The document provides an overview of astronomy, including: 1) It discusses the study of the universe and objects in space, including planets, moons, comets, asteroids, and galaxies. 2) Key concepts covered include Earth's rotation causing day and night, seasonal changes being caused by the tilt of Earth's axis, and Kepler's laws of planetary motion. 3) The formation and life cycles of stars are summarized, from their birth in clouds of dust and gas, to burning hydrogen and developing into red giants late in their lives.

1. Astronomy
The study of the universe and all the
object of space.

2. Astronomy
● Includes planets,moon,comets,asteroids,and galaxies
● Earth's rotation accounts for night and day
● How do we know?
● Foucault’s pendulum and coriolis effect

3. Rotation
● Sunrise & Sunset the apparent motion of the sun rising
in the east and setting in the west
● Daylight hour the total number of hours and minutes
between sunrise and sunset
● Solar noon the time of day when the sun reaches its
zenith (high point) this occurs halfway between sunrise
and sunset

4. Seasonal changes in solar noon
Dec 21st,mar+sept,21st and june 21st are the
occurrence dates

5. Rotation and revolution
● Earths rotation:the earth spins once (360)on its axis in
24 hrs 15 per hour
● Revolution: the earth travels once around the sun
(360) every 365.25 days
● 1 year= 1 orbit
● The ¼ of a day saves up for every 4 years february 29th

6. Earth’s axis of rotation:the earth has a 23.5 tlit
in its axis rotation
Responsible for seasons
Fair ride tea cups

7. Locating the positons on the earth
● Polaris (north star): polaris sits directly above the north
pole
● It is the center of our axis of rotation

8. Earths rotation
Celestial navigation: use azimuth (COMPASS direction
Altitude angualar distance above the horizon

9. Earth- moon relation

10. Lunar (moon) cycles
It takes 27.3 days for the moon to orbit the earth
YET it takes 29.5 days for a complete lunar cycle (full moon
to moon WHY?
Dark side to the moon

11. Eclipses lunar
● When the sun earth and moon align so the
shadow of the earth falls on the moon
● Moon blocks away from sun

12. Solar eclipse
When the sun, earth and moon align so the shadow of the
moon fall on the earth
● Solar ecilpse of other planets are known as transits

13. ● Geocentric models: the Earth is the center of the
solar system
● Ptolemy hypothesized this around 100 AD
● Heliocentric models: the sun is the center of the
solar system
● Copernicus stated this in the mid 16th century

14. Planets
Planet is Greek meaning Wanderer
a planet is naturally occurring satellite made of rocks, ice
or gas
the first four planets are made of Rock
the gas planets are Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune
the asteroid belt between Earth and Mars that exploded
due to a collision in the remains orbited in the same path
as the original Planet

15. Retrograde motion
The apparent zigzag motion of a planet as it orbits the
Sun
the path of a planet over several months Zig and zag
retrograde motion is what we see but it's not
happening. what is the Occurring? the Earth is
revolving fast and the other planets that are farther
away

16. Tycho brahe vs. johannes kepler
● Tycho brahe A mathematician that track
planets for 20 years used altitude and
azimuth for tracking the planets
● Johannes kepler a mathematician
hired by tycho brahe the figure out the
math for the planets orbits

17. Kepler’s 3 law of planetary motion
1.The path of a planet around the Sun is an
eclipse
2. Plants cover equal areas in equal
amount of time
3. planets move faster closer to the Sun

18. Isaac Newton (late 1600s
universal law of gravity
gravity equals mass One
X Mass 2 / distance

19. Albert Einstein (late 1800s to 1900s
Einstein solve the problem of gravity
Newton came across how does gravity
work?
gravity: imagine space in the surface of a
trampoline and a star is a big bowling ball
at the center

20. Orbital velocities
The speed at which a
planet travels around the
Sun

22. Ellipses and gravity
● Gravity Pulls the planets
towards the Sun
● Inertia Wants to carry a planet
in a straight line away from the
Sun

23. The big bang theory https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CMSYv_Z4SI8
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wNDGgL73ihY
A violent explosion of densely-packed
hydrogen spread and mixed with dust and
gases that slowly condenses into galaxies

24. Doppler effect
The change in light or sound
wavelengths resulting from The
Source moving towards or away
from The Observer

25. Red shift/ blue shift
Red shift - the change in light wavelengths
has color as an object moves away from
you
Blue shift- The change in light wavelength /
color of the object moves towards you

26. Stars
Large balls of Hydrogen burn to produce
light heat and more complex elements
Our sun is the closest star to us
it is 150 million kilometers away or 93
million miles
light takes 8 minutes until it reaches Earth

27. Categorizing a star

28. Birth of a star
Stars begin as a collection of gases and
dust they are attracted by gravity
Once there's enough Mass to start ignites
spontaneously and begins to fuel hydrogen
into helium

29. Death of a star
stars begin to die when the Forefront internal pressure exceeds
the gravitational force that holds them together
the star expands to become a red giant
a red giant will burn for a few million years then collapse
the red giant forms a white dwarf star if it has a small Mass, a
neutron star if I had the large mass, a black hole if it has a huge
mass

30. The life and death of a star
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uZ7F4KQ3xvc

31. How far away are other stars?
Stellar parallax
The shift in a star's position viewed
from Earth a different times of the
year farther Stars show left shift

32. So are we alone in the universe?
What do you
think?

33. No probably NOT