Climate like any other physical phenomena it is dynamic and not static. In every part of the world one year, one decade or one century is different than the other. The change does not only have academic important but its effects in all the forms of life. Plants, animals, human beings change with changes of climate. In general, all living species thrive under definite and limit conditions and any great deviation from that will leads to destruction and death of the species. Ecology: Scientific study of interactions between organisms and their environments which includes Biotic Factors: (Living organisms) , Abiotic Factors: (Nonliving physical and chemical conditions of an environment). What are the levels of the Ecology? Ecology has Five Levels. Individual organism: Single organism in an environment Populations: Group of individual organisms of same species living in the same area Communities: All of the organisms that inhabit a particular area make up a community, like coral reef and other organisms live around in the reef Ecosystems: An ecosystem includes both the biotic and abiotic factors of an area Biosphere: Sum of all of Earth's ecosystems, it is an envelope of air, land, and water supporting all living things on Earth. It consists of both the atmosphere and ocean. Ecologists investigate global issues in the biosphere, including climate change and its effect on living things The effects have been most dramatic at high latitudes, where multiple processes contribute to decreased surface reflectivity Changes in temperature are causing species to shift their natural ranges; however, those are unable to move in line with changing temperatures are being put at risk.

1. Impacts of Climatic
Change on Biosphere
Omer M. Ahmed
MSc, 2016
University of Kerala, India.

2. INTRODUCTION
• Climate like any other physical phenomena it is dynamic
and not static.
• In every part of the world one year, one decade or one
century is different than the other.
• The change is not only has academic important but it effect
in all the forms of life.
• Plants, animals, human beings are change with changes of
climate.

3. • In general all living species thrive under definite and limit
conditions and any great deviation from that will leads to
destruction and death of the species.
• Ecology: Scientific study of interactions between
organisms and their environments which is include Biotic
Factors: (Living organisms) , Abiotic Factors: (Nonliving
physical and chemical conditions of an environment).
• What is the levels of the Ecology?

4. Ecology have Five Levels.
1. Individual organism: Single organism in an environment
2. Populations: Group of individual organisms of same species living
in the same area
3. Communities: All of the organisms that inhabit a particular area
make up a community, like coral reef and other organisms live
around in the reef
4. Ecosystems: An ecosystem includes both the biotic and abiotic
factors of an area

5. 5. Biosphere:
• Sum of all of Earth's ecosystems, it is envelope of air, land, and
water supporting all living things on Earth. It consists of both
the atmosphere and ocean.
• Ecologists investigate global issues in the biosphere,
including climate change and its effect on living things
• The effects have been most dramatic at high latitudes, where
multiple processes contribute to decreased surface reflectivity
• Changes in temperature are causing species to shift their natural
ranges; however those are unable to move in line with changing
temperatures are being put at risk.

6. Important cycles of the biosphere:
• Carbon cycle
• Nitrogen cycle
• Oxygen cycle
• Phosphorus cycle
• Sulfur cycle
• Water cycle
• Rock cycle.

7. The Carbon Cycle
• Carbon is part of all living things, also a part of the ocean, air,
and even rocks.
• Because the Earth is a dynamic, carbon does not stay still. It is
on the move.
• In the atmosphere, carbon is attached to some oxygen forming
CO2
.
• Plants use CO2 and sunlight for photosynthesis, when they died
and buried may turn into fossil fuels like coal and oil.
• Humans burn fuels, carbon enters the atmosphere as CO2.
• Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas, that keep the Earth worm,
But humans have increased the amount of CO2 by about 30%
more than what was in the 150 years ago.

9. When the climate change what will happen
for:
• Forest productivity and agriculture.
• Food security
• Migrated birds
• Micro organism and soil.

10. Climatic change and forest productivity
• Forests sustain over 50% of the Earth’s species, regulate climate
through carbon storage, and protect watersheds.
• When the forests changing, due to climate change, Some
species will fare better, others worse.
• Warmer temperatures result in Longer growing seasons and
Shorter winters
• Altered precipitation Increased variability more extreme events
• Changes in forest composition & reduce productivity.
• Forest pests, diseases, Wildlife and Habitat… And more

12. • Climate change adaptation is critical for agriculture and food security
• For any particular crop, the effect of increased temperature will
depend on the crop's optimal temperature for growth and reproduction
• In some areas, warming may benefit the types of crops that are
typically planted there but if the higher temperature exceeds a crop's
optimum temperature, yields will decline.
• Higher CO2 levels can affect crop yields However, other factors, such
as changing temperatures, ozone, water and nutrient content, may
counteract these potential increases in yield.
• More extreme temperature and precipitation can prevent crops from
growing, EX: corn

13. Extreme weather events have caused significant yield reductions in
some years. Source: USGCRP (2009)

14. International Impacts
• Climate change is very likely to affect food security at the global,
regional, and local level.
• It can disrupt food availability, reduce access to food, and affect
in food quality and prices.
• For example, projected increases in temperatures, changes in
precipitation patterns, changes in extreme weather events, and
reductions in water availability may all result in reduced
agricultural productivity.
• Stressors such as population growth may magnify the effects of
climate change on food security.

