Modal 04: Hydraulic Turbines (Question Number 7 a - 7 b & 8a - 8b)
i. Definition
ii. Classification of Hydraulic Turbines
iii. Various efficiencies of Hydraulic Turbines and Various types of Head
iv. Pelton Wheel â Principle of working,
Velocity triangles,
Maximum efficiency
Design parameters,
Numerical problems.
v. Francis turbine â Principle of working
Velocity triangles
Design parameters
Numerical problems
vi. Kaplan and Propeller turbines - Principle of working
Velocity triangles
Design parameters
Numerical Problems.
vii. Theory and types of Draft tubes.
Module 02: Energy exchange in Turbo machines
Modal 02: Question Number 3 a & 3 b
i. Basic Introduction
ii. Eulerâs turbine equation
iii. Alternate form of Eulerâs turbine equation
iv. Components of energy transfer
v. Degree of Reaction
vi. Velocity triangles for different values of degree of reaction
vii. Utilization factor
viii. Relation between degree of reaction and Utilization factor
ix. List of Formulas
x. Previous Year Question papers
i. Introduction:
ii. Definition of Turbo machine,
iii. Parts of Turbo machines,
iv. Comparison with positive displacement machines,
v. Classification of Turbo machine,
vi. Dimensionless parameters and their significance,
vii. Unit and specific quantities,
viii. Model studies and its numerical.
(Note: Since dimensional analysis is covered in Fluid Mechanics subject, questions on dimensional analysis may not be given. However, dimensional parameters and model studies may be given more weightage.)
Simple Numerical; on Model Analysis.
previous year question papers solved
Unit Quantities of Turbine | Fluid MechanicsSatish Taji
Â
Watch Video of this presentation on Link: https://youtu.be/IivrXtRBuF0
For notes/articles, Visit my blog (link is given below).
For Video, Visit our YouTube Channel (link is given below).
Any Suggestions/doubts/reactions, please leave in the comment box.
Follow Us on
YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCVPftVoKZoIxVH_gh09bMkw/
Blog: https://e-gyaankosh.blogspot.com/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/egyaankosh/
Module 02: Energy exchange in Turbo machines
Modal 02: Question Number 3 a & 3 b
i. Basic Introduction
ii. Eulerâs turbine equation
iii. Alternate form of Eulerâs turbine equation
iv. Components of energy transfer
v. Degree of Reaction
vi. Velocity triangles for different values of degree of reaction
vii. Utilization factor
viii. Relation between degree of reaction and Utilization factor
ix. List of Formulas
x. Previous Year Question papers
i. Introduction:
ii. Definition of Turbo machine,
iii. Parts of Turbo machines,
iv. Comparison with positive displacement machines,
v. Classification of Turbo machine,
vi. Dimensionless parameters and their significance,
vii. Unit and specific quantities,
viii. Model studies and its numerical.
(Note: Since dimensional analysis is covered in Fluid Mechanics subject, questions on dimensional analysis may not be given. However, dimensional parameters and model studies may be given more weightage.)
Simple Numerical; on Model Analysis.
previous year question papers solved
Unit Quantities of Turbine | Fluid MechanicsSatish Taji
Â
Watch Video of this presentation on Link: https://youtu.be/IivrXtRBuF0
For notes/articles, Visit my blog (link is given below).
For Video, Visit our YouTube Channel (link is given below).
Any Suggestions/doubts/reactions, please leave in the comment box.
Follow Us on
YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCVPftVoKZoIxVH_gh09bMkw/
Blog: https://e-gyaankosh.blogspot.com/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/egyaankosh/
18 me54 turbo machines module 03 question no 6a & 6bTHANMAY JS
Â
Modal 03: Question Number 5 a & 5 b
i. Reaction Turbine (Parsonsâs turbine)
ii. Degree of Reaction for Parsonsâs turbine
iii. Condition for maximum utilization factor,
iv. Reaction staging.
v. Numerical Problems.
Previous Year Question papers
Modal 02: Question Number 4 a & 4 b General Analysis of Turbo machines
i. Radial flow compressors and pumps â general analysis,
ii. Effect of blade discharge angle on energy transfer
iii. Expression for degree of reaction,
iv. Effect of blade discharge angle on degree of reaction,
v. Effect of blade discharge angle on performance,
vi. General analysis of axial flow pumps and compressors,
vii. Expression for degree of reaction and Utilization factor in Axial Flow Turbine
viii. Derivation of General Equations
Previous Year Question papers
Specific Speed of Turbine | Fluid MechanicsSatish Taji
Â
Watch Video of this presentation on Link: https://youtu.be/I0fHo0z6EgA
For notes/articles, Visit my blog (link is given below).
For Video, Visit our YouTube Channel (link is given below).
Any Suggestions/doubts/reactions, please leave in the comment box.
Follow Us on
YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCVPftVoKZoIxVH_gh09bMkw/
Blog: https://e-gyaankosh.blogspot.com/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/egyaankosh/
Unit 5- balancing of reciprocating masses, Dynamics of machines of VTU Syllabus prepared by Hareesha N Gowda, Asst. Prof, Dayananda Sagar College of Engg, Blore. Please write to hareeshang@gmail.com for suggestions and criticisms.
Governing of the Turbine | Fluid MechanicsSatish Taji
Â
Watch Video of this presentation on Link: https://youtu.be/LmJtNo-zgjo
For notes/articles, Visit my blog (link is given below).
For Video, Visit our YouTube Channel (link is given below).
Any Suggestions/doubts/reactions, please leave in the comment box.
Follow Us on
YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCVPftVoKZoIxVH_gh09bMkw/
Blog: https://e-gyaankosh.blogspot.com/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/egyaankosh/
Modal 05: Question Number 9 a & 9 b
Centrifugal Pumps:
i. Classification and parts of centrifugal pump,
ii. Different heads of centrifugal pump
iii. Different efficiencies of centrifugal pump,
iv. Theoretical head â capacity relationship,
v. Minimum speed for starting the flow,
vi. Maximum suction lift,
vii. Net positive suction head,
viii. Cavitation,
ix. Need for priming,
x. Pumps in series and parallel. Problems.
