The group members are studying different crops commonly grown by farmers in rural areas, including oil palm, rubber trees, and rice. These crops are suitable for the fertile soil and climate conditions in the rural villages. During dry seasons, crop production and farmer incomes may decrease. The group plans to research why farmers choose these particular crops, which crops can survive drought, what soil and climate conditions allow crop growth, and the differences between C3 and C4 crops. They will conduct research online and in journals.

1. GROUP
MEMBERS
NURUL HIDAYAH BT MANSOR
D20091034826
MOHD HELMEE BIN HUSSIN
D20091034828
WIJAYANTI BT AKHMAD
D20091034833
NORIZA BT ISHAK
D20091034845
NABILAH BT YUSOF
D20091034854

2. facts Idea Learning issues Action plan
They grow crops
such as oil palm,
rubber tree and
rice
• oil palm, rubber
tree and rice are
commercial crops
•They live in rural
areas which have
fertile soil
•Because of dry
seasons, the
production of
crops will
decrease. So
effect the farmers
income
•The land in the
village is suitable
for growing crops
•Why the farmers
choose to grow
these types of
plants?
•Which crops can
survive during the
drought seasons?
why?
•What condition
that allow that
plants to grow?
•Does the
photorespiration
occur in C3 crops
during drought?
•What are the
differences
between crops
that the farmer
grow?
•Surfing the
internet
•Analyse journal

3. Why farmers choose to grow
these types of plants?

15.  Paddy plant
 Palm oil plant
 Rubber tree

16.  Grow mainly in Asian – Swamp plant
 Main source of food for nearly half the
worlds’s population

18.  The paddy are planted with aluvium soil and
at low land areas and some at upland
 The soils have dark colour ,loamy texture,
high humus, high water holding capacity,
high base exchange capacity, neutral to
saline pH, humid or swampy nature and rich
in potassium in most of the areas. The soils
are suitable for crops that require humid
soils

19.  Minimum temperature 20 C⁰
 Grown partly submerged in paddy
fields
 Fields are flooded and then ploughed
 Young rice plants are planted in the
rich mud

20.  with high rainfall minimum 1 600 mm/yr in
tropical climates within 10° of the equator
 Water table : at least 1m from the surface
 Topography : flat lands to gently
undulating
 Temperature : 28 C -33 C⁰ ⁰

21. Suitable soil for oil palm
•Oil palm can be grown on a wide range of soils.
•The most suitable soil would be one with a deep, well drained
and well structured with unrestricted rooting medium of
reasonably good water holding capacity.
•flat or undulating land is more preferred
•Oil Palm grow on a wide range of soil types, provided good
drainage and pH between 4 and 7. The plant tolerates periodic
flooding or a high water table; many soils are alluvial in nature.
Irrigation is generally not practiced.
•the oil palms are normally planted on terraces as a means of soil
conservation measure to prevent soil erosion

22.  Climate : tropical rain forest
 Sunshine : at least 5 hours per day
 Soil : water-retaining alluvial soil

23.  Soil- laterite, lateritic types, sedimentary
types, nonlateritic red or alluvial soils
 Rainfall- 250 cm evenly distributed without
any marked dry season and with at least
100 rainy days per year
 Temperature - about 20°C to 34°C with a
monthly mean of 25°C to 28°C

24. Suitable soil for rubber tree
•The soil requirement of the plant is generally
well-drained weathered soil consisting of laterite
or alluvial soils
•Alluvial soil from which forests have been
cleared is best suited for the growth of rubber
plant.
•Rubber also is cultivated on porous, well-
drained laterite soil.

25.  high atmospheric humidity of around 80%
 bright sunshine amounting to about 2000
hours per year at the rate of 6 hours per day
throughout the year
 absence of strong winds

26. Does the photorespiration occur in c3
crops during the drought??

27. Light dependent reaction
Light independent reaction

28.  As its name suggests, RUBISCO catalyzes two
different reactions:
 adding CO2 to ribulose bisphosphate — the
carboxylase activity
 adding O2 to ribulose bisphosphate — the
oxygenase activity.

29.  Which one predominates depends on the
relative concentrations of O2 and CO2 with
 high CO2, low O2 favoring the carboxylase action,
 high O2, low CO2 favoring the oxygenase action.

30.  The light reactions of photosynthesis liberate
oxygen and more oxygen dissolves in the
cytosol of the cell at higher temperatures.
Therefore,
 high light intensities and
 high temperatures (above ~ 30°C) favor the
second reaction

31.  The uptake of O2 by RUBISCO forms:
 the 3-carbon molecule 3-phosphoglyceric acid —
just as in the Calvin cycle
 the 2-carbon molecule glycolate.
 The glycolate enters peroxisomes where it
uses O2 to form intermediates that
 enter mitochondria where they are broken
down to CO2.

32.  So this process uses O2 and ATP and liberates
CO2
 O2 + RuBP phosphoglycolate +
glycerate 3-phospahate

33. WHAT ARE
DIFFERENCES
BETWEEN
CROPS THAT
THE FARMER
GROWTH?

34. C3 PLANT C4 PLANT
PALM OIL BROMELIAD
RUBBER TREE CACTUS
LET US NOW TAKE A CLOSELY
LOOK AT C3 AND C4 PLANT..

35. • C3 plants-more than 95% of earth's plant species,
use rubisco to make a three-carbon compound as
the first stable product of carbon fixation.
• C3 adapt in where light levels may be low, because
the metabolic pathway is more energy efficient,
and if water is plentiful, the stomata can stay open
and let in more carbon dioxide.
• However, carbon losses through photorespiration
are high.

36. • C4 plants possess biochemical and anatomical
mechanisms to raise the intercellular carbon
dioxide concentration at the site of fixation
• This reduces, and sometimes eliminates, carbon
losses by photorespiration.
• C4 plants, which inhabit hot, dry evironments,
have very high water-use efficiency, so that there
can be up to twice as much photosynthesis per
gram of water as in C3 plants.
• C4 metabolism is inefficient in shady or cool
environments. Less than 1% of earth's plant species
can be classified as C4

37. C3 PLANT C4 PLANT
dicotyledon plants monocotyledon
stem are much more wider (2nd
growth)
Less than C4 (no 2nd
growth)
Short but wider leaf Leaves are much more longer
more stomata particularly in the
lower leaf surface (abaxial)
C4 plants can have them on
both surfaces
In cool, wet, and cloudy inhabit hot, dry environments
TEMPERATURE: C3 (10-25 °C) C4 (30-45 °C)

38. C3 PLANT C4 PLANT
bundle sheath cells do not
contain chloroplasts
bundle sheath cells contain
chloroplasts
carbon fixation and Calvin
Cycle reactions occur in
mesophyll cells ( presence of
oxygen )
carbon is fixed in mesophyll
cells, then transported to bundle
sheath cells where Calvin Cycle
reactions occur in the absence
of oxygen
C3 plants are more adapted to
environments with more carbon
dioxide
C4 plants are more adapted to
environments with more
oxygen
Less thicker than C4 plant C4 plants have thicker bundle
sheath cell layers

39. ANATOMY OF
THE C3 AND
C4 PLANT

40. THANK YOU..