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Earth’s 
Rotation 
& Revolution 
Chapter 2 , Section 1:1
Section Objectives 
Identify what makes up the solar 
system. 
Describe how Earth moves in space. 
Describe how Earth’s tilt, rotation, and 
revolution around the sun cause the 
four seasons.
The Solar System 
Our solar system = 8 planets (including Earth) and 
many smaller bodies, all orbiting the sun
A Tour Through the Rest of the 
Solar System 
Mercury Venus Earth Mars 
The Big Picture - Comparing Planet and Star Sizes (2:34)
Disqualified: Poor Little Pluto! 
FUN FACTS 
 Discovered in 1930 
 Since then, many other similar bodies 
have been found, including at least one 
asteroid - Eris - that is larger than Pluto 
 In 2006, astronomers classed Pluto and 
Eris as dwarf planets 
 Some astronomers believe that Pluto 
was once a moon of Neptune but it 
somehow escaped into its own orbit. 
 Technically, Pluto's name is now 
134340 after being declassified as a 
planet. 
 Because of Pluto's irregular orbit, there 
are periods of times when it is closer to 
the sun than Neptune. 
 What Happened to Pluto? (3:31)
Elliptical 
Orbits 
Orbit: the path a planet or other object travels as it 
rotates around the solar system 
Orbits have an elliptical shape 
Each planet or object takes a different amount of time to 
complete its orbit 
Earth: 1 orbit = 365 ¼ days (1 year) 
Mercury: 1 orbit = 88 days (abt 3 mos.) 
Pluto: 1 orbit = 250 years
Two Types of 
Planets 
Like Earth 
Mercury, Venus, and Mars (also Pluto) 
Solid and small 
Few or no moons 
Rotate or spin slowly 
Like Jupiter 
Huge balls of gas 
Have many moons and/or rings 
Spin rapidly
The Sun 
About 93 million miles from Earth 
Made mostly of intensely hot gases - as 
hot as 27 million degrees Fahrenheit! 
Light and warmth from the Sun makes 
life on earth possible!
The Sun, cont. 
IInnssiiddee tthhee SSuunn ((66::1133))
The Earth
The Moon 
Earth’s nearest neighbor 
Orbits Earth every 30 days 
Cold and rocky, no water or 
atmosphere 
Gives off no light 
Light seen when the moon 
“shines” is actually a 
reflection from the sun! 
First Moonwalk, 1969 (1:44)
Eclipses 
A solar eclipse occurs 
when the moon moves 
between the sun and the 
earth, thus completely 
blocking out the sun for a 
part of the planet 
A lunar eclipse is when the 
sun blocks the moon from 
sight on earth 
Solar Eclipse: Turkey, 
2008 (2:22)
Earth’s Movement 
Every planet rotates, or spins, on its axis 
Axis: an imaginary line the runs through Earth’s 
center between the North and South Poles 
It takes 24 hours to finish a complete spin on Earth’s axis 
24 hours = 1 day 
As Earth spins, different parts of the planet are in light or 
darkness
Earth’s Movement (cont.) 
Earth orbits the 
Sun once every 
365 ¼ days. 
365 days = 1 year 
Every four years, 
1 day is added 
(¼+¼+¼+¼=1) as 
Feb.29! 
This is called a 
leap year! 
What is a Leap 
Year? (3:58)
The Sun and the 
Seasons 
Earth is tilted 23 ½° (degrees) on 
its axis 
Seasons change as the Earth orbits 
orbits around the Sun 
When the Northern or Southern 
Hemispheres receive DIRECT RAYS from the 
Sun, they experience summer 
When those hemispheres receive INDIRECT 
RAYS from the Sun, they experience winter 
This is why hemispheres have opposite seasons 
Winter in the Northern Hemisphere = summer in the 
Southern Hemisphere! 
Reasons for the Seasons (2:18)
The Sun and Seasons (cont.)
Solstices and Equinoxes 
Four days mark the beginning of the four 
seasons: Solstices and Equinoxes (5:53) 
Summer Solstice (June 21) 
North Pole is tilted toward the Sun 
Sun is directly over Tropic of Cancer (23 1/2˚ N) 
Northern Hemisphere - longest day, shortest night 
(opposite in Southern Hemisphere) 
Winter Solstice (December 22) 
North Pole is tilted away from the Sun 
Sun is directly over Tropic of Capricorn (23 1/2˚ S) 
Northern Hemisphere - shortest day, longest night 
(opposite in Southern Hemisphere) 
Vernal (Spring) Equinox (around March 21) and 
Autumnal (Fall) Equinox (around September 23) 
Day and night of equal length 
Sun shines directly over the Equator
Any questions?

