World War 1

Trench Warfare
The Marne, 1914, were complete
disasters.

War years Losses recorded
1914 301.000
1915 349.000

http://l7.alamy.com/zooms/0ce0cd61ecfa4ca4a86b03ffa596f6
b8/world-war-1-diagram-of-british-soldiers-advancing-under-
a-creeping-dd72n4.jpg

Convoys: groups of ships sailing together protected by war ships.

AmericanTroops arrive in France

1915 Ottoman Empire Arab Revolt

Gallipoli
April 25, 1915-January 9, 1916
Strategic Context
In October 1914, Turkey enters World War I on the side of Germany and Austria-Hungary against the Allied coalition of Britain,
France, Russia and Serbia. The immediate result is the closing of the Dardanelles Straights through which aid to Russia flows.
Britain and France, experiencing heavy casualties with little success against Germany on the Western Front, begin to consider
options to outflank the enemy strategically, such as a offensive through the Balkans and Turkey. Allied admirals claim that Allied
battleships can force the Dardanelles, thus reopening supply lines to Russia and bombarding the Turkish capital of
Constantinople with their powerful guns. The Allied navies do not get an opportunity to test what sort of effect this may have as
Turkish mines and coastal batteries repel the Allied fleet. The Allies thus plan an invasion of the Gallipoli peninsula proper under
the command of Sir Ian Hamilton. However, the Allied naval attack forces the Turkish General Staff to reinforce its Gallipoli
defenses; it activates a single army underOtto Liman von Sanders, an officer inTurkey as part of the German military mission.
Stakes
+ A Turkish victory would maintain its
blockade of Allied aid to Russia and rally
support from non-committal Balkan states
such as Greece and Bulgaria.
+ An Allied victory would reopen the
Dardanelles and threaten Constantinople.
By Jonathan Webb, 2012
To view animation on PC: hit F5
To view animation on Mac: hit ⌘ + enter

Allied Mediterranean Expeditionary Force
Well
Gallipoli, 1915-1916
Strength
Turkish Fifth Army
Well
Otto Liman von Sanders
5 divisions or 75,000 (initial)
15 divisions (eventual)
6 divisions or 60,000 (initial)
17 divisions (eventual)
Sir Ian Hamilton

The battlefield is a cramped peninsula: from Cape Helles to the northeast corner shown on the map is less than 45km, with the entire peninsula (some of it off map) being 80km
in length. The width varies, the narrowest part being the Bulair Isthmus to the north (off map) at 5.5km wide, the widest being between Suvla Bay and the Dardanelle Straits at
19km wide. The battlefield has four series of hills, the most dominating being Sari Bair Ridge and the smaller, higher Chunuk Bair Ridge within it. Achi Baba Ridge is the most
gradual but also includes many steep ravines. The Asiatic shore to the south is flatter and lower than the peninsula but still features wooded hills and steeper ridges further
inland. The most suitable beaches for landings are around Cape Helles, just south of Gaba Tepe, Ariburnu/Anzac Cove, Suvla Bay, and at Kum Kale.
NN
Allied Mediterranean Expeditionary Force
(Hamilton)
Cape Helles
Eceabat
Gaba Tepe
Krithia
Suvla
Bay
Kum
Kale
Achi Baba
Ridge Kiretch Tepe
Ridge
Dardanelle
Straits
Ariburnu/Anzac
Cove
Sari Bair
Ridge
Kilid Bahr
Chanak
Sedd-el-Bahr
Mal Tepe
Kilid Bahr
Ridge
Chunuk Bair
Ridge
Anafarta Ridge
Turkish Fifth Army
(Sanders)
Aegean Sea
0 5 10 km

