Innovazione didattica: collaborative learning
Materiale prodotto dai ragazzi della classe 3° indirizzo classico del Liceo Statale Vincenzo Monti.
A.s. 2016-2017, prof Gino
Innovazione didattica: collaborative learning
Materiale prodotto dai ragazzi della classe 3° indirizzo classico del Liceo Statale Vincenzo Monti.
A.s. 2016-2017, prof Gino
Slide Apparato del Golgi, a cura di Catalano Michele e Galli Valerio (Corso di istologia, L.M. in medicina e chirurgia - a.a. 2011-2012)
http://medmedicine.it
La cellula, unità basilare della vita organica, è un microcosmo completo .. tutto comincia da lì .. mantenere le nostre cellule (ne abbiamo circa 67 trilioni) in buona salute significa mantenerci sani.
Slide Apparato del Golgi, a cura di Catalano Michele e Galli Valerio (Corso di istologia, L.M. in medicina e chirurgia - a.a. 2011-2012)
http://medmedicine.it
La cellula, unità basilare della vita organica, è un microcosmo completo .. tutto comincia da lì .. mantenere le nostre cellule (ne abbiamo circa 67 trilioni) in buona salute significa mantenerci sani.
Proprietà biochimiche e strutturali delle
idrolasi acide, ceramide glicosidasi e
sfingomielinasi, il cui deficit funzionale è
alla base rispettivamente della malattia di Gaucher e di Niemann-Pick.
This document summarizes the results of a proteomics analysis using mass spectrometry and database searching to identify proteins in a sample. It lists 3 proteins identified - serotransferrin, keratin type 1, and serum albumin along with relevant identification details like protein score, mass, and number of peptide sequences matched. It also describes the methods used, including in-gel digestion, nLC-ESI MS/MS, and the Mascot search engine and scoring model. Finally, it defines the exponentially modified protein abundance index (emPAI) used for semi-quantitation and cites relevant references.
This document discusses bio-chips and DNA microarrays. It describes how DNA microarrays work by having thousands of probes attached to a surface to which cDNA from experimental and control samples can hybridize. The document outlines the steps of DNA microarray experiments including creating the array, extracting mRNA from samples, making cDNA, hybridizing the cDNA to the array, and scanning the array to assess gene expression differences between conditions. DNA microarrays allow analysis of expression levels of many genes in parallel.
Nanobiosensors are biosensors on the nano-scale that use biological recognition elements connected to nanoscale transducers. They can detect analytes using techniques like optical measurements, electrochemical methods, electrical sensors like field effect transistors, and nanowires. Nanobiosensors have applications in detecting DNA, proteins, cells, and more for uses in healthcare, environmental monitoring, and other areas due to their high sensitivity and selectivity at the nano-scale level.
The document discusses potential health and safety issues related to nanoparticles. It notes that nanoparticles may accumulate in the body since many are not biodegradable, and their health effects are not well understood. Nanoparticles can be hazardous if inhaled, ingested, or absorbed through skin contact. Inhalation of nanoparticles can cause lung inflammation and damage. Ingestion may lead to liver damage. Dermal exposure is also a concern since nanoparticles may penetrate skin. More research is needed to understand health impacts through different exposure routes and on organs like the liver and kidneys. Various studies and agencies are working to evaluate potential nanoparticle health risks.
This document discusses various modes of interaction between nanoparticles (NPs) and cells, including adhesion and cellular uptake via receptor-mediated or non-receptor mediated endocytosis. It describes specific endocytosis pathways like clathrin-mediated endocytosis, caveolae-mediated uptake, macropinocytosis, phagocytosis, and pinocytosis. Methods to determine the intracellular fate and trafficking of NPs are also outlined, such as using appropriate markers, electron microscopy, and fluorescence techniques. The challenges of transporting NPs across biological barriers like the blood-brain barrier are also addressed.
Nanobiosensors use biological elements on the nanoscale to detect target analytes. They incorporate a biological recognition element connected to a transducer that converts the biological interaction into an electrical or optical signal. Common recognition elements include antibodies, DNA, enzymes and whole cells. Transduction methods include electrical techniques like field effect transistors and electrochemical methods, as well as optical techniques like fluorescence and surface plasmon resonance. Nanowire and magnetic nanoparticle-based sensors are examples explored in the document. Potential applications include disease diagnosis, environmental monitoring and point-of-care testing.
Nanoparticle pharmacokinetics are influenced by chemical composition, structural diversity, surface modifications, particle size, and routes of exposure. Following exposure, nanoparticles can transport across barriers in the body and interact with proteins and cells, affecting their distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Factors like size, surface charge, and coating influence organ distribution, uptake by the mononuclear phagocyte system, and clearance from the body via the renal or hepatobiliary routes. Understanding these pharmacokinetic properties is important for developing nanoparticles for drug delivery and other medical applications.