Previous Year Question papers
18 me54 turbo machines module 03 question no 6a & 6bTHANMAY JS
Â
Modal 03: Question Number 5 a & 5 b
i. Reaction Turbine (Parsonsâs turbine)
ii. Degree of Reaction for Parsonsâs turbine
iii. Condition for maximum utilization factor,
iv. Reaction staging.
v. Numerical Problems.
Previous Year Question papers
Modal 02: Question Number 4 a & 4 b General Analysis of Turbo machines
i. Radial flow compressors and pumps â general analysis,
ii. Effect of blade discharge angle on energy transfer
iii. Expression for degree of reaction,
iv. Effect of blade discharge angle on degree of reaction,
v. Effect of blade discharge angle on performance,
vi. General analysis of axial flow pumps and compressors,
vii. Expression for degree of reaction and Utilization factor in Axial Flow Turbine
viii. Derivation of General Equations
Previous Year Question papers
Specific Speed of Turbine | Fluid MechanicsSatish Taji
Â
Watch Video of this presentation on Link: https://youtu.be/I0fHo0z6EgA
For notes/articles, Visit my blog (link is given below).
For Video, Visit our YouTube Channel (link is given below).
Any Suggestions/doubts/reactions, please leave in the comment box.
Follow Us on
YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCVPftVoKZoIxVH_gh09bMkw/
Blog: https://e-gyaankosh.blogspot.com/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/egyaankosh/
Unit 5- balancing of reciprocating masses, Dynamics of machines of VTU Syllabus prepared by Hareesha N Gowda, Asst. Prof, Dayananda Sagar College of Engg, Blore. Please write to hareeshang@gmail.com for suggestions and criticisms.
Governing of the Turbine | Fluid MechanicsSatish Taji
Â
Watch Video of this presentation on Link: https://youtu.be/LmJtNo-zgjo
For notes/articles, Visit my blog (link is given below).
For Video, Visit our YouTube Channel (link is given below).
Any Suggestions/doubts/reactions, please leave in the comment box.
Follow Us on
YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCVPftVoKZoIxVH_gh09bMkw/
Blog: https://e-gyaankosh.blogspot.com/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/egyaankosh/
Modal 05: Question Number 9 a & 9 b
Centrifugal Pumps:
i. Classification and parts of centrifugal pump,
ii. Different heads of centrifugal pump
iii. Different efficiencies of centrifugal pump,
iv. Theoretical head â capacity relationship,
v. Minimum speed for starting the flow,
vi. Maximum suction lift,
vii. Net positive suction head,
viii. Cavitation,
ix. Need for priming,
x. Pumps in series and parallel. Problems.
Previous Year Question papers
Design and Analysis of Low Head, Light weight Kaplan Turbine BladeIRJESJOURNAL
Â
ABSTRACT:- The project deals with the development of the design of low head light weight Kaplan turbine blade. To enhance it's hydrodynamic efficiency by reducing weight, shape alterations, blade angle with combination of materials Aluminium alloy, Structural steel, Titanium alloy Stainless steel. The 3D model of blade is developed using software Solid Works and Analysis of blade is done on Ansys14..
Design, Modeling & Analysis of Pelton Wheel Turbine BladeIJSRD
Â
A Pelton-wheel impulse turbine is a hydro mechanical energy conversion device which converts gravitational energy of elevated water into mechanical work. This mechanical work is converted into electrical energy by means of running an electrical generator. The Pelton turbine was performed in high head and low water flow, in establishment of micro-hydroelectric power plant, due to its simple construction and ease of manufacturing. To obtain a Pelton hydraulic turbine with maximum efficiency during various operating conditions, the turbine parameters must be included in the design procedure. Here all design parameters were calculated at maximum efficiency by using MATLAB SOFTWARE. These parameters included turbine power, turbine torque, runner diameter, runner length, runner speed, bucket dimensions, number of buckets, nozzle dimension and turbine specific speed. The main focus was to design a Pelton Turbine bucket and check its suitability for the the pelton turbine. The literature on Pelton turbine design available is scarce; this work exposes the theoretical and experimental aspects in the design and analysis of a Pelton wheel bucket, and hence the designing of Pelton wheel bucket using the standard rules. The bucket is designed for maximum efficiency. The bucket modelling and analysis was done by using SOLIDWORKS 2015. The material used in the manufacture of pelton wheel buckets is studied in detail and these properties are used for analysis. The bucket geometry is analysed by considering the force and also by considering the pressure exerted on different points of the bucket. The bucket was analysed for the static case and the results of Vonmises stress, Static displacement and Factor of safety are obtained.
Similar to 18 me54 turbo machines module 04 question no 7a 7b &and 8a - 8b (20)
Fundamentals of Automation Technology 20EE43P Portfolio.pdfTHANMAY JS
Â
Course Outcome:
CO01 Select a suitable sensor and actuator for a given automation application and demonstrate its use.
CO02 Install, test & control the pneumatic actuators using various pneumatic valves.
CO03 Develop ladder diagrams for a given application and explain its implementation using PLC.
