The document summarizes the key characteristics of five generations of computers from the first to fifth generation. The first generation used vacuum tubes and were large, unreliable, and required air conditioning. The second generation used transistors and were smaller, more reliable, and used less energy. The third generation used integrated circuits and were smaller, more portable, and had lower maintenance costs. The fourth generation used microprocessors and personal computers emerged. The fifth generation is still in development and aims to develop artificial intelligence capabilities.

1. 1st----5th Generations and it's
Advantages and Disadvantages

2. First Generation
• The first generation of computers is said by
some to have started in 1946 with ENIAC,
the first 'computer' to use electronic valves (ie.
vacuum tubes). Others would say it started in
May 1949 with the introduction of EDSAC,
the first stored program computer.

3. First Generation
• Advantages:
• That was the only electronic during those old days.
• Those computers were very fast to calculate.
• Vacuum tube technology made possible the advent of
electronic digital computers.
• Disadvantages:
• It is not really a reliable device.
• No portable
• It is required to be air conditioned.

4. In May 1949 with the introduction of EDSAC,
the first stored program computer.

5. Second Generation
• The transition from first generation to second
generation of computers was not abrupt.
There was all round development in
technology, designs and programming
languages. Diode and transistor technology
formed the basis of the electronic switches
and the switching time came down to around
0.3 microseconds.

6. Second Generation
• Advantages:
• Smaller in size compared to the first generation of
computer
• The second generations computers were more reliable.
• Used less energy and were not heated as much as the first
one.
• Wider commercial use.
• Better portability as compared to the first generation.
• Better speed and could calculate data in microseconds.
• Used faster peripherals.
• Used assembly language as well.
• Accuracy improved.

7. Second Generation
• Disadvantages
• Cooling system was required.
• Constant maintenance was require.
• Costly and not versatile.
• Commercial production was difficult.
• Only used for specific purposes.
• Punch cards were used for input.

9. Third Generation
• In this era, there were several innovations in various
fields of computer technology. These include Integrated
Circuits (ICs), Semiconductor Memories,
Microprogramming, various patterns of parallel
processing and introduction of Operating Systems and
time-sharing. In the Integrated Circuit, division there
was gradual progress. Firstly, there were small-scale
integration (SSI) circuits (having 10 devices per chip),
which evolved to medium scale integrated (MSI)
circuits (having 100 devices per chip). There were also
developments of multi-layered printed circuits.

10. Third Generation
• Advantages:
• Less energy
• Easily portable
• Maintenance cost is low because hardware
failures are rare.
• Disadvantages:
• There are a lot of cases required for air
conditioning.
• Highly sophisticated production was easier and
cheaper.

12. Fourth Generation
• After 1971 the fourth generation computers were built. The fourth
generation computers were the extension of third generation
technology. The fourth generation computers emerged with
development of the VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration).With the help of
VLSI technology microprocessor came into existence. The computers
were designed by using microprocessor, as thousands of integrated
circuits were built onto a single silicon chip. What in the
first generation filled an entire room could now fit in the palm of the
hand. The fourth generation computers became more powerful,
compact, reliable and affordable. As a result, they give rise to personal
computer (PC) revolution.
For the first time in 1981 IBM introduced its computer for the home
user and in 1984 Apple introduced Macintosh Microprocessor.

13. Fourth Generation
• Advantages:
• Less energy
• Easily portable
• Maintenance cost is low because hardware
failures are rare.
• Disadvantages:
• There are a lot of cases required for air
conditioning.
• Highly sophisticated production was easier and
cheaper.

15. Fifth Generation
• Fifth generation computers are in developmental
stage which is based on the artificial intelligence.
The goal of the fifth generation is to develop the
device which could respond to natural language
input and are capable of learning and self-
organization. Quantum computation and
molecular and nanotechnology will be used in this
technology. So we can say that the fifth
generation computers will have the power of
human intelligence.

16. Fifth Generation
• Advantages:
• It is more reliable and works faster.
• Available in different sizes with unique features.
• Disadvantages:
• The disadvantages of fifth generation computers have
yet to be agreed upon, but many feel that they are two
of its advantages: AI and the overall advanced
technology. The addition of AI worries many due to the
computers possibly becoming smart enough to replace
humans altogether, and many people are becoming
reliant on the advanced technology for tasks that they
can do without computers.