Hamilton plans feints at Saros Bay and Kum Kale, and landings at Cape Helles and Ariburnu/Anzac Cove. Both landing forces are to rapidly advance inland, supported by
subsequent landings of troops. The 29th British Division is to land at various points around Cape Helles and capture Achi Baba Ridge in the initial attack, while the Australian-New
Zealand (Anzac) Corps is to land at Ariburnu Cove and capture the highpoint Mal Tepe. Hamilton’s orders are somewhat vague however and do not explicitly state how the
peninsula is to be cleared following the initial attack. 12 battleships and 18 cruisers are to cover the landings but their ammunition expenditure is severely restricted.
RNDRND
3rd3rd
5th5th
NZANZA1st1st
1st1st
2nd2nd
6th6th
8th8th
13th13th
15th15th
19th19th
42nd42nd
7th7th
9th9th
11th11th 29th29th
Sanders is aware of an impending Allied attack but does not know where it will happen. The Turkish plan is thus to slow any Allied attacks by deploying light infantry screens on
possible landing sites, and then conduct immediate counterattacks by stronger formations to eliminate the beachheads. Weber’s XV Corps, the 3rd and 11th Divisions, defend the
Asiatic shores around Kum Kale. Esat Pasha’s III Corps defends the Gallipoli peninsula and more; the 9th Division defends the southern peninsula, 19th Division is held in corps
reserve, and 7th Division defends the vital Bulair isthmus which links the peninsula to mainland Turkey, and 5th Division defends the Saros Bay beaches of mainland Turkey.
III Corps (Esat
Pasha)
Anzac Corps
(Birdwood)
XV Corps
(Weber)
NN
Turkish Fifth Army
(Sanders)
(Hamilton)
The 29th British Division storms ashore at five separate beaches around Cape Helles. Met with a hail of fire upon landing, the British succeed in establishing a beachhead with sheer numbers (17,000
vs 3,800) despite local counterattacks as the 9th Turkish Division reinforces the rear lines. The 1st French division lands at Kum Kale; the Turkish response is soft until Nicolai’s 3rd Turkish Division
launches a costly, confused night attack. Having diverted coastal artillery fire away from the Helles landings, the 1st French division disembarks to reinforce Helles. At Ariburnu Cove, shrapnel and
rifle fire hits the Anzac forces as they land. Esat Pasha attaches the single defending regiment to Mustafa Kemals incoming 19th Division and designates him Ariburnu Group commander. Upon
arrival, Mustafa Kemal launches a a coordinated bayonet counterattack. Stunned by this fierce attack, some Australian commanders urge evacuating the beachhead to which Hamilton replies, “dig,
dig, dig.” The transports of the 63rd British Division (RND) feint at Saros Bay before reinforcing the Anzac beachhead; Sanders is unmoved by this feint and sends the 7th Division south.
1st1st
Sanders reinforces Mustafa Kemal’s front with regiments from XV Corps’ divisions and orders an attack to destroy the Anzac beachhead. The morning April 27, the over-sized Turkish 19th Division
attacks but Allied naval gunfire smashes its tired troops. Mustafa Kemal calls off the attack and commits every regiment in a night attack, but this degenerates into uncoordinated engagements and
collapses. Knowing that the Turks can reinforce their defences by land faster than he can by sea, Hamilton realizes the need to attack and orders an attack all along the line at Helles to capture
Krithia the morning April 28. Lacking sufficient artillery and ammunition, the Allied attack fails as Halil Sami, 9th Division commanders, commits his reserves, which suffer greatly from Allied naval
