1clssification of amino acids
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1) Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. They contain an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a side chain that differs between each amino acid. 2) Amino acids can be classified based on their chemical nature, structure, polarity, and metabolic fate. Some key classifications include neutral, acidic, and basic amino acids based on charge; and polar and nonpolar amino acids based on their ability to form hydrogen bonds with water. 3) There are 20 standard amino acids that make up proteins. Two additional amino acids, selenocysteine and pyrrolysine, are also found in some human proteins. Essential amino acids cannot be synthesized by the human body and must be
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1clssification of amino acids
- 1. 1
- 2. Dipeptide Tripeptide Oligopeptide Polypetide PROTEIN 2 Amino acids
- 3. Each amino acid has a carboxyl group , A primary amino group And a distinctive side chain (R-Group) Bounded to the alpha carbon atom COOH NH2 R C H 3
- 5. AA differ from each other in their side chains or (R- groups),which vary in structure, size, and electric charges and therefore influence the solubility of amino acid in water Therefore its convenient to classify them according to these properties 5
- 6. BASED ON CHEMICAL NATURE BASED ON STRUCTURE BASED ON POLARITY NUTRITIONAL BASIS METABOLIC FATE 6
- 7. Chemical nature of AA in solution Neutral Acidic Basic 7
- 8. According to number of COOH and NH2 groups i.e. according to net charge on amino acid. A- Monoamino, monocarboxylic amino acids i.e. neutral or uncharged: R Aliphatic AA Hydroxy AA Sulphur cont AA Aromatic AA Heterocyclic AA 8
- 9. Aliphatic amino acids Simple amino acids Branched chain amino acids 9
- 14. They have two carboxylic groups and one NH2 groups Their amides NEUTRAL AMINO ACIDS 14
- 15. Contain two or more NH2 groups or nitrogen atoms that act as base . 15
- 16. Contain two or more NH2 groups or nitrogen atoms that act as base i.e. can bind proton. At physiological pH, basic amino acids will be positively charged. 16
- 17. Based on polarity Polar (hydrophilic) uncharged charged acidic basic Non polar 9 amino acids 17
- 18. in which R contains polar hydrophilic group so can forms hydrogen bond with H2O. In those amino acids, R may contain: 1- OH group : as in serine, threonine and tyrosine A- Polar amino acids: in which R contains polar hydrophilic group so can form hydrogen bond with H2O. In those amino acids, R may contain: I. OH group : as in serine, threonine and tyrosine II. SH group : as in cysteine III. amide group: as in glutamine and aspargine IV. NH2 group or nitrogen act as a base (basic amino acids ): as lysine, arginine and histidine V. COOH group ( acidic amino acids): as aspartic and glutamic . 18
- 19. in which R contains polar hydrophilic group so can forms hydrogen bond with H2O. In those amino acids, R may contain: 1- OH group : as in serine, threonine and tyrosine B- Non polar amino acids: R is alkyl hydrophobic group which can’t enter in hydrogen bond formation. 9 amino acids are non polar ( glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, phenyl alanine, tryptophan, proline and methionine) 19
- 20. 20
- 21. ESSENTIALAA:Not synthesized in the body supplemented along with the diet METHIONINE THREONINE TRYPTOPHAN VALINE ISOLEUCINE LEUCINE PHENYLALANINE LYSINE ME T T V IL L Ph Ly 21
- 22. SEMIESSENTIAL :Not synthesised in sufficient quantity, required in active growth NONESSENTIAL:Produced from endogenous metabolites 22 ARGININE HISTIDINE GLYCINE ,PROLINE SERINE ,GLUTAMIC ACID , GLUTAMINE, ALANINIE ,TYROSINE, CYSTEINE, ASPARTIC ACID, ASPARAGINE
- 23. GLUCOGENIC KETOGENIC BOTH GLYCINE ALANINIE VALINE SERINE THREONINE CYSTEINE Cystine METHIONINE ASPARTIC ACID GLUTAMIC ACID HISTIDINE ARGININE PROLINE, Hydroxy proline LEUCINE TYROSINE TRYPTOPHAN PHENYLALANINE ISOLEUCINE LYSINE 23
- 24. The 20 amino acids of protein are often referred to as the standard or primary or normal amino acids Of the 20 amino acids proline is an imino acid (-NH) not an amino acid(-NH2) and hence differ from other amino acids There has been new addition of selenocystein as 21st aa present in human proteins and pyrolysine as the 22nd 24
- 25. Amino acids present in free form but not found in protein structure Non protein alpha amino acids 1. Ornithine 2. Citruline 3. S-adenosyl methionine 4. Homocysteine 5. Homoserine 6. Histamine 7. N-methylsine 8. DOPA-dihydroxyphenylalanine 25
- 26. Non protein non alpha amino acids 1. Beta-alanine: (pantothenic acid and coenzymeA) 2. GABA 3. Dopamine 4. Gaba pentin 5. Beta amino isobutyric acid 6. δ- amino levulinic acid 26 neurotransmitters Analog of GABA