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20150312 lake pond management nnts
- 1. Pond and Lake Management Katie Pekarek, Nebraska Extension Mike Archer, NE Dept. of Environmental Quality Jeff Blaser, Nebraska Game and Parks
- 5. Water Movement Hydrologic Cycle
- 6. Lake Types Seepage Groundwater Drainage/Spring Lakes Drainage Impoundments Oxbow Sandpit
- 7. Seepage Lake Natural Lake Water Source Groundwater Precipitation Limited Runoff No Stream Outlet/Inlet http://www.wisconsinlakes.org/index.php/the-science-of- lakes/21-lake-types
- 8. Natural Lake Water Source Groundwater Precipitation Limited Runoff Has Stream Outlet http://www.wisconsinlakes.org/index.php/the-science-of-lakes/21-lake-types Groundwater Drainage Lake
- 9. Drainage Lake Natural Lake Water Source Streams Groundwater Precipitation Runoff Has Stream Outlet http://www.wisconsinlakes.org/index.php/the-science-of-lakes/21-lake-types
- 10. o Manmade o Created by damming a stream o Water Source o Streams o Groundwater o Precipitation o Runoff o Has Stream Outlet http://www.wisconsinlakes.org/index.php/the-science-of-lakes/21-lake-types Impoundment
- 11. Oxbow Lake
- 12. Sandpit Lakes Manmade Water Source Predominantly Groundwater Minimal Runoff Nearby rivers or streams
- 13. Pond / Lake Classifications Backyard or Ornamental Pond Measured in gallons Less than 1/8th acre Ponds Less than 15 acres (natural or man made) Lakes Greater than 15 acres and natural Reservoirs Greater than 15 acres and manmade
- 14. What are your lake’s characteristics?
- 16. Lake Watersheds “Watershed” = area contributing water to pond Surface runoff, spring, or stream-fed
- 17. Pond Measurements Careful estimates of pond area and volume are critical measurements for management of aquatic plants and algae. Area Transects GPS units Google Earth Volume – Area X depth = acre feet
- 19. Lake Depth Deep Lakes Stratification Shallow Lakes Continuous Cycling
- 21. Lake Oxygen - Summer
- 22. Lake Turnover
- 23. Habitat and the Food Web
- 25. Desirable Aquatic Plant Communities Vegetation dominated by native species A diverse mix of species present Plants with moderate density that allows access to invertebrates, forage fish
- 26. Pond Ecology Zones of a Typical Pond
- 28. POND CONSTRUCTION Dugout excavating a pit in wet area – not in a wetland Embankment building a dam to impound runoff water Many potential problems avoided with proper considerations
- 29. POND CONSTRUCTION (cont.) Size of Watershed minimum watershed ratio of 20:1 in SE Nebr. 1 surface acre, avg. depth 5’ = 100 acre watershed Avoid large watersheds or ratios – major flooding issues Minimum 30 acre watershed Topography smallest dam, volume of soil, and adequate deep and shallow water areas
- 30. Land Use quality of fish community = quality of watershed Water Source compensate for evaporation and seepage Avoid streams and major watersheds Well calculate the need (about 325,000 gal/ac-ft) Soil Type Clay, loams, sandy clay/loans the best – soil profile (NRCS) Dam Impervious, moist soil compacted in layers Cutoff or clay core trench POND CONSTRUCTION (cont.)