gunfire moving forward. Oddly, Hamilton does not explicitly request reinforcements despite the initial attack’s clear failure; only two divisions are on their way to the peninsula. By April 30, three new
Turkish divisions arrive in the peninsula: 7th and 15th heading towards Helles, 5th towards Ariburnu. Esat Pasha organizes the divisions at Helles into Southern Group under Soderstern.
April 24:
Turkish deployment/
Allied plans
April 25-26:
Helles/Anzac landings
April 27-30:
Ariburnu counterattack/1st Battle of Krithia
Perceiving the Allies at Helles to be weakened after their failed attack, yet concerned by the powerful naval guns, Sanders orders a night bayonet attack all along the line there. The May 1/2 attack is
able to overcome the frontline but thrown back by counterattacking reserves. The Turkish attack nearly breaks through the French, now designated the Corps d’Expéditionnaire d’Orient (CEO).
Fierce Allied follow-on counterattacks gain no ground, shattering some units. Sodernstern attempts another night attack May 3/4, including the fresh 15th Division. The 15th Division penetrates deep
into the French sector but due to damaged telephone lines, Sodernstern is unaware of its success and orders a retreat; his failure here prompts Sanders to replace him with Weber. Mustafa Kemal
also launches a night attack May 1/2 with the fresh 5th Division but it falters against alert Australian machine guns and naval gunfire making use of spotlights.
May 1-5
Helles night attacks/Ariburnu counterattack
Southern Group
(Sodernstern)
Ariburnu Group
(Kemal)
Strengthened by Anzac reserves and a brigade from the incoming 42nd British Division, Hamilton orders Hunter-Weston to capture Krithia; Hunter-Weston plans to focus on the
Turkish right wing and capture Krithia from the west. Although the Allies possess many more guns than the previous attempt, ammunition is still insufficient and lack of
intelligence means they have few targets to aim for. Over the next three days, three Allied frontal assaults fail miserably against well-concealed Turkish machine guns, despite a
preponderance of numbers (25,000 vs 10,000). Only the French succeed in even drawing in any Turkish reserves. Weber’s Chief of Staff Thauvenay urges a withdrawal but both
Weber and Sanders recognize Southern Group is not seriously threatened.
May 6-8:
2nd Battle of Krithia
During the lull, Hamilton requests four more divisions and increased supply of shell to maintain the Allied position and possibly capture the peninsula. Meanwhile, the RND, 42nd British Division and
2nd French division settle into the Helles lines. The Turkish forces are significantly reinforced on all fronts: the 12th Division relieves the 7th Division in the south while the 2nd and 16th Divisions
reinforce the north. Sanders appoints Esat Pasha command of the new Northern Group, Mustafa Kemal reverting to commanding the 19th Division. Esat Pasha correctly alerts Sanders that the Allied
attacks in the south have weakened the Anzac perimeter and so a massive four-division attack to erase the Anzac beachhead is planned. Also during this period, a Turkish destroyer takes
advantage of thick fog, torpedoing and sinking the British battleship Goliath. Making matters worse, the Allied admiralty receives reports of incoming German submarines, prompting the withdrawal of
five battleships.
May 9-17:
Stabilization
RNDRND
