Hormonal contraceptive- medical information ( all about hormonal contracepti...martinshaji
Hormonal contraception refers to birth control methods that act on the endocrine system. Almost all methods are composed of steroid hormones, although in India one selective estrogen receptor modulator is marketed as a contraceptive.Hormonal methods of birth control prevent eggs from being released from the ovaries, thicken cervical mucus to prevent sperm from entering the uterus, and thin the lining of the uterus to prevent implantation. Hormone pills come in packs. Most packs contain 3 weeks of hormone pills.
this describes all the aspects of hormonal contraceptives in brief .
please comment
thank uuuuu
A slight description on contraception, its types along with a brief explanation on Oral Contraceptives. Types of oral contraceptives, it's types, mechanism of action, contraindications, dosing, advantages, disadvantages, risk, benefit amd recent research trends.
Hormonal contraceptive- medical information ( all about hormonal contracepti...martinshaji
Hormonal contraception refers to birth control methods that act on the endocrine system. Almost all methods are composed of steroid hormones, although in India one selective estrogen receptor modulator is marketed as a contraceptive.Hormonal methods of birth control prevent eggs from being released from the ovaries, thicken cervical mucus to prevent sperm from entering the uterus, and thin the lining of the uterus to prevent implantation. Hormone pills come in packs. Most packs contain 3 weeks of hormone pills.
this describes all the aspects of hormonal contraceptives in brief .
please comment
thank uuuuu
A slight description on contraception, its types along with a brief explanation on Oral Contraceptives. Types of oral contraceptives, it's types, mechanism of action, contraindications, dosing, advantages, disadvantages, risk, benefit amd recent research trends.
Birth control pills (oral contraceptives) are prescription medications that prevent pregnancy.
Birth control (contraceptive) medications contain hormones (estrogen and progesterone, or progesterone alone).
Treatment of many dermatologic conditions is elective. Some drugs which used by the dermatologist for the patient who is pregnant or lactating may have potentially harmful effects on the mother and fetus or nursing infant. Likewise, not every pregnancy (in the absence of drug therapy) results
Ovral-L (Ethinyl Estradiol and Levonorgestrel Tablets)Clearsky Pharmacy
Ovral-L (Ethinyl Estradiol and Levonorgestrel Tablets) is a combination hormone medication which is indicated for use by females of reproductive potential to prevent pregnancy. It is also used for the treatment of moderate acne vulgaris in women greater than 14 years of age who, have no known contraindications to oral contraceptive therapy, desire contraception, and have achieved menarche.
Depo-Provera CI (Medroxyprogesterone Acetate Injectable Suspension) The Swiss Pharmacy
Depo-Provera Contraceptive Injection (Medroxyprogesterone Acetate injectable Suspension) is a progestin indicated for use by females of reproductive potential to prevent pregnancy. It is also used to treat endometriosis, abnormal uterine bleeding, abnormal sexuality in males, and certain types of cancer.
Birth control pills (oral contraceptives) are prescription medications that prevent pregnancy.
Birth control (contraceptive) medications contain hormones (estrogen and progesterone, or progesterone alone).
Treatment of many dermatologic conditions is elective. Some drugs which used by the dermatologist for the patient who is pregnant or lactating may have potentially harmful effects on the mother and fetus or nursing infant. Likewise, not every pregnancy (in the absence of drug therapy) results
Ovral-L (Ethinyl Estradiol and Levonorgestrel Tablets)Clearsky Pharmacy
Ovral-L (Ethinyl Estradiol and Levonorgestrel Tablets) is a combination hormone medication which is indicated for use by females of reproductive potential to prevent pregnancy. It is also used for the treatment of moderate acne vulgaris in women greater than 14 years of age who, have no known contraindications to oral contraceptive therapy, desire contraception, and have achieved menarche.