CO04 Describe the concept of SCADA and DCS systems and list their various applications
Fundamentals of Computer 20CS11T Chapter 5.pdfTHANMAY JS
Â
Chapter 05: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER PROGRAMMING
5.1 Basics of programming
⢠Algorithms and Flowcharts
⢠Basics
⢠Decision making
⢠Iterative
(With sufficient examples)
5.2 Programming Languages
⢠Generation of languages
⢠General concepts of variables and constants
Fundamentals of Computer 20CS11T Chapter 4.pdfTHANMAY JS
Â
Chapter 04: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER ORGANIZATION & OPERATING SYSTEM
4.1 Introduction
⢠Overview of functional units of a computer
⢠Stored Program Concept
⢠Flynn's Classification of Computers
4.2 Memory Hierarchy
⢠Main memory
⢠Auxiliary memory
⢠Cache memory
4.3 Introduction to BIOS and UEFI
4.4 OS Concepts
⢠Overview
⢠Types (Batch Operating System, Multitasking/Time Sharing OS, Multiprocessing OS, Real Time OS, Distributed OS, Network OS, Mobile OS)
⢠Services
1.1 Introduction to number system.
⢠Decimal ⢠Binary ⢠Octal ⢠Hexadecimal ⢠Characteristics of each number system
1.2 Conversion from one number system to other
1.3 Complements of number systems and arithmetic operations
1.4 Computer codes (BCD, EBCDIC, ASCII Code, Gray code, Excess-3 code and Unicode)
1.5 Logic gates
1.6 Boolean algebra (rules, laws, De-Morgan Theorem, Boolean expressions and simplifications)
Solved Question Papers
Elements of Industrial Automation Week 09 Notes.pdfTHANMAY JS
Â
Select a suitable Sensor / Switch for a given Process Variable and activate
⢠Selection of Sensor/Transducer â 10 Marks
⢠Activation and Result â20Marks
OR
Select a suitable motor for the given case and energize
⢠Selection of the Motor â 10 Marks
⢠Energize and Result â 20 Marks
Device and Simulate a ladder diagram for the given Case Study
⢠Writing Ladder Program â30 Marks
⢠Simulate and Troubleshoot â20 Marks
Elements of Industrial Automation Week 08 Notes.pdfTHANMAY JS
Â
Select a suitable Sensor / Switch for a given Process Variable and activate
⢠Selection of Sensor/Transducer â 10 Marks
⢠Activation and Result â20Marks
OR
Select a suitable motor for the given case and energize
⢠Selection of the Motor â 10 Marks
⢠Energize and Result â 20 Marks
Device and Simulate a ladder diagram for the given Case Study
⢠Writing Ladder Program â30 Marks
⢠Simulate and Troubleshoot â20 Marks
Elements of Industrial Automation Week 07 Notes.pdfTHANMAY JS
Â
Select a suitable Sensor / Switch for a given Process Variable and activate
⢠Selection of Sensor/Transducer â 10 Marks
⢠Activation and Result â20Marks
OR
Select a suitable motor for the given case and energize
⢠Selection of the Motor â 10 Marks
⢠Energize and Result â 20 Marks
Device and Simulate a ladder diagram for the given Case Study
⢠Writing Ladder Program â30 Marks
⢠Simulate and Troubleshoot â20 Marks
Elements of Industrial Automation Week 06 Notes.pdfTHANMAY JS
Â
Select a suitable Sensor / Switch for a given Process Variable and activate
⢠Selection of Sensor/Transducer â 10 Marks
⢠Activation and Result â20Marks
OR
Select a suitable motor for the given case and energize
⢠Selection of the Motor â 10 Marks
⢠Energize and Result â 20 Marks
Device and Simulate a ladder diagram for the given Case Study
⢠Writing Ladder Program â30 Marks
⢠Simulate and Troubleshoot â20 Marks
Elements of Industrial Automation Week 05 Notes.pdfTHANMAY JS
Â
Select a suitable Sensor / Switch for a given Process Variable and activate
⢠Selection of Sensor/Transducer â 10 Marks
⢠Activation and Result â20Marks
OR
Select a suitable motor for the given case and energize
⢠Selection of the Motor â 10 Marks
⢠Energize and Result â 20 Marks
Device and Simulate a ladder diagram for the given Case Study
⢠Writing Ladder Program â30 Marks
⢠Simulate and Troubleshoot â20 Marks
Elements of Industrial Automation Week 04 Notes.pdfTHANMAY JS
Â
Select a suitable Sensor / Switch for a given Process Variable and activate
⢠Selection of Sensor/Transducer â 10 Marks
⢠Activation and Result â20Marks
OR
Select a suitable motor for the given case and energize
⢠Selection of the Motor â 10 Marks
⢠Energize and Result â 20 Marks
Device and Simulate a ladder diagram for the given Case Study
⢠Writing Ladder Program â30 Marks
⢠Simulate and Troubleshoot â20 Marks
Elements of Industrial Automation Week 03 Notes.pdfTHANMAY JS
Â
Select a suitable Sensor / Switch for a given Process Variable and activate
⢠Selection of Sensor/Transducer â 10 Marks
⢠Activation and Result â20Marks
OR
Select a suitable motor for the given case and energize
⢠Selection of the Motor â 10 Marks
⢠Energize and Result â 20 Marks
Device and Simulate a ladder diagram for the given Case Study
⢠Writing Ladder Program â30 Marks
⢠Simulate and Troubleshoot â20 Marks
Elements of Industrial Automation Week 02 Notes.pdfTHANMAY JS
Â
Select a suitable Sensor / Switch for a given Process Variable and activate
⢠Selection of Sensor/Transducer â 10 Marks
⢠Activation and Result â20Marks
OR
Select a suitable motor for the given case and energize
⢠Selection of the Motor â 10 Marks
⢠Energize and Result â 20 Marks
Device and Simulate a ladder diagram for the given Case Study
⢠Writing Ladder Program â30 Marks
⢠Simulate and Troubleshoot â20 Marks
Elements of Industrial Automation Week 01 Notes.pdfTHANMAY JS
Â
Select a suitable Sensor / Switch for a given Process Variable and activate
⢠Selection of Sensor/Transducer â 10 Marks
⢠Activation and Result â20Marks
OR
Select a suitable motor for the given case and energize
⢠Selection of the Motor â 10 Marks
⢠Energize and Result â 20 Marks
Device and Simulate a ladder diagram for the given Case Study
⢠Writing Ladder Program â30 Marks
⢠Simulate and Troubleshoot â20 Marks
Automation and Robotics Week 08 Theory Notes 20ME51I.pdfTHANMAY JS
Â
Day 01 Session:
Concepts of Industrial Robots, Applications of Robotics, Types of robots,
Configurations of robots â Articulated Robot, Polar configuration, SCARA,
Cartesian Co-ordinate Robot, Delta Robot, Key Components of Robot.