Esat Pasha masses 42,000 troops against 17,000 Anzacs. Fortunately for the Anzacs, British naval aircraft spot concentrations of Turks before the May 18/19 night attack, and
are thus fully prepared to meet them. The Turks’ high morale is no match for the Anzac machine guns, and the attack collapses almost immediately. Esat Pasha renews the
attack along the front in the morning but this too fails with severe losses. Sanders orders Esat Pasha to stay on the defensive for the foreseeable future. On the Allied side,
Birdwood urgently requests a few brigades from Helles to counterattack the shattered Turkish units, which Hamilton declines.
May 18-19:
Northern Group attack
The 2nd Turkish Division is so shattered that Sanders takes it out of line and into army reserve. Sanders also orders the 11th Division to begin the trek to the peninsula from Kum
Kale. When Nicolai, 3rd Division commander, complains that the area is too weak, Sanders orders the 1st Division there. At Anzac, the stench of rotting corpses from the failed
Turkish attack is so unbearable that the two sides agree to a truce to remove them which goes ahead without incident May 24. Also during this time, German submarines arrive
and sink the British battleships Triumph and Majestic, prompting the withdrawal of remaining Allied battleships. From now on, immediate fire support is to be provided only by
destroyers, significantly reducing the morale and firepower of Allied units. Nonetheless, Hamilton plans yet another attack to capture Krithia.
May 20-June 3:
Stabilization
Northern Group
(Esat Pasha)
Southern Group
(Weber)
VIII Corps (Hunter-
Weston)
CEO
(Amade)
Asia Group
(Mehmet Ali)
June 4-6:
3rd Battle of Krithia
At Helles, Hamilton masses 46,000 troops with 7,000 in reserve against 15,600 Turkish troops with 18,500 in reserve. At Anzac, the NZA Division launches a diversionary attack against Mustafa
Kemal’s 19th Division, which promptly counterattacks. The French attack quickly falters. A RND bayonet assault forces Selahattin Adil’s 12th Division to commit its reserve, but this ends the threat.
The 42nd British Division’s attack in the center is most successful, penetrating deeply into the Turkish line. Rather than reinforce this success, Hunter-Weston uses his corps reserves to reinforce the
flanks which have little effect against the unbroken Turkish lines. Regardless of this tactical blunder, none of Weber’s reserves are yet committed to the battle. Weber orders the 9th Division to
counterattack the night June 5/6; it seizes the British frontline and a few machine guns before being counterattacked in turn, thus stabilizing the line.
Symbol guide
Subordinates
Subordinates
Casualties
Kum Kale landing, April 25-26: 1,735 Turks 786 Allies
Helles landing, April 25-26: 636 Turks 3,800 Allies
Anzac landing, April 25-26: ~3,000 Turks ~3,000 Allies
Casualties
1st Battle of Krithia, April 28: ~2,378 Turks 3,000 Allies
Casualties
Helles night attacks, May 1-4: 10,000 Turks ~3,000 Allies
Ariburnu counterattack, April 27-May 1: 6,000 Turks ~5,300 Allies
Casualties
2nd Battle of Krithia, May 6-8: 2,000 Turks ~6,000 Allies
Casualties
Northern Group attack, May 18-19: 9,970 Turks 628 Allies
Casualties
3rd Battle of Krithia, June 4-6: 5,017 Turks 6,500 Allies
CEO
(Gouraud)
Landmarks
Cape Helles
Eceabat
Gaba Tepe
Krithia
Suvla
Bay
Kum
Kale
Achi Baba
Ridge Kiretch Tepe
Ridge
Dardanelle
Straits
Ariburnu/Anzac
Cove
Sari Bair
Ridge
Kilid Bahr
Chanak
Sedd-el-Bahr
Mal Tepe
Kilid Bahr
Ridge
Chunuk Bair
Ridge
Anafarta Ridge
Aegean Sea
0 5 10 km