15. Migrated birds
• Some can be as long as 20,000 miles per year and Higher
than Mt. Everest by store a special high-energy (fat) before
the trip.
• They may shift altitude to find the best wind.
• Why they migrate? is for food and a safe place to breed.
• Migration is affected by food supply wind and oceans
currents.

16. Siberian Crane

17. Threats To Migratory Birds
• Climate change is causing shifts in geographic ranges of birds
and their habitat locations.
• Bad weather influence fall migration for birds in the higher
latitudes, these birds arrive later, breed later, molt later and
leave later.
• Plants and other organisms that make up common habitat types
respond to the change and that lead to changes in the structure
and function of ecological communities.
• Affecting the availability of food needed to raise their young.
• Habitat destruction affects staging posts handicap their ability to
re-fuel.

18. Main threats to migratory bird species
Sources: Shoo et al., 2005

19. Plants and animals
Plants and animals can reproduce, grow and survive only within specific
ranges of climatic and environmental conditions. If conditions change
beyond the tolerances of species, then they may respond by:
1. shifting the timing of life-cycle events (e.g., blooming, migrating).
2. shifting range boundaries (e.g., moving poleward) or the density of
individuals within their ranges.
3. changing morphology (e.g., body or egg size), reproduction or
genetics.
4. extirpation or extinction.

20. The micro organism and soil
• Climate change will contribute on soil microbial communities
and associated ecological processes.
• Micro-organisms adapt more quickly than plants and macro-
organisms which means they are ideal bioindicators of the
impact of sources of environmental stress on the functioning of
ecosystems.
• The soil contains a huge number of micro-organisms that are
responsible for many of its vital functions and consequently, its
health.

21. Change in Phenology
• Phenology – the timing of seasonal activities of animals and plants –
is perhaps the simplest process in which to track changes in the
ecology of species in response to climate change.
• Observed phenological events include leaf unfolding, flowering, fruit
ripening, leaf colouring, leaf fall of plants, bird migration, chorusing
of amphibians, and appearance/emergence of butterflies.
• Although phenological network studies differ with regard to regions,
species, events observed and applied methods.
• Changes in spring and summer activities vary by species and by time
of season. Early-season plant species exhibit the strongest reactions

22. Direct and indirect effects of climate change on soil microbial and soil
microbial-plant interactions

23. Changes in species distributions and abundances
Many studies of species abundances and distributions corroborate
predicted systematic shifts related to changes in climatic regimes, often
via species-specific physiological thresholds of temperature and
precipitation tolerance. Habitat loss and fragmentation may also
influence these shifts. Empirical evidence shows that the natural reaction
of species to climate change is hampered by habitat fragmentation and/or
loss.
However, temperature is likely to be the main driver if different species
in many different areas, or species throughout broad regions, shift in a
co-ordinated and systematic manner. In particular, some butterflies
appear to track decadal warming quickly
Whereas the sensitivity of tree-line forests to climate warming varies
with topography and the tree-line history

24. So what will be the mitigation?
• Societies have a long record of managing the impacts of
weather and climate related events.
• Reduce or prevent emission of greenhouse gases.
• Using new technologies and renewable energies.
• Changing management practices or consumer behavior.
• Protecting natural carbon sinks like forests and oceans, or
creating new sinks through green agriculture are also
elements of mitigation.

25. CONCLUSION
• Climate is dynamic phenomena
• Industrials Human activities increased the concentration of
the CO2 and other green house gases which is change the
climate more than the normal rate.
• Result in negative responses of the biosphere, less productivity
of agriculture, Threats of soil , animals and other living forms
of life.
• To reduce the risk we have to reduce or prevent emission of
greenhouse gases.

26. REFERENCES:
• D.S Lal (2006), Climatology, Sharda Pustak Bhawan, 442
P.
• https://www.epa.gov/climate-impacts/climate-impacts-
agriculture-and-food-supply
• https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/11/141127082
319.htm
• https://eo.ucar.edu/kids/green/cycles6.htm

27. THANK
YOU
omerupto3@gmail.com