Day 02 Session:
Wrist configuration, Work Volume Degree of Freedom- Forward and Back, Up and Down, Left and Right,
Pitch, Yaw, Roll, Joint Notation & Type of joints in robot- Linear Joint (L Joint), Orthogonal Joint (O Joint),
Rotational Joint (R Joint), Twisting Joint (T Joint), Revolving Joint (V Joint)
End Effectors- Grippers, Tools, Types of grippers, Factors to be considered for Selecting a Gripper,
Robotic Drives- Electric Drive, Pneumatic Drive, Hydraulic Drive
Day 03 Session:
Robot Control systems-
⢠Point- to Point control Systems
⢠Continuous Path Control
⢠Intelligent control
⢠Controller Components
⢠System Control
Robotic Coordinate system using a robot
⢠Joint co-ordinate system
⢠Rectangular co-ordinate system
⢠User or object coordinate system
⢠Tool coordinate system.
Steps to define user co-ordinate system.
⢠Defining X, Y, Z co-ordinate system
⢠Verifying co-ordinate system by multiple motion movements.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
Â
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
Â
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasnât one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Â
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
Â
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
Â
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesarâs dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empireâs birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empireâs society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as âdistorted thinkingâ.
Operation âBlue Starâ is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
1. Asst Proff Mr THANMAY J S, Department of Mechanical Engineering VVIET Mysore Page 1
Turbo Machines
18ME54
Course Coordinator
Mr. THANMAY J. S
Assistant Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
VVIET Mysore
Module 04: Hydraulic Turbines
Course Learning Objectives
Study the various designs of hydraulic turbine based on the working principle.
Course Outcomes
Classify, analyze and understand various type of hydraulic turbine.
2. Asst Proff Mr THANMAY J S, Department of Mechanical Engineering VVIET Mysore Page 2
Contents
Modal 04: Hydraulic Turbines (Question Number 7 a - 7 b & 8a - 8b)
i. Definition
ii. Classification of Hydraulic Turbines
iii. Various efficiencies of Hydraulic Turbines and Various types of Head
iv. Pelton Wheel â Principle of working,
Velocity triangles,
Maximum efficiency
Design parameters,
Numerical problems.
v. Francis turbine â Principle of working
Velocity triangles
Design parameters
Numerical problems
vi. Kaplan and Propeller turbines - Principle of working
Velocity triangles
Design parameters
Numerical Problems.
vii. Theory and types of Draft tubes.
3. Asst Proff Mr THANMAY J S, Department of Mechanical Engineering VVIET Mysore Page 3
Hydraulic Turbines
i. Definition
a) Hydraulic turbine is a turbomachine which converts Hydraulic energy into mechanical
energy by dynamic action of water flowing from a high level.
b) Hydraulic turbines are the machines which convert the hydraulic energy in to
mechanical energy.
c) The energy source which does not depend on thermal energy input to produce
mechanical output is hydraulic energy.
d) Hydraulic turbines are the machines which convert the hydraulic energy in to
mechanical energy.
ii. Classification of Hydraulic Turbines
1. Based on the action of water on blades or the energy available at the turbine inlet,
Impulse turbine: In this type of turbine the energy of the fluid entering the rotor is in the form
of kinetic energy of jets. Example: Pelton turbine.
Reaction turbine: In this turbine the energy of the fluid entering the rotor is in the form of
kinetic energy of jets and pressure energy of turbine. Example: Francis turbine and Kaplan
turbine.
2. Based on the direction of fluid flow through the runner
Tangential flow turbine: In this type of turbine water strikes the runner along the tangential
direction, these turbines are also known as peripheral flow turbines. Example: Pelton turbine.
Radial flow turbine: In this type of turbine water flow through the runner along the radial
direction. Example: Francis turbine.
Axial flow turbine: In this type of turbine water flow through the runner along the axial
direction. Example: Kaplan turbine.
Mixed flow turbine: In this type of turbine water enters the runner radially and leaves the
runner axially. Example: Francis turbine.
3. Based on specific speed of runner
Low specific speed turbines: Such turbines have usually high head in the range of 200 m to
1700 m and these machines require low discharge. These turbines have specific speed in the
range of 10 to 30 for single jet and 30 to 50 for double jet. Example: Pelton turbine
Medium specific speed turbines: Such turbines have usually medium head in the range of 50
m to 200 m and these machines require medium discharge. These turbines have specific speed
in the range of 60 to 400. Example: Francis turbine.
High specific speed turbines: Such turbines have usually very low head in the range of 2.5 m
to 50 m and these machines require high discharge. These turbines have specific speed in the
range of 300 to 1000. Example: Kaplan turbine.
4. Asst Proff Mr THANMAY J S, Department of Mechanical Engineering VVIET Mysore Page 4
iii. Various efficiencies of Hydraulic Turbines
Efficiencies of a turbine
There are following important efficiencies that we will discuss here in this post.
1) Hydraulic Efficiency (ðŒð)
It is defined as the ratio of power developed by the runner to the power supplied by the jet at
entrance to the turbine. (ððð¡ð ð =
ð€
ð
)
(ðŒð) =
ððð€ðð ððð£ðððððð ððŠ ðð¢ðððð
ððð€ðð ð ð¢ðððððð ðð¡ ð¡âð ððððð¡ ðð ð¡ð¢ððððð
=
ð ðð(ðð¢1±ðð¢2)ð
ð€ððð»
=
(ðð¢1±ðð¢2)ð
ðð»
=
ð¯ð
ð¯
ð€âððð ð»ð =
1
ð
(ðð¢1 ± ðð¢2)ð Represents the energy transfer per unit weight of water and is
referred to as the ârunner headâ or âEuler headâ
2) Mechanical Efficiency (ðŒð)
It is defined as the ratio of the power obtained from the shaft of the turbine to the power
developed by the runner. These two powers differ by the amount of mechanical losses, viz.,
bearing friction, etc. Mechanical efficiency will be indicated by(ðŒð).