2nd2nd
3rd3rd
4th4th
5th5th
NZANZA
1st1st
2nd2nd
12th12th
15th15th
19th19th
42nd42nd
7th7th
9th9th
10th10th
11th11th
16th16th
29th29th
52nd52nd
Sanders uses this lull in combat to reorganize his forces. Sanders pulls the 9th Division back to army reserve after 44 days of combat while sending the 2nd and 11th Divisions to
Southern Group. The night June 11/12, Weber daringly relieves the 9th and 12th Divisions with the 2nd, 7th, and 11th Divisions simultaneously under great secrecy. Sanders also
receives word that two more divisions will be available for the peninsula in coming weeks. On the Allied side, Hamilton receives word that no less than five divisions are to arrive
on the peninsula next month for a decisive stroke. For now, Hunter-Weston and Gourard decide together to avoid attacks too large to be properly covered by heavy artillery fire.
Hunter-Weston loans Gourard much of his heavy artillery to soften up the 2nd Turkish Division days before a planned experimental attack with this new doctrine.
ANZAC Corps
(Birdwood)
Turkish Fifth Army
(Sanders)
1st1st
RNDRND
Southern Group
(Weber)
VIII Corps (Hunter-
Weston)
CEO
(Gourard)
Asia Group
(Mehmet Ali)
1st1st
June 7-20:
Stabilization
June 21-25:
1st Battle of Kereves Dere
(Hill 83)
Hunter-Weston and Gourard’s first experiment involves the modest goal of capturing Hill 83 and two redoubts along a narrow front in the French sector. Following an
intensification of an ongoing artillery barrage – 20 times the concentration as the most recent attack – the French attack June 21. Hasan Askeri’s 2nd Division maintains control of
Hill 83 throughout the battle and is able to counterattack. A less fierce French attack occurs June 23 but the battle winds down with the French still holding a few Turkish trenches
on Hill 83. While this is not a complete success, the French succeed in inflicting many more casualties than they suffer
June 26-27:
Stabilization
While losing only a few trenches, the Turks suffer heavily during the French attack, forcing Weber to relieve the 2nd Division with the
relatively fresh 12th Division. Fortunately, the 1st and 6th Divisions are also en route to Southern Group. Meanwhile, Hunter-Weston
and Gourard transfer their heavy artillery to the British sector in preparation for another modest attack.
June 28-July 3:
Battle of Gully Ravine, part I
The British attack front is much wider than the earlier French attack and thus the concentration of artillery, so effective then, is greatly reduced. The 29th British Division, strengthened by an Indian
brigade and another from the incoming 52nd British Division, attacks the 11th Turkish Division the morning June 28; its commander, Rafet, violently counterattacks with Southern Group’s immediate
reserves. The British attack is most successful on the left, where most of the heavy artillery is positioned, and establishes a deep salient. Sanders orders Weber to eliminate this salient as it threatens
the Turkish right flank. Weber appoints Faik to lead an attack force, comprised of the 1st, 11th and elements of 6th Divisions; Faik attacks ineffectually June 29-July 3. Witnessing lack of success,
Sanders orders Mehmet Ali, his staff, along with the 3rd and 5th Divisions to Southern Group, in addition to the 4th Division which is already en route.
July 4-5:
Battle of Gully Ravine, part II
The Turkish 1st and 11th Divisions, incapable of further attacks, make way for the 3rd and 5th Divisions, over 13,500 well-rested troops. Under Mehmet Ali, these
divisions attack with bayonet the night July 4/5 following a short, apparently ineffective, artillery barrage. The Turks seize the British first line but at excessive
cost. Hunter-Weston sends in reserves standing by, which retake these trenches. Mehmet Ali sends in what reserves he has but they cannot salvage the
situation as the Turkish 3rd and 5th Divisions retreat through 1st Division lines under heavy machine gun fire. The Turkish attack fails with horrendous casualties.
July 6-11:
Stabilization
Perceived to be tired and dispirited, Weber is relieved in favour of Vehip Pasha. Also in Southern Group, the 8th and 10th Divisions arrive to replace the 3rd and
5th Divisions, which return to their original dispositions before the disastrous counterattack. Meanwhile, the 13th and 14th Divisions also arrive on the peninsula.
On the Allied side, the rest of the 52nd British Division arrives, its commander angered by the way its vanguard brigade was sacrificed in the previous attack.
Nonetheless, Hunter-Weston selects the 52nd British Division to take part in the next attack.
2nd2nd
Southern Group
(Vehip Pasha)
Hunter-Weston and Gourard once again transfer their heavy artillery back to the French sector where the 52nd British Division and two French
divisions are to attack; their objective is to seize Turkish positions along the eastern shore flank. The initial bombardment effectively destroys the
frontline Turkish trench system but the Allied troops inevitably run into untouched Turkish positions and troops. The Turkish 4th and 7th Divisions
counterattack and recapture lost trenches. Vehip Pasha plans to counterattack with the 6th Division but the Allied attack peters out.
July 12-13:
2nd Battle of Kereves Dere
(Achi Baba Nullah)
Casualties
1st Battle of Kereves Dere, June 21-25: 5,800 Turks 2,500
Allies
(Hill 83)
Casualties
Battle of Gully Ravine, June 28-July 5: 16,000 Turks 5,000
Allies Casualties
2nd Battle of Kereves Dere, July 12-13: 5,000 Turks 4,000
Allies
(Achi Baba Nullah)
(Hamilton)
Subordinates
Northern Group
(Esat Pasha)
NN
Symbol guide
Landmarks
Cape Helles
Eceabat
Gaba Tepe
Krithia
Suvla
Bay
Kum
Kale
Achi Baba
Ridge Kiretch Tepe
Ridge
Dardanelle
Straits
Ariburnu/Anzac
Cove
Sari Bair
Ridge
Kilid Bahr
Chanak
Sedd-el-Bahr
Mal Tepe
Kilid Bahr
Ridge
Chunuk Bair
Ridge
Anafarta Ridge
Aegean Sea
Subordinates
0 5 10 km