Depo-Provera CI (Medroxyprogesterone Acetate Injectable Suspension) The Swiss Pharmacy
Depo-Provera Contraceptive Injection (Medroxyprogesterone Acetate injectable Suspension) is a progestin indicated for use by females of reproductive potential to prevent pregnancy. It is also used to treat endometriosis, abnormal uterine bleeding, abnormal sexuality in males, and certain types of cancer.
challenges in obstetric prescription
Beautiful Slide Show By Editor Dr. Ragini Agrawal And Dr. Tamkeen khan
Dr. Ragini Agrawal, Chairperson Food , Drug & medico surgical Equipment Committee 2009-2011
drugs safety in pregnancy medications medication in pregnancy treatment during pregnancy healthy pregnancy teratogen teratogenecity teratogenic drugs in pregnancy drugs and congenital malformation
Medication in pregnancy by dr alka mukherjee nagpur m.s. indiaalka mukherjee
Pregnancy is a unique period in a woman’s life. Many changes are happening to her body that may affect the pharmacology of medications. During pregnancy, a woman’s gastric pH is increased and gastric motility is reduced which may interfere with the rate and extent of medication absorption. Maternal plasma volume is increased leading to changes in the volume of distribution. In addition, increases in progesterone and estradiol levels may affect the hepatic metabolism of some medications. Glomerular filtration rate is increased due to increase renal blood flow which may affect renally cleared medications. Despite the changes, the pharmacology of most medications is not altered enough to require dosing changes.1 The placenta is an organ of exchange allowing the mother to pass nutrients and medications to the fetus; therefore, medications administered to pregnant women have the potential to affect the growing fetus. The fetus is generally at the greatest risk of developing teratogenic effects from medications during the first trimester, but it is drug specific. The use of medications in pregnancy should be evaluated for the benefits and risks to both the mother and fetus. Upon evaluation, some medications may be used sparingly during some trimesters and contraindicated in others. 2 All efforts should be made to optimize the risk benefit ratio. Drugs with low molecular weight, low maternal protein binding, low ionization, and high lipophilicity are more likely to cross the placenta and cause pharmacologic affects.1 The developing fetus’s body systems are not mature; therefore, the fetus may lack the ability to metabolize medications causing teratogenic effects. 2 The FDA has categorized the potential teratogenic risk of medications by an A, B, C, D, X system.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
9. 90% of women: medication in first week postpartum
Mothers worry about effect of medication on nursing infant
Non compliance
Weaning
Aavoidance of breastfeeding
50% of mothers more reluctant to take a medication while
nursing than during pregnancy
수유 중 약물복용
10. Nearly all drugs pass into human milk
Almost all medication appears in small amounts, usually less
than 1% of the maternal dose
Very few drugs are contraindicated for nursing mothers
수유 중 약물복용
11. Mother HIV + (in USA)
Use of illegal drugs by mother
Certain medications
Active, untreated TB in mother
Galactosemia in baby
Mother HTLV +
Herpes on breast
모유수유금기 (AAP 2005)
12. Pharmacokinetic factors
Factors which govern drug transfer across membranes into
breast milk as well as the metabolism of the drug in mother
and infant
약물 선택시 고려사항
17. Medications circulate in maternal circulation bound or
unbound to albumin
Only unbound drug gets into maternal milk
Definition of good protein binding > 90%
PROTEIN BINDING
18. High protein binding
Propranolol 90% L2
Diazepam 99% L3
Low protein binding
Lithium 0% L3
PROTEIN BINDING
19. Drugs that are very lipid soluble penetrate into breast milk in
higher concentration
Drugs that are active in the CNS are drugs with high lipid
solubility
LIPID SOLUBILITY
20. Short half life drugs
Alcohol 24 min
Keflex 50 min
Ibuprofen 120 min
General anesthesia
Long half life drugs
Prozac 216 hours
HALF LIFE
21. Amount of drug that is absorbed from the gut into the blood
stream
ORAL BIOAVAILABILITY
22. Drug
Maternal gut and liver
Maternal plasma
Infant gut
Infant plasma
Oral bioavailability varies
High (>90%) Low (<50%)
Acetaminopen Acyclovir Lorazepam
Azithromycin
Metronidazole Budesonide
Minoxidil Sulfasalazine
Dilution of all drugs leads to low
concentrations in mother’s plasma
