intrudes into
existing rocks
Extrusive
Igneous Rocksform when lava
hardens on the
surface of the Earth
Extruded onto the
surface
rhyolite
granite
25. Classification of Igneous Rocks
Composition -refers to the minerals that
make up the rock
Texture -shape, size, arrangement and
distribution of minerals that make up the
rock
26. Composition
Bowen’s Reaction
• N. L. Bowen studied mineral crystallization
and found out that minerals form at specific
times during that solidification process and
they generally form in the same order.
30. Sedimentary Rock
Rocks that are composed of the
weathered remains of preexisting
rock, or plant and animal remains.
Sedimentary rocks commonly
originate from sediments laid down in
horizontal strata by water or wind.
32. Sedimentary Rocks
Clastic – made from fragments of other
rocks, that have been transported,
deposited, then compacted and
cemented together.
Shale, sand, conglomerate, siltstone, breccia
Classified by the size of the fragments in the
rocks
33.
Cemented Rocks
Clastic sedimentary rock – rocks
composed of weathered sediments:
Pebbles or gravel – usually quartz
Sand – usually quartz
Clay and silt – weathered feldspars and
mica :
held together by a natural cement
or by compaction of clay and silt.
36. Conglomerate – cemented
sand, silt, and pebble
sediments. If large
fragments are angular this
rock is called a breccia.
Sandstone –
cemented quartz
sand grains.
Feels gritty.
Unfilled spaces
between grains
make most
sandstones
porous and
permeable to
37. Bedding planes
Shale – clay and silt sized particles
lithified by dehydration and compaction.
Note the cleavage at bedding planes.
Thumps when you tap it with a nail and,
moistened, it smells like damp earth.
38. Chemical Sedimentary Rocks
Rocks formed either as precipitates
or as evaporites of dissolved
chemical sediments.
Rock salt, rock gypsum, some
limestones
39. Rock salt , the
mineral halite (NaCl),
left as an evaporite
as a shallow sea
evaporated.
Alabaster , the mineral
gypsum (CaSO 4 ), also
an evaporite.
40. Compact (or precipitate) limestone , the mineral
calcite (CaCO 3 ), precipitated from sea water as
evaporation increased concentration. Many
cavern systems are formed in this type of
limestone.
41. Sedimentary Rocks
Organic Rocks – formed from the
remains of plants and animals.
Shells of marine animals pile up,
compact and cement to create
fossiliferous limestone (coquina).
Sedimentary rocks are the only rocks
that contain fossils
42. Coquina – cemented
aggregate of geologically
modern shell fragments.
Fossiliferous limestone
– a cemented
aggregate of original
shell fragments, molds,
and casts of ancient
marine organisms.
Note fossil mold of a
shell in this specimen.
43. Sedimentary Rock Features
Features in sedimentary rock that reflect
the sedimentary environment.
Not found in other rock types.
Features:
Stratification
Fossils
Ripple marks & crossbeds
Mud cracks
Nodules, concretions & geodes
45. Ripple marks caused
by wave action on the
sandy bottom of a
shallow bay
Almost identical
ripple marks on
the surface of a
sandstone
millions of years
old.
46. Mud cracks in
drying mud
Mud cracks
preserved on
the bedding
surface of a
shale.
47. Geode
Thunder Egg
Groundwater dissolves hollow spaces in
sedimentary rock, typically limestone, and
mineral material is deposited inside the
hollow with crystal points growing toward the
center.
48. Cross-bedding at Checkerboard Mesa
Zion National Park, UT
Photo used with permission from Mike Jarvis, Naperville
Central HS, Naperville, IL
49. Dinosaur skeleton preserved in
sedimentary rock - China
Photo used with permission from Mike Jarvis, Naperville
50. THE IMPORTANCE OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
•
petroleum geology relies on the
capacity of sedimentary rocks to
generate deposits of petroleum oils.
Coal and oil shale are found in
sedimentary rocks. A large proportion
of the world's uranium energy
resources are hosted within
sedimentary successions.
52. Formation of Metamorphic Rock
Changed from one type of rock into
another by heat, pressure, and chemical
processes.
Form deep beneath the earth’s surface.
ALL metamorphic rocks are formed from
existing igneous, sediment or
metamorphic rocks.
54. temperature during metamorphism
• heat from Earth’s deep interior
• all minerals stable over finite temperature range
• higher temperatures than range cause melting
(and therefore generates igneous rocks)
heat is essential
think about mixing flour, yeast, water, salt….
….nothing happens until they have a heat source
and then they make bread
55. pressure during metamorphism
pressure in the Earth acts the same in all directions
pressure is proportional
to depth in the Earth
increases at ~1 kilobar
per 3.3 km
look at example with deep water
pressure increases
with depth
volume decreases
with depth
consequence on cube is squeezing
into smaller cube
--grains pack together-high pressure minerals: more compact and dense
56. tectonic forces - driven by plate motion!
lead to forces that are not equal in all directions (differential stress)
compressive stress (hands squeeze together)
causes flattening at 90° to stress
shearing (hands rubbing together)
causes flattening parallel to stress
58. fluids
• hot water (water vapor) most important
• heat causes unstable minerals to release water
• water reacts with surrounding rocks
and transports dissolved material and ions
time
• metamorphism may take millions of years
• longer times allow new minerals to grow larger
--coarser grained rocks
59. Formation
Minerals may change in size or shape or
separate into parallel bands.
Metamorphic formation happens two
different ways
Contact metamorphism
Regional metamorphism
62. Classification of Metamorphic Rocks
Rocks can be classified into two different
types based on their texture:
Foliated: which is when the rock grains are
arranged in parallel layers or bands.
Nonfoliated: which is when the rock grains are
arranged randomly.
67. Rock Cycle
The Rock Cycle describes the continually changing structure of rocks.
Igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic rock are just temporary stages in
the continuing changes that all rocks undergo.