54th54th
3rd3rd
4th4th
5th5th
NZANZA
1st1st
2nd2nd
8th8th
10th10th
13th13th
19th19th
42nd42nd
9th9th
10th10th
11th11th
13th13th
14th14th
16th16th
29th29th
52nd52nd
Turkish intelligence is aware of an impending Allied landing, estimating it will be directed against Saros Bay or Bulair isthmus. Meanwhile, Sanders’ group commanders Mehmet Ali and Esat Pasha
are convinced it will occur in their respective sectors. Virtually all fronts are instructed to rehearse maneuvers in the event of a landing; three divisions guard Kum Kale, six at Helles (two of which are
stationed to the rear flanks), three at Anzac, and three at Saros Bay. Abandoning their relative successful “bite and hold” strategy, the Allies actually intend to land at Suvla Bay with IX Corps under
Stopford north of the Anzac position while Birdwood’s Anzac Corps hits the enemy right with outflanking marches through rough terrain largely defended by isolated outposts; the 13th British Division
is landed to undertake this maneuver. At Helles, diversionary attacks are planned to pin down Turkish reserves. The objective of this series of attacks is Sari Bair Ridge, the capture of which would
make the Turkish position at Anzac untenable.
ANZAC Corps
(Birdwood)
Turkish Fifth Army
(Sanders)
1st1st
RNDRND
Northern Group
(Esat Pasha)
VIII Corps
(Davies)
CEO
(Amade)
Asia Group
(Mehmet Ali)
1st1st
2nd2nd
Southern Group
(Vehip Pasha)
July 14-August 5:
Stabilization
August 6-7 witness major diversionary Allied attacks at Helles, although fighting continues, characterized by the struggle around a vineyard. These attacks prove costly and do not prevent Sanders
from ordering Southern Group’s reserve divisions north to meet the main attack at Anzac. Anzac attacks begin with an attack by the 1st Australian and NZA Divisions, resulting in costly
counterattacks by Northern Group to regain trenches. Esat Pasha quickly responds by ordering the 9th Division north; this division arrives in line on Sari Bair in time to block the 13th British Division’s
outflanking march over Chunuk Bair. Godley, 13th British Division commander, continues the attack August 8 but is repulsed. At Suvla, the British 11th and 10th Divisions land August 6 and 7
respectively; Stopford does not urgently push these divisions forward as his 27,000 troops are slowed down by 3,000 Turks. During this time, Sanders forced marches the 7th and 12th Divisions from
Saros Bay but they arrive exhausted. Recognizing the critical nature of the Allied attacks in the north, Sanders places the five northernmost divisions under control of Mustafa Kemal’s Anafarta
Group.
August 6-8:
Battle of Krithia
Vineyard/Anzac breakout/
Suvla landings
11th11th
August 9-10:
1st Anafarta Battles
Sporadic fighting continues at Helles and Sari Bair as Mustafa Kemal launches a multidivisional counterattack. August 9, the 12th Turkish Division advances to contact on a wide
front, collides with the 11th British Division and drives it back; the 7th Turkish Division meanwhile drives back strongly held positions of the northern flank of the 13th British
Division. The rest of the 13th British Division launches its final attack to capture Chunuk Bair the evening August 9, which fails. The morning August 10, Mustafa Kemal personally
directs a counterattack by the 8th Division, driving back the British and ending the threat to Sari Bair Ridge albeit at high cost. At Suvla, the 10th British Division pushes slowly
along Kiretch Tepe Ridge. The 53rd British Division also lands during this period.
53rd53rd
Hamilton, dissatisfied with the progress at Suvla, prods Stopford to launch offensive operations. August 12, Stopford orders the newly-landed 54th British
Division to seize Tekke Teppe, a ridge along Anafarta Ridge; the attack is supported by the 11th British Division. Lacking accurate intelligence regarding terrain
and Turkish positions, the British are mowed down. August 15, Stopford orders the 10th British Division to break through Turkish lines along Kiretch Tepe. The
attack makes some progress but the just-arrived 5th Turkish Division counterattacks and reoccupies their lost positions.
August 11-16:
Battles of Tekke Tepe/
Kiretch Tepe Ridge
IX Corps
(Stopford)
Anafarta Group
(Mustafa Kemal)
Casualties
Battle of Krithia Vineyard, August 6-13: 7,510 Turks ~8,000 Allies
Casualties
Anzac breakout/Suvla landings, August 6-10: 20,000 Turks 25,000 Allies
/1st Anafarta Battles Casualties
Battle of Tekke Tepe, August 12: ? ?
Battle of Kiretch Tepe, August 15: 1,651 Turks 2,000 Allies
(Hamilton)
Subordinates
NN
Symbol guide
Landmarks
Cape Helles
Eceabat
Gaba Tepe
Krithia
Suvla
Bay
Kum
Kale
Achi Baba
Ridge Kiretch Tepe
Ridge
Dardanelle
Straits
Ariburnu/Anzac
Cove
Sari Bair
Ridge
Kilid Bahr
Chanak
Sedd-el-Bahr
Mal Tepe
Kilid Bahr
Ridge
Chunuk Bair
Ridge
Anafarta Ridge
Aegean Sea
Subordinates
0 5 10 km