Only drugs are not protein-bound
can pass into milk
Drug protein binding
High Low
Bepridil >99% Bisoprolol 30%
Diazepam 99% Cyclophosphamide 13%
Diclofenac >99% Ranitidine 15%
Propranolol 90% Primidone <20%
Oral bioavailiability varies
Usually very low levels
(often undetectable)
ROUTE OF DRUGS FROM MOTHER TO BABY VIA
BREASTMILK
23. Low bioavailability may be due to
Reduced absorption in GI tract
Poor GI stability due to acidity
High first-pass uptake by liver
ORAL BIOAVAILABILITY
25. Drugs transfer into human milk if they:
Attain high conc. in maternal plasma
Are small enough
Are non-protein bound
Are highly lipid soluble
Then once in breast milk:
Are affected by oral bioavailability in baby’s gut
SUMMARY
27. 유아 고려사항
Age
Body weight
Health status
모성 고려사항
Dose
Route of
administration
Health status
약물 선택 시 고려사항
28. Avoid unnecessary drug use and limit use of OTC products
Assess the benefit/risk ratio for both mother and infant
Avoid use of drugs known to cause serious toxicity in adults or children
Choose drugs for the mother that have known and established
information about their pharmacokinetics and toxicity and have low
concentrations in breast milk and low relative infant dose
Avoid new drugs if possible
Drugs licensed for use in infants do not generally pose a hazard
Neonates (esp. premature infants) are at greater risk from exposure to
drugs via breast milk
약물 선택 시 일반적인 고려사항
29. Route of administration (minimum amount of drug to the infant)
Choose medications : shortest T1/2 , highest protein binding ability,
poorest oral absorption, lowest lipid solubility, well-studied in
infants.
Avoid feeding the infant at the time of peak concentration of the
drug in milk.
To minimize drug level in the milk administer the drug at /
immediately after the infant feeds.
Avoid long-acting drug
In case of no available alternative, medication is best taken just
prior to the longest sleep of the infant.
약물 선택 시 일반적인 고려사항
30. Monitor Infants exposed to drugs via breast milk for unusual
signs/symptoms
feeding, sedation, irritability, rash, etc
For some medications with potential harm, temporary
suspension of breastfeeding may be necessary.
Withhold breastfeeding temporarily if the drug is only used for a
short duration
Advice the mother about milk expression & cup feeding instead of
bottle feeding to avoid nipple confusion
약물 선택 시 일반적인 고려사항
31. L1 safest
L2 safer
L3 moderately safe
L4 possibly hazardous
L5 contraindicated
LACTATION RISK CATEGORY
BY THOMAS W HALE
38. SUMMARY
Compatible
Drug?
Is a compatible
Drug available?
D/C drug &
breastfeed
Is therapy
Necessary?
Monitor
nursling
Monitor
nursling
Is there a non-drug
Alternative
That is compatible?
Can therapy be
Postponed?
If acceptable
pursue It & breastfeed
Yes
YesYes
Yes
No
No
No
No
41. Reasons for using the telephone line
in breastfeeding women
Hemorrhoid
CV disease
GI disease
Contraception
Hepatitis B
Respiratory disease
Others
Psychotic disease
Nutrition
Breast problem
Dental disease
Pain
Inflamation
Dermatologic disease
Thyroid disease
12.5%
11%
9.6%
7.4%
43. SUMMARY
Drugs transfer into human milk if they:
Attain high conc in maternal plasma
Are small enough
Are non-protein bound
Are highly lipid soluble
Then once in breast milk:
Are affected by oral bioavailability in baby’s gut
45. DRUG CLASSIFICATION BY AAP
Cytotoxic drugs
Drugs of abuse for which adverse effects on the infant
Radioactive compounds that require temporary cessation of
breastfeeding
Drugs for which the effect on nursing infants in unknown but
may be concern
Drugs that have been associated with significant effects on
some nursing infants and should be given to nursing
mothers with caution
Maternal medication usually compatible with breastfeeding
46. Maternal factor
Dose and duration of therapy
Route of administration
Drug pharmacokinetics
Infant factor
Infant’s ability to absorb, metabolize, and excrete the drug
Gestational age of infant and its postnatal age
DRUG TRANSFER INTO THE BREAST MILK
47. Infant age
Premature and newborn infants are at somewhat greater risk
Infant stability
Unstable infants with poor GI stability may increase the risk
of using medications
Pediatric approved drugs
Generally are less hazardous if long-term history of safety is
recognized
Dose
In a premature infant various doses may be more risky than
in a 1 year old healthy infant
Drugs that alter milk production
May be much more risky during neonatal period than much
later
EVALUATION OF THE INFANT
48. 상담 시 주지 사항 및 상담내용
약을 꼭 복용해야 하는지 평가한다.