Nanoparticle pharmacokinetics are influenced by chemical composition, structural diversity, surface modifications, particle size, and routes of exposure. Following exposure, nanoparticles can transport across barriers in the body and interact with proteins and cells, affecting their distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Factors like size, surface charge, and coating influence organ distribution, uptake by the mononuclear phagocyte system, and clearance from the body via the renal or hepatobiliary routes. Understanding these pharmacokinetic properties is important for developing nanoparticles for drug delivery and other medical applications.
This document discusses various modes of nanoparticle (NP) interaction with cells, including adhesion and cellular uptake via receptor-mediated endocytosis, caveolin-mediated endocytosis, clathrin-mediated endocytosis, and clathrin- and caveolin-independent pathways. It also describes methods to determine the intracellular fate of NPs, such as using markers to track localization in lysosomes or the cytoplasm over time, as well as techniques to distinguish intact from degraded NPs. The ideal properties for NPs to cross the blood-brain barrier and enter the brain are also discussed.
Bio-chips, also known as lab-on-a-chip devices, can provide portable, low-cost, and low-power platforms for integrating sensors and other components. DNA microarrays allow high-throughput screening by placing probes for thousands of genes on a single chip. mRNA is extracted from experimental and control samples, converted to fluorescent cDNA, and hybridized on the chip. The fluorescent intensities indicate gene expression levels. Protein microarrays similarly attach thousands of proteins to a chip and detect binding with probes to study protein interactions, expression levels, and functions.
Nanotechnology shows promise for improving cancer treatment. Nanoparticles can be engineered with unique optical and magnetic properties and conjugated with targeting ligands to selectively deliver anti-cancer drugs to tumors. The enhanced permeability and retention effect enables nanoparticles to passively accumulate in tumors due to their leaky vasculature and poor lymphatic drainage. This allows for higher drug concentrations in tumors and fewer side effects compared to conventional chemotherapy. However, challenges remain around overcoming drug resistance mechanisms and ensuring nanoparticles reach poorly vascularized tumor regions.
This document discusses surface modification of nanoparticles for biomedical applications. It describes various methods for modifying the nanoparticle surface, including conjugating ligands for cell targeting (e.g. antibodies, peptides, aptamers), encapsulating the nanoparticle core with lipids or polymers, and attaching targeting moieties via linkers like streptavidin-biotin. Common targets for surface ligands include receptors for VEGF, folate, transferrin and others. Aptamers and peptides are also discussed as targeting options.
2. Gli ormoni sono messaggeri chimici che trasmettono segnali
dalle cellule che li producono ad altre cellule (cellule
bersaglio) . Tali sostanze sono prodotte con il compito di
modulare il metabolismo e/o l'attività di tessuti ed organi
dell'organismo stesso
Praticamente tutti i processi cellulari sono controllati e
coordinati da uno o più ormoni. Es:
•Pressione sanguigna e bilancio elettrolitico
•Regolazione del metabolismo energetico
•Differenziamento sessuale, sviluppo e riproduzione
3. Segnali
neuronali
Gli ormoni sono secreti da
cellule che li producono e li
immettono nel flusso sanguigno
attraverso il quale raggiungono i
tessuti bersaglio che possono
essere distanti dal punto di
origine
Segnali endocrini
4. L’effetto degli ormoni sulle cellule bersaglio si realizza
mediante l’interazione con recettori specifici
Gli ormoni idrosolubili
si legano a recettori presenti
sulla membrana cellulare ed
esercitano il loro effetto
prevalentemente sull’attività
metabolica attraverso un
secondo messaggero
Gli ormoni liposolubili
si legano a recettori
intracellulari ed esercitano il
loro effetto prevalentemente
sulla trascrizione di alcuni
geni
5. Ormoni idrosolubili
si legano a recettori presenti sulla membrana cellulare
ORMONI PEPTIDICI ORMONI NON
PEPTIDICI
•Insulina (Cellule β del pancreas)
•Adrenalina e
•Glucagone (Cellule α del pancreas)
noradrenalina
•Ormone paratiroideo (Paratiroidi) (Midollare del
surrene)
•Prolattina (Adenoipofisi)
•Ormoni tiroidei
•Ossitocina (Ipotalamo)
(Tiroide)
•Vasopressina (Ipotalamo)
•Ormone somatotropo (Adenoipofisi)
8. ORMONI LIPOSOLUBILI
attraversano la membrana cellulare e si legano a
recettori presenti nel citoplasma o nel nucleo
Corteccia surrenale Ovaio e testicoli
•Cortisolo •Androgeni
•Aldosterone •Estrogeni
•Corticosterone