54th54th
3rd3rd
4th4th
5th5th
NZANZA
1st1st
2nd2nd
2nd2nd
6th6th
8th8th
10th10th
12th12th
13th13th
15th15th
19th19th
42nd42nd
7th7th
9th9th
10th10th
11th11th
13th13th
14th14th
16th16th
29th29th
52nd52nd
ANZAC Corps
(Birdwood)
Turkish Fifth Army
(Sanders)
(Hamilton)
1st1st
RNDRND
Northern Group
(Esat Pasha)
VIII Corps
(Davies)
CEO
(Amade)
Asia Group
(Mehmet Ali)
1st1st
2nd2nd
Southern Group
(Vehip Pasha)
11th11th
53rd53rd
August 17-20:
Stabilization
During the short lull, two Turkish divisions arrive at Saros Bay, freeing Sanders to bring the 6th Division to Anafarta
Group. Meanwhile, Hamilton sacks Stopford in favour of De Lisle, who is tasked with planning another major
offensive. Hamilton lands the 2nd British (Dis)mounted Division at Suvla to take part in this offensive.
IX Corps (De
Lisle)
2
nd
2
nd
August 21-28:
2nd Anafarta Battles
(Battles of Scimitar Hill/Hill 60)
De Lisle’s limited objective is to capture a few Turkish-held highpoints to be better prepared to assault Anafarta Ridge in the future. August 21, de Lisle launches the 11th and 29th
British Divisions against the 7th and 12th Turkish Divisions; Mustafa Kemal immediately orders the 9th Division from reserve to support the 12th Division, and the 6th Division from
the rear to reserve. The Turks repel the initial British attack with heavy loss; de Lisle responds by sending the 2nd British (Dis)mounted Division forward through the disordered
29th Division to support the attack. Combat is fierce as the 12th Turkish Division launches a dawn counterattack. August 27, a portion of the 11th British Division renews the attack,
which makes some progress, but is violently counterattacked throughout the following night.
Anafarta Group
(Mustafa Kemal)
August 29-October 21:
Allied draw-down
While Allied debate regarding the conduct and feasibility of the campaign began before the actual landings, Serbia’s defeat and Bulgaria’s entry into the war force Hamilton to
send two divisions to Salonika to ensure Greek support for the Allied cause, only receiving the 2nd Australian Division in compensation. These regional events also force the
Allies to seriously reconsider their Balkan strategy, especially in relation to Gallipoli. Overall, the campaign is not going well while the Turkish positions and resolve remain strong.
While no final decision is reached during this period, the Allied force is significantly drawn down. On the Turkish side, numerous fresh divisions relieve exhausted divisions.
13th13th
October 22-December 10:
Stabilization
Allied high command replaces Hamilton with Monro, an able army commander from the Western Front. With Serbia’s defeat and Bulgaria’s belligerency, a railway line between
Germany and Turkey is reopened, allowing Germany to send heavy mortars and howitzers to Turkey, large supplies of shell, and German specialists to train Turkish gunners in
the newest tactics. Allied morale drops immediately following their experience with these new artillery and tactics at Anafarta and Helles November 20. This artillery, the overall
poor Allied position at Gallipoli and the Balkans, and severe Mediterranean storms wrecking havoc with logistics, contribute to the decision made December 7 to evacuate the
peninsula. Anzac/Suvla is to be evacuated first, followed by Helles. On the Turkish side, Fevzi Pasha becomes Anafarta Group commander when Mustafa Kemal falls ill.
IX Corps
(Byng)
Northern Group
(Ali Raza) Anafarta Group
(Fevzi Pashal)
(Monro)
December 11-24:
Anzac/Suvla evacuation
In the nights leading up to the Anzac/Suvla evacuation, men and equipment are secretly withdrawn from the front lines little by little until only 20,000 remain by December 19/20.
Naval bombardments and the detonation of mines contribute to the Turkish belief that an Allied attack is imminent when in fact, the Allied troops are evacuating. Low-level
methods such as automatic rifles designed to fire periodically long after troops have left, also help conceal the evacuation. Turkish patrols discover deserted Allied lines the
morning December 20. Pleasantly surprised by the evacuation’s success, Allied high command decides to evacuate Helles sooner rather than later.
December 25-January 9:
Helles evacuation
As the Allies work to mimic the preparations for the Helles evacuation, Sanders works on a plan to annihilate the Allied force as it evacuates; he
thus brings the 12th Division south for assault training. Lavishly supported by artillery, the 12th Division attacks January 7 but the 13th British
Division easily repels the Turkish attack with the aid of naval gunfire. The night January 8/9, the Allies destroy all remaining livestock and
vehicles, and withdraw to the beaches. Some minor skirmishes occur as small Turkish units cautiously advance, but the Allies escape unscathed.
29th29th
13th13th
Subordinates
Casualties
2nd Anafarta Battles, August 21-28: 2,598 Turks 10,000 Allies
Southern Group
(Cevat)
CEO
(Sarrail)
NN
Symbol guide
Landmarks
Cape Helles
Eceabat
Gaba Tepe
Krithia
Suvla
Bay
Kum
Kale
Achi Baba
Ridge Kiretch Tepe
Ridge
Dardanelle
Straits
Ariburnu/Anzac
Cove
Sari Bair
Ridge
Kilid Bahr
Chanak
Sedd-el-Bahr
Mal Tepe
Kilid Bahr
Ridge
Chunuk Bair
Ridge
Anafarta Ridge
Aegean Sea
Subordinates
0 5 10 km