- 31. POND CONSTRUCTION (cont.) Pond Size 1 to 5 acres ideal Pond Depth and Slopes 25% at least 10 feet 50% at least 8 feet 25% less < 5 feet 3:1 Slope to 5 feet depth with bench areas Adequate depth to prevent excessive aquatic vegetation Pond Bottom Design (page 14) Irregular shoreline and depths More habitat (40%) means more fish and fishing opportunities
- 32. POND CONSTRUCTION (cont.) Water Control Structures (page 16) Outlet structure or at least a trickle tube Emergency spillway Livestock watering (page 23) Vegetation Establishment Seed dam, spillway, waterways, other disturbed areas ASAP Establish cover crop on pond basin Aquatic Plants Natural and Artificial Habitat (page 39 and handout) Prior to filling or periodically
- 34. Pond Stocking Pond Stocking Recommended Stocking Combination (page 26) Largemouth bass, bluegill, channel catfish – keep it simple Supplemental catfish stockings Other species Stocking Rates Recommendations (page 34) Stocking Policy - Application for Fish - List of Hatcheries (2 handouts) Other sources of fish
- 35. FISH MANAGEMENT Abundance of predators and prey (page 48) Good, Balanced Pond 250 pounds of bluegill per surface acre 50 pounds of largemouth bass per surface acre About 50% between 8 and 12 inches About 50% larger than 12 inches 40 pounds of channel catfish per surface acre Decide what to manage for (general or big bass or big bluegill) Assess fish populations (angling page 52) Choose management option, PWMA ( page 54) If unable to catch fish or need advice, consult NGPC (magazine)
- 37. Aquatic Vegetation Important Component of Aquatic Environment Provides food, nesting, nursery, cover Oxygenates water Stabilizes shoreline and bottom sediment Four Major Types of Aquatic Plants Algae, floating, submersed, and emergent (Page 62, handout) Can be a problem (over 50% pond surface affected) Fishing becomes difficult Upsets balance between bass and bluegill Excessive plant die-off's affect dissolved oxygen End of growing season Cloudy weather/muddy water decreases sunlight Decomposition depletes oxygen – fish kills
- 38. Aquatic Vegetation (cont.) Preventive Measures Adequate water depth Land use practices, buffer strips, restrict livestock access/waste Reduces excessive nutrients in water and sediment Use fertilizers with no or low phosphorus (lessen algae blooms) Control Measures Physical or mechanical removal Discard plants away from pond (also fragments) Removal reduces associated nutrients
- 39. Aquatic Vegetation (cont.) Chemical Control Spot treatment (shoreline areas, create fishing/boating lanes) If large area, only do 1/3 to 1/4, wait 2 weeks Fish die-off if too much killed (oxygen depletion) Many are restricted use – certification required Read and follow directions on label, treat before excessive Biological Control (grass carp) Not a cure all – prefer certain plants, inefficient, long lived Limited control of algae, duckweed, coontail, pond lily, milfoil Overstocked, eliminate beneficial plants, algae blooms result Aeration Oxygenates deep areas, prevents upwelling of phosphorus Can reduce algae blooms and prevent fish kills resulting from excessive vegetation die-offs (natural and man made)
- 40. Permits
- 41. Permits Check with local NRCS about: the site being in a wetland, the need of a water storage permit (>15 acre feet of water) the site in part of state where pond construction may be restricted the possibility of Threatened or Endangered species present the possibility of construction cost share, conducting a soil profile and determining if water source will be sufficient
- 42. Permits (cont.) Check with U.S. Army Corps of Engineers about a 404 permit for addition of fish structure Check with NGPC about: the need of a fishing permit at the site acquiring a PWMA if decide to remove bass < 15 inches Go to NGPC website to access NPM book and Pond Guide Series
- 45. Water Quality Standards • Water Clarity • Bacteria • Contaminants • Algae • Fish Kills
- 46. Water Clarity • Sediment • Internal • Bank sloughing • Lack of depth • Rough Fish • External • Runoff carrying sediments
- 47. Water Clarity • Water Clarity • Settling Basin – Small detention cell • Depth – Mechanical dredge • Shoreline Erosion • Rip-rap • Vegetation • Seawall • Reconstruct bank slope to (2-1) – (3-1) CONTACT NDEQ AND USACE BEFORE DOING ANY OF THE ABOVE!!
