The document summarizes the founding and history of Rome. It describes how Rome was founded by Romulus and Remus and eventually grew to become a republic ruled by senators. Rome then expanded through war and conquered the Etruscans, Greeks, Carthaginians, and many other neighboring cultures. The republic transitioned into an empire under Caesar and later emperors like Augustus, who initiated the Pax Romana period of peace and prosperity that lasted over 200 years.

1. Rome

2. The Founding of Rome (753 BC) Legend says Rome was founded by twin brothers Romulus (= “Rome”) and Remus. They were orphaned as babies in the wilderness and raised by wolves. A metaphor for the Romans – such ‘civilized’ people growing out of ‘barbarian’ surroundings.

3. Etruscan She-Wolf (c. 500 BC)

5. The Real Story Farmers and shepherds of the Latin tribe settled in the middle of current Italy, near the mouth of the Tiber River. = A crude society sandwiched between two great civilizations – the Greeks to the south and the Etruscans to the north.

6. Etruscan Golden Age = 800-500 BC Roughly the area of Tuscany in Italy today Mix of Greek-style art and Roman customs Well-known for gold jewelry Much of what we know today comes from their tombs Necropolis = city of the dead

7. Etruscan Sarcophagus (c. 700 BC)

8. Roman Republic In 509 BC the Etruscan king raped a Roman woman. Her husband lead a revolt that drove out Rome’s Etruscan masters and lead to Rome being ruled by 300 elected senators and a code of law, rather than a king.

9. Conquest by Brawn War was the business of Rome They conquered Greeks and Etruscans, then celebrated by building triumphal arches and parading under them. Next up? Carthage.

10. Punic Wars Rome v. Carthage (in North Africa) for control of the Mediterranean x 3 Final score? Rome 3, Carthage 0

11. Hannibal of Carthage 2 nd Punic War, Hannibal launched a surprise attack on Rome by going through Spain, over the Alps, and attacking from the north. That’s over 1200 miles marched with 50,000 men and 50 elephants! For 15 years Hannibal was the terror of Italy, but he couldn’t take Rome.

12. Hannibal’s Defeat Finally, Romans attacked Carthage, Hannibal rushed home to help and lost the war. When Romans beat Carthage in the 3 rd Punic War, they sacked and burned the city, then salted the ground to make sure nothing would ever grow there again. Rome ruled!

13. Conquest by Brain Aside from Carthage, Romans were relatively nice to their new subjects. Built roads, post offices, schools, police stations, and water supply systems. Absorbed elements of conquered cultures into their own. Etruscan gods, Greek Gods, Greek statues, Egyptian obelisks, etc.

14. Rome’s Government Senatus Populusque Romanus “ The Senate and the People of Rome”

15. The Consuls Two men controlled the army, tax collection, laws They both had to agree in order to change anything If one of them said “veto” ( Latin for “I forbid it”) then nothing would be done. The Senate Men from wealthy families in Rome. A lifetime appointment Most consuls eventually joined the Senate, and most senators were from families where their fathers and grandfathers had been in the Senate. Most of the time, the consuls did what the Senate advised. The Structure of the Government

16. Prefects They ran the city (courts, markets, the port) Tribunes Were supposed to speak for the poorer people Were elected by the Assembly Also all men. The Assembly All the men free, of age, and Roman citizens Voted on some big issues, if the consuls asked them to – things like whether to go to war. Elected the consuls and prefects and the Senators. Was set up so that richer people got more votes than poorer people.

17. Other people? Women Children Slaves

18. Spartacus In 73 BC a slave named Spartacus escaped and started a rebellion, getting an army of 70,000 angry slaves. Spartacus was killed in battle 6000 of his rebels were rounded up and crucified along a 100-mile stretch of the Appian way.

19. Spartacus (the film) Original Clip Pepsi Commercial

20. One soldier who helped kick slave butt? A kid named Julius Caesar.

21. Julius Caesar Marched his troops through France, Germany, Belgium, Holland, and Britain. Built a temple to Jupiter on the future site of Notre Dame in Paris. When asked about a minor war, he said, “Veni, vidi, vici.” Seduced Cleopatra Even had a month named after him.

23. Dictator Extraordinaire Hugely popular, so he seize power in 49 BC. Outwardly cherished the Republic, but was essentially a dictator for 4 years. Was never elected by the senate. Those senators who loved the Republic wasn’t going to let him become king.

24. Et tu, Brute? At the peak of his power on the Ides of March (March 15, 44 BC), he was surrounded by a band of assassins during a Senate meeting. He cried out for help, but one by one they stabbed him while the senators sat in silence and watched, including his adopted son, Brutus.

25. Emperor Augustus Caesar (63 BC – 14 AD) Octavian (JC’s grand-nephew/adopted son) Killed Brutus, Marc Antony and Cleopatra United Rome’s warring factions Took the title “Augustus” (= August) Made sure family name (Caesar) would be associated with rulers (Caesar, Kaiser, Czar) 1 st Emperor of Rome (not a republic anymore!)

26. Augustus, cont. Liked power, but was more sensitive to Senate and their traditions Declared himself Pontifex Maximus (High Priest) and governed morality (or at least tried to) Said “I found Rome a city of brick and left a city of marble.”

27. Pax Romana Augustus started 200 years of peace, prosperity, and expansion for Rome. By its peak (117 AD), the Roman Empire stretched from Scotland to Egypt, from Spain to Iraq

28. Key Roman Emperors Julius Caesar – Veni, Vedi, Vici Augustus Caesar – 1 st Emperor Tiberius – Jesus Christ was “rendered unto” Caligula & Nero – Bad, bad, bad men Hadrian – Traveled everywhere; built a wall in England Marcus Aurelius – the fall begins Constantine – 1 st Christian emperor, moved capital from Rome to Constantinople