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2 1.1 earth's rotation & revolution

  • 1. Earth’s Rotation & Revolution Chapter 2 , Section 1:1
  • 2. Section Objectives Identify what makes up the solar system. Describe how Earth moves in space. Describe how Earth’s tilt, rotation, and revolution around the sun cause the four seasons.
  • 3. The Solar System Our solar system = 8 planets (including Earth) and many smaller bodies, all orbiting the sun
  • 4. A Tour Through the Rest of the Solar System Mercury Venus Earth Mars The Big Picture - Comparing Planet and Star Sizes (2:34)
  • 5. Disqualified: Poor Little Pluto! FUN FACTS  Discovered in 1930  Since then, many other similar bodies have been found, including at least one asteroid - Eris - that is larger than Pluto  In 2006, astronomers classed Pluto and Eris as dwarf planets  Some astronomers believe that Pluto was once a moon of Neptune but it somehow escaped into its own orbit.  Technically, Pluto's name is now 134340 after being declassified as a planet.  Because of Pluto's irregular orbit, there are periods of times when it is closer to the sun than Neptune.  What Happened to Pluto? (3:31)
  • 6. Elliptical Orbits Orbit: the path a planet or other object travels as it rotates around the solar system Orbits have an elliptical shape Each planet or object takes a different amount of time to complete its orbit Earth: 1 orbit = 365 ¼ days (1 year) Mercury: 1 orbit = 88 days (abt 3 mos.) Pluto: 1 orbit = 250 years
  • 7. Two Types of Planets Like Earth Mercury, Venus, and Mars (also Pluto) Solid and small Few or no moons Rotate or spin slowly Like Jupiter Huge balls of gas Have many moons and/or rings Spin rapidly
  • 8. The Sun About 93 million miles from Earth Made mostly of intensely hot gases - as hot as 27 million degrees Fahrenheit! Light and warmth from the Sun makes life on earth possible!
  • 9. The Sun, cont. IInnssiiddee tthhee SSuunn ((66::1133))
  • 11. The Moon Earth’s nearest neighbor Orbits Earth every 30 days Cold and rocky, no water or atmosphere Gives off no light Light seen when the moon “shines” is actually a reflection from the sun! First Moonwalk, 1969 (1:44)
  • 12. Eclipses A solar eclipse occurs when the moon moves between the sun and the earth, thus completely blocking out the sun for a part of the planet A lunar eclipse is when the sun blocks the moon from sight on earth Solar Eclipse: Turkey, 2008 (2:22)
  • 13. Earth’s Movement Every planet rotates, or spins, on its axis Axis: an imaginary line the runs through Earth’s center between the North and South Poles It takes 24 hours to finish a complete spin on Earth’s axis 24 hours = 1 day As Earth spins, different parts of the planet are in light or darkness
  • 14. Earth’s Movement (cont.) Earth orbits the Sun once every 365 ¼ days. 365 days = 1 year Every four years, 1 day is added (¼+¼+¼+¼=1) as Feb.29! This is called a leap year! What is a Leap Year? (3:58)
  • 15. The Sun and the Seasons Earth is tilted 23 ½° (degrees) on its axis Seasons change as the Earth orbits orbits around the Sun When the Northern or Southern Hemispheres receive DIRECT RAYS from the Sun, they experience summer When those hemispheres receive INDIRECT RAYS from the Sun, they experience winter This is why hemispheres have opposite seasons Winter in the Northern Hemisphere = summer in the Southern Hemisphere! Reasons for the Seasons (2:18)
  • 16. The Sun and Seasons (cont.)
  • 17. Solstices and Equinoxes Four days mark the beginning of the four seasons: Solstices and Equinoxes (5:53) Summer Solstice (June 21) North Pole is tilted toward the Sun Sun is directly over Tropic of Cancer (23 1/2˚ N) Northern Hemisphere - longest day, shortest night (opposite in Southern Hemisphere) Winter Solstice (December 22) North Pole is tilted away from the Sun Sun is directly over Tropic of Capricorn (23 1/2˚ S) Northern Hemisphere - shortest day, longest night (opposite in Southern Hemisphere) Vernal (Spring) Equinox (around March 21) and Autumnal (Fall) Equinox (around September 23) Day and night of equal length Sun shines directly over the Equator