ðððâðððððð ððððððððððŠ (ðŒð) =
ððð€ðð ðð£ððððððð ðð¡ ð¡âð ð âððð¡ ðð ð¡âð ð¡ð¢ððððð
ððð€ðð ððððð£ðððð ð¡ð ð¡âð ðð¢ðððð ðð ð¡âð ð¡ð¢ððððð
ðððâðððððð ððððððððððŠ (ðŒð) =
ð
ð ðð
(ðð¢1±ðð¢2)ð
ð
=
ð·
ð ðžðð¯ð
3) Volumetric Efficiency (ðŒð)
The volumetric efficiency is the ratio of the volume of water actually striking the runner to the
volume of water supplied by the jet to the turbine.Volumetric efficiency will be indicated
by(ðŒð).
ðððð¢ððð¡ððð ððððððððððŠ (ðŒð) =
ðððð¢ðð ðð ð¡âð ð€ðð¡ðð ððð¡ð¢ððððŠ ð ð¡ðððððð ð¡âð ðð¢ðððð
ðððð¢ðð ðð ð€ðð¡ðð ð ð¢ðððððð ð¡ð ð¡âð ð¡ð¢ððððð
=
ðžð
ðž
4) Overall Efficiency (ðŒð)
It is defined as the ratio of power available at the turbine shaft to the power supplied by the
water jet. Overall efficiency will be indicated by(ðŒð).
ðð£ððððð ððððððððððŠ, (ðŒð) =
ððð€ðð ðð£ððððððð ðð¡ ð¡âð ð¡ð¢ððððð ð âððð¡
ððð€ðð ð ð¢ðððððð ððŠ ð¡âð ð€ðð¡ðð ðœðð¡
=
ð·
ð ðž ð¯
The values of overall efficiency for a Pelton wheel lie between 0.85 ~ 0.90. The individual
efficiencies may be combined to give
ðð£ððððð ððððððððððŠ, (ðŒð) = ðŒð à ðŒð à ðŒðœ =
ð»ð
ð»
Ã
ð
ð ððð»ð
Ã
ðð
ð
=
ð
ð€ ð ð»
5. Asst Proff Mr THANMAY J S, Department of Mechanical Engineering VVIET Mysore Page 5
Various types of Head
Gross Head
Gross head is basically defined as the difference between
the head race level and tail race level when water is not
flowing. Gross head will be indicated by Hg as displayed
here in following figure.
Net Head
Net head is basically defined as the head available at the inlet of the turbine. Net head is also
simply called as effective head.
When water will flow from head race to the turbine, there will be some losses of head due to
friction between water and penstock. There will also be other losses of head such as loss of
head due to bend, fitting, at entrance of penstock etc. We must note it here that these losses
will be very less and could be neglected when we compare with head loss due to friction.
Net head available at the inlet of turbine could be written as mentioned here.
ðµðð ðððð , ð¯ = ð®ðððð ðððð (ð¯ð)â ðððð ðððð ð ðð ðð ðððððððð (ðð)
ðð =
ððð³ðœð
ð
ððð«ð·
ððððð (ð) = ð·ððððððð
iv. Pelton Wheel
Pelton wheel turbine is an impulse turbine, Tangential flow turbine and Low specific speed
Turbine.
Pelton wheel turbine is an impulse turbine working under high head and low discharge. In this
turbine water carried from the penstock enters the nozzle emerging out in the form of high
velocity water jet. The potential energy of water in the penstock is converted in to kinetic
energy by nozzle which is used to run the turbine runner.
Principle of working,
Water flows through these nozzles as a high speed jet striking the vanes or buckets attached to
the periphery of the runner. The runner rotates and supplies mechanical work to the shaft. Water
is discharged at the tail race after doing work on the runner. In a Pelton wheel the jet of water
strikes the bucket and gets deflected by the splitter into two parts, this negates the axial thrust
on the shaft.
6. Asst Proff Mr THANMAY J S, Department of Mechanical Engineering VVIET Mysore Page 6
ï· In this type of turbine, the potential and the pressure energy of water is converted to kinetic
energy. A nozzle is used which increases the velocity of water and hence increases the
kinetic energy.
ï· Pelton wheel is a tangential flow turbine means the water jet will strikes the blade of the
turbine tangentially.
ï· It is a high head turbine means this turbine is used only in the condition where water is
available at a high head.
ï· The turbine whose head is very high has very low specific heat. So the turbine is also called
low specific heat turbine. It is also a low discharge turbine.
Construction or Components of Pelton Wheel Turbine:
1. Penstock:
It is a channel or pipeline which controls the flow of water or it also acts as directing medium
for the fluid flow.
2. Nozzle and Spear:
Nozzle: The nozzle is used to increase the kinetic energy of
water which is used to strike the buckets attached to the runner.
Spear: Spear is used to control the quantity of water striking
the buckets. It is a conical needle installed inside the nozzle to
regulate the water flow that is going to strike on the buckets or
vanes of the runner. It is operated by a hand wheel.
The rate of water flow increases and decreases when the spear is moved in a backward direction
and forward direction respectively and that can be handled by means of a hand wheel.
3. Runner and buckets:
The rotating part of the turbine is a runner which is a circular disc and
on the periphery of which a number of buckets are evenly spaced. The
buckets are made of two hemispherical cups joined together. The
splitter acts as a wall joining two hemispherical cups which can splits
the water into two equal parts (i.e. On to the hemispherical cups.) deflected through an angle
of 160 degrees to 170 degrees. The buckets of the Pelton turbine are made up of cast iron, cast
steel bronze or stainless steel.
4. Casing:
The case (outer cover) in which turbine is placed so that water cannot splash outside
(surroundings) called casing.
5. Braking Jet:
To stop the runner in the shortest period of time, a small nozzle is provided which directs a jet
of water at the back of the vanes and that stops the runner of the turbine called as breaking jet.
12. Asst Proff Mr THANMAY J S, Department of Mechanical Engineering VVIET Mysore Page 12
Special Problem
A Pelton wheel is running at a speed of 200 rpm and develops 5200kW of power when
working under a head of 220m with an overall efficiency of 80%. Determine its unit speed,
unit discharge, unit power and specific speed.