젖을 빨리고 난 다음 약을 복용한다.
약물을 단기간 사용 할 경우에는 수유를 잠시 멈춘다.
정확한 정보가 있는 약으로 아이에게 영향이 적은 약을 선택하게 한
다.
전신적으로 작용하는 약보다는 국소적으로 작용하는 약을 선택하게
한다.
49.
50. Beta-blocking agents
Acebutolol
Atenolol
Labetalol
Propranolol
Sotalol
Salicylates
Lithium
Antineoplastic agents
Drugs of abuse
DRUGS TO AVOID IN THE NEWBORN AND
IN INFANTS < 6MONTHS OF AGE
51. CYTOTOXIC DRUGS THAT MAY INTERFERE
WITH CELLULAR METABOLISM OF THE
NURSING INFANT
Cyclophosphamide
Cycloserine
Doxorubicin
Methotrexate
52. DRUGS OF ABUSE FOR WHICH ADVERSE EFFECTS ON THE
INFANT
DURING BREASTFEEDING HAVE BEEN REPORTED
Drug Reported effect or reasons for concern
Amphetamine Irritability, poor sleeping pattern
Cocain Cocaine intoxication: irritability, vomiting,
diarrhea, tremulousness. seizure
Heroin Tremous, restlessness, vomiting, poor feeding
Marijuana Only 1 report in literature; no effect mentioned;
very long half-life for some components
Phencyclidine Potent hallucinogen
54. Anti-anxiety antidepressants antipsychotic Others
Alprazolam
Diazepam
Lorazepam
Midazolam
Perphenazine
Prazepam
Quazepam
Temazepam
Amitryptiline
Amoxapine
Bupropion
Clomipramine
Desipramine
Dothepine
Doxepine
Fluoxetine
Fluvoxamine
Imipramine
Nortriptyline
Paroxetine
Sertraline
Trazodone
Chloropromazine
Chlorprothixene
Clozapine
Haloperidol
Mesoridazine
Trifluoperazine
Amiodarone
Chloramphenicol
Clofazimine
Lamotrigine
metronidazole
Metoclopramide
Tinidazole
Drugs for which the effect on nursing infants is unknown but
may be of concern
AAP Clssification
55. AAP Clssification
Drug Reported effect
Acebutolol Hypotension; bradycardia; tachycardia
5-aminosalicylic acid Diarrhea
Atenolol Cyanosis; bradycardia
Bromocriptin Suppresses lactation; may be hazardous to the mother
Aspirin Metabolic acidosis
Clemastine Drowsiness irritability, refusal to feed, high-pitched cry, neck stiffness
Ergotamine Vomiting, diarrhea, convulsions
Lithium One-third to one-half therapeutic blood concentration in infants
Phenindione Anticoagulant; increased prothrombin and partial thromboplastin time in 1
infant; not used in united states
Phenobarbital Sedation; infantile spasm after weaning from milk containing phenobarbital
Primidone Sedation feeding problems
Slfasalazine Bloody diarrhea
Drugs that have been association with significant effects on
some nursing infants and should be given to nursing mothers
with caution
64. Short acting
Highly protein bound
Low lipid solubility
High molecular weight
No active metabolites
Low oral bioavailability
Route of administration
CHOICE OF DRUG