Gallipoli, 1915-1916
Casualties & Aftermath
Turkish Fifth Army:
Allied Mediterranean
Expeditionary Force:
229,000 252,000
The Gallipoli campaign trained Turkish commanders and units in modern warfare tactics. Upon the Allied evacuation,
these seasoned Turkish divisions were sent to the Caucasus and Middle East to fight the Russians and British
respectively. The Allies meanwhile diverted their attention and resources to the Salonika front to maintain a foothold in
the Balkans. The Turks suffered heavily in the face of the Russian Erzerum offensive in February 1916, but surrounded
and captured a British army in Mesopotamia at the Battle of Kut in April 1916. The Turkish strategic position
deteriorated steadily thereafter however. The British defeated the Turks in Palestine at the Battle of Beersheba
October 1917 and Megiddo September 1918. The Allied Vardar offensive in September 1918, launched from the
Salonika front, defeated Bulgaria, thus threatening Constantinople. It is this final defeat which ensured Turkey’s
capitulation despite maintaining command and control over 28 intact divisions.

• An armistice is a formal agreement of warring parties to stop
fighting. It is not necessarily the end of a war, since it may
constitute only a cessation of hostilities while an attempt is made
to negotiate a lasting peace.

The Germans renew the offensive

The Allies Counter Attack 1918

World War 1

More Related Content

What's hot

Similar to World War 1

More from Pinecrest Academy Nevada

Recently uploaded

World War 1