ð· = ðððð ððŸ, ð¯ = ððð ð, ðµ = ððð ððð, ððš = ð. ð,
(ððš) =
ð
ðð ð ð
â« ðž =
ð·
(ððš)ðð ð
=
ðððð Ã ðððð
(ð.ðð)ðððð Ã ð.ðð Ã ððð
= ð. ððð ðð
/ð
unit speed unit discharge unit power
ðð¢ =
ð1
âð»1
ðð¢ =
ð1
âð»1
ðð¢ =
ð1
ð»1
3
2
ðð¢ =
200
â220
= 13.48 ðð¢ =
3.011
â220
= 0.2030 ðð¢ =
5200
220
3
2
= 1.59
ðµð =
ðµâð·
ð¯
ð
ð
=
ðððâðððð
ððð
ð
ð
= ðð.ðð
Example Problem
A Pelton wheel has a water supply rate of ð ðð
ð
â at a head of 256m and runs at 500rpm. Assuming
a turbine efficiency of 0.85, a coefficient of velocity for nozzle as 0.985, speed ratio of 0.46, calculate
(a) the power output, (b) the specific speed.
ðž = ð ðð
ð
â , ð¯ = ðððð, ðµ = ðððððð, ððš = ð. ðð, ðªð = ð. ððð, ð = ð. ðð, ð· =? , ðµð =?
(ððš) =
ð
ðð ð ð
â« ð = ðð ð ð(ððš) = ðððð à ð. ðð à ð à ððð à ð.ðð = ðððððððð = ððððð.ððð€ð
ðµð =
ðµâð·
ð¯
ð
ð
=
ðððâððððð.ðð
ððð
ð
ð
= ðð.ððð
Note: why they have given Cv and ð
13. Asst Proff Mr THANMAY J S, Department of Mechanical Engineering VVIET Mysore Page 13
v. Francis turbine
Francis turbine is a reaction turbine. These turbines have usually medium head in the range of
50 m to 200 m and these machines require medium discharge, hence the specific speed is
medium in the range of 60 to 400. In this type of turbine water enters radially and leaves axially
or vice versa, these turbines are also known as mixed flow turbines.
Construction
(i) Scroll (spiral) casing: It is also known as spiral casing. The water from penstock enters
the scroll casing which completely surrounds the runner. The main function of spiral
casing is to provide a uniform distribution of water around the runner and hence to provide
constant velocity.
(ii) Guide vanes (blades): After the scroll ring water passes over to the series of guide vanes
or fixed vanes, which surrounds completely around the turbine runner. Guide vanes
regulate the quantity of water entering the runner and direct the water on to the runner.
(iii) Runner (Rotor): The runner of turbine is consists of series of curved blades evenly
arranged around the circumference. The vanes or blades are so shaped that water enters
the runner radially at outer periphery and leaves it axially at its center.
(iv) Draft tube: The water from the runner flows to the tail race through the draft tube. A draft
tube is a pipe or passage of gradually increasing area which connect the exit of the runner
to the tail race. The exit end of the draft tube is always submerged below the level of water
in the tail race and must be airtight.
Principle of working
Francis Turbines are generally installed with their axis vertical. Water with high head
(pressure) enters the turbine through the spiral casing surrounding the guide vanes. The water
loses a part of its pressure in the volute (spiral casing) to maintain its speed. Then water passes
through guide vanes where it is directed to strike the blades on the runner at optimum angles.
As the water flows through the runner its pressure and angular momentum reduces. This
reduction imparts reaction on the runner and power is transferred to the turbine shaft.
If the turbine is operating at the design conditions the water leaves the runner in axial direction.
Water exits the turbine through the draft tube, which acts as a diffuser and reduces the exit
velocity of the flow to recover maximum energy from the flowing water In Francis turbine the
pressure and velocity of the fluid decreases as it flows through the moving blades. Hence it
converts both the kinetic energy and pressure energy is converted into work
19. Asst Proff Mr THANMAY J S, Department of Mechanical Engineering VVIET Mysore Page 19
Modal Question Paper 2015-2016
An inward flow reaction turbine with a supply of 0.6m3/s under a head of 15m develops 75kw at 400 rpm.
The inner and outer diameter of the runner are 40cm and 65cm respectively. Water leaves the exit of the
turbine at 3m/s calculate the hydraulic efficiency and the inlet blade angles. Assume radial discharge and
width to be constant.
ðž = ð.ð ðð
ð
â , ð¯ = ðð ð,ð· = ðð ððŸ,ðµ = ðððððð,ð«ð = ð.ð ð, ð«ð = ð.ðð ð,ðœð = ð
ð
ð
ðŒð =? , ð·ð =?
ðŒð =
ð ð«ð ðµ
ðð
; ðŒð =
ð Ã ð.ð Ã ððð
ðð
= ð.ðð ð/ð ðŒð =
ð ð«ð ðµ
ðð
; ðŒð =
ð Ã ð. ðð Ã ððð
ðð
= ðð.ððð/ð
ð·ðððð = (ðœðððŒð) = ððððŸ ⎠ðœðð = ð. ðððð ð
â
ðµððð ðœðð > ðŒð
ðœðð = ðâððð¯
Where ð is flow ratio ranging from; ð.ðð ðð ð.ðð
ðœðð = ð. ððâðð à ðð = ð.ðð
ð
ð
ððð ð·ð =
ðœðð
ðœðð â ðŒð
â«
ðœ1 = ð¡ððâ1
(
ðœðð
ðœðð â ðŒð
)
ðœ1 = ð¡ððâ1
(
ð. ðð
ð. ððð â ð. ðð
) = 80.51°
ðŒð =
(ðœðð ðŒð)
ðð¯
=
(ð. ððð Ã ð. ðð)
ð. ðð Ã ðð
= ð. ðððð
ðŒð = ðð%
20. Asst Proff Mr THANMAY J S, Department of Mechanical Engineering VVIET Mysore Page 20
vi. Kaplan and Propeller turbines
Principle of working
The Kaplan turbine is an axial flow turbine. In the Kaplan turbine, the water enters and exits
the turbine through the runnerâs axis of rotation (axial flow). In simple words, the water
enters and exits the turbine in an axial direction but this water flows in a direction parallel to
the runnerâs axis of rotation.