- 48. Bacteria • Escherichia coli (E. coli) • Sources • Waste products of any warm-blooded animal • Septic systems • Waterfowl • Livestock waste runoff • Health Concerns • Gastroenteritis • Dysentery • Hepatitis • Cholera • Typhoid Fever
- 49. Contaminants • Pesticides • Atrazine • Acetochlor • Metolachlor • Nutrients • Nitrogen • Phosphorus • Metals • Lead • Mercury • Calcium • Magnesium • Aluminum • Arsenic • Copper • Iron • Numerous others
- 50. Contaminants Pesticides • Atrazine • Most commonly detected pesticide contaminating drinking water • Aatrex, Alazine, Primatol • Endocrine Disruptor • Preterm pregnancy • Sexual development • Acetochlor • Replacement for Atrazine • Acenit, Guardian, Harness, Surpass • Development disruption of fish and amphibians • Metolachlor • Becoming much less common • Bicep, Dual, Pennant, Pimagram • Moderately toxic to fish
- 51. Contaminants Metals • Lead • Lead shot • Fishing weights • Industrial waste • Naturally occurring • Mercury • Coal fired power plants • Health effects (Methylmercury) • Deteriorates central nervous system • Impairs hearing, speech, vision and gate • Bioaccumulation • Aluminum • Common treatment for eutrophic lakes • Possible health concerns with elevated levels of Al. • Parkinson’s Disease, ALS, Alzheimer's • Mobilization of Al due to low pH can become toxic to fish
- 52. • Nitrogen • Sources • Rain • Runoff – Residential and Agricultural lands • Fertilizer • Animal Waste • Waterfowl • Septic Systems and Sewage Treatment Facilities • Illegal Dumping • Ammonia • Phosphorus • Sources • Runoff – Residential and Agricultural lands • Fertilizer • Soil Erosion • Detergents • Septic Systems Contaminants Nutrients
- 53. Floating Emergent Submerged www.illinoiswildflowers.info www.aquaplant.tamu.edu Aquatic Vegetation www.lakerestoration. com
- 56. Aquatic Vegetation Submerged Illinoiswildflowers.info Coontail American Pondweed Aquaplants.tamu.edu Water Lily Aquaplant.tamu.edu
- 57. Aquatic Vegetation Invasive/Noxious Purple Loosestrife Marbleheadconservancy.org Eurasian Watermilfoil Curly-leaf Pondweed Neinvasives.com Neinvasives.com
- 58. Aquatic Vegetation Invasive/Noxious • State Noxious Weeds • Saltcedar • Phragmites • Purple Loosestrife • Invasive in Nebraska Status Unknown • Parrot Feather • Hydrilla • Water Hyacinth
- 59. Aquatic Vegetation Control • Physical or Mechanical Removal • Chemical Control • Restricted Use Pesticides • Applied by a licensed applicator • Bank Slope • 2:1 – 3:1 www.illinoiswildflowers.info www.lakerestoration. com
- 60. Aquatic Vegetation Algae • Algae • Filamentous • Planktonic • Blue-Green Algae
- 61. Aquatic Vegetation Algae • Elevated Nutrients • Eutrophication • Extensive macrophytic growth • Algal blooms • Blue Green Algae • Toxin producing • Microcystins • Anatoxin-a • BMAA • DABA
- 62. Aquatic Vegetation Algae • Health Effects • Microcystin • Humans • Liver Damage • Skin irritant • Pets and Livestock • Ingestion is likely fatal • BMAA & DBAA • Suspected Effects • ALS • Parkinson's Disease • Alzheimer’s Disease • Nervous System • Anatoxin – a • Suspected Effects • Nervous System
- 63. Algae Aquatic Vegetation Algae • Prevention • Reduce the amount of nutrients entering the lake • No phosphorus fertilizer • Eliminate waterfowl • Harass do not harm • Check with USFWS, UNL extension, NGPC • Eliminate livestock access and any associated runoff • Pick up pet waste • Construct berms and natural grass barriers • Wetland - treatment at inlet to the lake • Inspect septic system
- 64. Aquatic Vegetation Algae • Aquatic Herbicides • Use sparingly!! • Treat 1/4 to 1/3 of the problem at a time • Restricted Use Herbicide application needs to be conducted by a licensed applicator. • Alum Treatment • Application of Alum will violate Nebraska Water Quality Standards. • All Alum applications require a variance before application. • Contact NDEQ very early on in the process. • Lake Sediment Dredging
- 65. Nuisance Animals Beaver Burrowing near lake’s dam can weaken structure Trees and branches can damage and/or plug drainpipes Trapping is the most effective means of controlling beaver populations
- 66. Muskrat Tunneling in dam can cause the bank structure to leak and/or fail Wire screen along dam Trapping Nuisance Animals
- 67. Nuisance Animals
- 68. Developing a Water Quality Monitoring Plan • Do you need to a monitoring plan? • Full body contact recreation • Fish Kills • Excessive Algal Growth • Pets, livestock, etc. using the pond • Katie Pekarek (402) 560-3110 • Jeff Blaser (402) 471-5435 • Mike Archer (402) 471-4224
- 69. Developing a Water Quality Monitoring Plan• Monitor monthly • Water Temp. • Dissolved Oxygen • pH • Water Clarity • Chlorophyll a • Total Phosphorus & Soluble Reactive Phosphorus • Total Nitrogen & Ammonia • Atrazine • Mercury • Lead • Aluminum • Sample when concern arises • Microcystin • E.coli
- 70. Questions