Kaplan turbine works on the principle of the axial flow reaction. In an axial flow turbine,
the fluid moves by the impeller in a direction parallel to the impellerâs axis of rotation.
A Kaplan turbine works in the following way:
ï· First of all, the water introduces into the volute/scroll casing from the pen-stock.
ï· As water flows inside the volute casing, guide blades direct the water from the casing
toward the impeller blades. These blades are flexible and may change their position
based on flow requirements.
ï· As the water enters into the impeller area, it takes a turn of 90o
so that it can strike the
impeller blades in an axial direction.
ï· When the water strikes the impeller blades, these blades start revolving because of the
water reaction force.
ï· These blades converts K.E of the water into speed and increase the speed of the water.
ï· After passing through the impeller blades, the water reaches the draft tube, where the
kinetic and pressure energies of the water reduce.
ï· This draft tube converts the kinetic energy or speed into pressure energy and increases
the pressure of water.
ï· When the water pressure increases according to the requirements, the water delivers
into the tailrace.
ï· The increased pressure of the water rotates the turbine. A generator is coupled with the
turbine shaft.
The components of the Kaplan turbine are given below in detail.
1. Runner or Impeller: The runner has a very vital role in the Kaplan turbine working. The
runner or impeller is a rotating component of the turbine. It provides help for electricity
production. The axial water flow acting on the blades causes the rotation of the impeller,
which further rotates the shaft.
2. Hub: Hub includes in the essential components of the Kaplan turbine. The blades mountain
on the hub of the turbine. It controls the rotation of blades. And blades follow it for their
movement. It connects with the central turbine shaft.
21. Asst Proff Mr THANMAY J S, Department of Mechanical Engineering VVIET Mysore Page 21
3. Draft Tube: In the case of a Kaplan turbine, the atmospheric pressure is higher than the
pressure at the runner outlet area. Therefore, the fluid from the turbine outlet canât discharge
directly into the tailrace. Due to this reason, a tube having a progressively rising area uses
to discharge the fluid from the outlet into the tailrace. This increasing area tube is known
as a Draft Tube.
4. Runner Blades: The blades are the key components of the turbine. The Kaplan turbine
blade looks like a propeller. Other axial flow turbines have plane blades, while Kaplan
blades have not plane blades but are of twist shape lengthways so that the water swirls at
the inlet-outlet. When the water strikes these blades, they start rotatory motion, which
further rotates the shaft.
5. Shaft: The one end of the turbine shaft is linked with the turbine runner, while the other
end is linked with the generator coil. As the runner rotates due to the rotation of the blades,
the shaft also rotates, which further transmits its rotation to the generator coil. As the
generator coil rotates, it produces electricity.
6. Guide Blades: The guide vane is a regulating component of the entire turbine. It switches
on and off according to the requirements of power. Guide vanes rotate at a specific angle
to regulate the water flow.
7. Scroll or Volute casing: The entire turbine mechanism is surrounded by a housing called
a scroll casing. The scroll casing reduces the cross-sectional area. First of all, the water
flows from the penstock into the volute casing; after that, it flows into the guide vane area.
Kaplan Turbine Velocity triangles
Design parameters
1. Tangential Speed is constant ðŒð = ðŒð = ðŒ = ð âððð¯
2. Flow velocity or radial velocity at the turbine inlet is given by, ðœð = ðâððð¯
Where ð is flow ratio ranging from 0.35 to 0.75
3. Flow velocity is remains constant throughout the runner, ðœðð = ðœðð = ðœð
4. Discharge through the runner is given by, ðž =
ð
ð
(ð«ð
â ð ð
)ðœð
Where (ð«) is tip diameter or outer diameter of the runner and (ð ) is hub diameter or boss
diameter of the runner.
5. Discharge at the outlet is axial then the guide blade angle at the outlet is 90o.
i.e.ð¶ð = ðð° ððð ðœðð = ð
6. Head at the turbine inlet assuming no energy loss is given by, ð¯ =
ð
ð
[ðŒ(ðœðð ± ðœðð) +
ðœð
ð
ð
]
ðŒð =
ð(ðœðð ðŒ)
ððžð¯
=
(ðœðð ðŒ)
ð¯
, ðŒð =
ð·
ð. ðž. âðœð. ðŒ
, ðŒð =
ð·(ðððð)
ð. ð. ðž. ð¯
,
23. Asst Proff Mr THANMAY J S, Department of Mechanical Engineering VVIET Mysore Page 23
Model Question Bank 1
A Kaplan turbine produces 80,000 HP (58,800 kW) under a head of 25m which has an overall
efficiency of 90%. Taking the value of speed ratio = 1.6, flow ratio = 0.5 and the hub diameter = 0.35
times the outer diameter. Find the diameter and the speed of the turbine.
ð· = ðð, ððð ð¯ð·, ð¯ = ððð, ðŒð = ð. ð, ð = ð. ð, ð = ð. ð,
ð
ð«
= ð. ðð, ðððð : ð«, ðµ.
ððððð€ðð¡ð¡ð = âð à 0.7457 = 80000 à 0.7457 = 59.656 ðð
ðŒð =
ð·(ðððð)
ð. ð. ðž. ð¯
â« ðž =
ð·(ðððð)
ð. ð. ðŒð. ð¯
= ððð. ðððð
/ð
ðœð = ðâððð¯ = ð.ðâð à ð. ðð à ðð
ðœð = ðð.ðð ð/ð
ðž =
ð
ð
(ð«ð
â ð ð
)ðœð
ðž Ã ð
ð à ðœð
= (ð«ð
â ð ð) = ðð.ðð
(ð«ð
â ð ð) = ðð.ðð â« ð«ð
(ð â (
ð
ð«
)
ð
) = ðð.ðð â« ð«ð(ð â (ð.ðð)ð) = ðð.ðð
ð«ð(ð.ðððð) = ðð.ðð â« ð«ð
=
ðð.ðð
ð.ðððð
â« ð« = â
ðð. ðð
ð. ðððð
= ð. ððððð ð
ðŒ = ð âððð¯ = ð. ðâð à ð.ðð à ðð = ðð.ðð ð/ð
ðŒ =
ð ð« ðµ
ðð
â« ðµ =
ðŒ à ðð
ð Ã ð«
=
ðð.ðð Ã ðð
ð Ã ð. ððððð
= ððð.ðð ððð
24. Asst Proff Mr THANMAY J S, Department of Mechanical Engineering VVIET Mysore Page 24
Model Question bank C-15
A Kaplan turbine produces 10Mw at a head of 25m. The runner and the hub diameters are 3m and
1.2m respectively. The inlet and outlet velocity triangles are right angles triangles. Calculate the
speed and outlet angles of the guide and runner blades if the hydraulic and overall efficiencies are
96% and 85% respectively.
ð· = ððððð ððŸ, ð¯ = ððð, ð« = ð ð, ð = ð. ð ð , ðŒð = ð. ðð, ðŒð = ð. ðð
ðŒð =
(ðœðð ðŒ)
ð¯
= ð. ðð (ðœðð ðŒ) = ð. ðð à ðð = ðð
ððð ðœðð = ðŒ ⎠ðœðð ðŒ = ðŒð
ðŒð
= ðð; ðŒ = âðð = ð. ðð ð/ð
ðŒ =
ð ð« ðµ
ðð
â« ðµ =
ðŒ à ðð
ð Ã ð«
= ðð. ðð ððð
ðŒð =
ð·(ðððð)
ð. ð. ðž. ð¯
â« ðž =
ð·(ðððð)
ð. ð. ðŒð. ð¯
ðž = ðð. ðð ðð
/ð
ðž =
ð
ð
(ð«ð
â ð ð)ðœð â« ðœð =
ðž
ð
ð
(ð«ð â ð ð)
ðœð = ð. ððð ð/ð
ððð ð¶ð =
ðœð
ðœðð
â« ð¶ð = tanâ1
(
ðœð
ðœðð
)
ð¶ð = ðð. ðð°
ððð ð·ð =
ðœð
ðŒ
â« ð·ð = tanâ1
(
ðœð
ðŒ
)
ð·ð = ðð. ðð°
25. Asst Proff Mr THANMAY J S, Department of Mechanical Engineering VVIET Mysore Page 25
July 2018
ð· = ððððð ððŸ, ð¯ = ð. ð ð, ðµ = ðð. ð ððð, ðž = ððð ðð
ð
â , ð« = ð. ð ð,
ð = ð. ð à ð. ððð = ð. ðððð ð , ðŒð = ? , ðµðº =? , ð =? , ð =?
ðŒ =
ð ð« ðµ
ðð
=
ð Ã ð.ð Ã ðð.ð
ðð
= ðð.ðð ð/ð ðŒ = ð âððð¯ â« ð =
ðŒ
âððð¯
= ð. ðð
ðž =
ð
ð
(ð«ð
â ð ð)ðœð â«
ðœð =
ðž
ð
ð
(ð«ð â ð ð)
=
ððð
ð
ð
(ð. ðð â ð. ððð)
ðœð = ð. ðððð ð/ð
ðœð = ðâððð¯ â« ð =
ðœð
âððð¯
= ð.ðð
ðŒð =
ð·(ðððð)
ð.ð.ðž.ð¯
=
ððððð(ðððð)
ððððÃð.ððÃðððÃð.ð
ðŒð = ð. ðð = ðð%
ðµð =
ðµâð·
ð¯
ð
ð
=
ðð.ðâððððð
ð.ð
ð
ð
= ððð.ðð
Jan 2019 and Jan 2020 (Activity Problem)
A Kaplan turbine working under a head of 20 m develops 11772 KW shaft power. The
outer diameter of the runner is 3.5 m and hub dice is 1.75 m. 1 he guide blade angle at the
extreme edge of the runner is 35°. The hydraulic and overall efficiency of the turbine are
88% and 84% respectively. If the velocity of whirl is zero at outlet, determine:
i) Runner vane angles at inlet and outlet at the extreme edge of the runner,
ii) Speed of the turbine.
Jan / Feb 2021(Activity Problem)
26. Asst Proff Mr THANMAY J S, Department of Mechanical Engineering VVIET Mysore Page 26
vii. Theory and types of Draft tubes.
This is used to increase the pressure from low turbine exit pressure to the pressure of
surrounding to which the fluid is rejected.
It reduces the velocity of the fluid and hence increases the pressure of the fluids to the
atmospheric level at the tailrace.
a) Draft Tube is an important component of a reaction turbine.
b) The component is like a pipe in which area increasing gradually that connects the outlet of
the runner to the tail-race.
c) There are two ends in which one end is connected to the runner outlet and the other end is
submerged below the level of water in the tail-race.
d) It converts excess of kinetic energy into static pressure.
Efficiency of the draft tube
The efficiency of the draft tube can be said as it is the ratio of
actual conversion of kinetic energy into the pressure
energy in the draft tube to the kinetic energy available at the
inlet to the draft tube.
This means, Actual conversion of kinetic energy into pressure energy / kinetic energy
available at the inlet of the draft tube.
ðœð = Fluids velocity at the inlet of the draft tube or at the outlet of the turbine,
ðœð = Fluids velocity at the outlet of the draft tube,
ð = gravitational acceleration,
ðð = head losses in the draft tube
Types of Draft Tubes
Draft tubes are mainly classified as:
ï· Simple Elbow draft tube
ï· Elbow with a varying cross-section area
ï· Moody Spreading tube
ï· Conical Diffuser or Straight divergent
1. Simple Elbow draft tube:
ï· This type is used for the low head.
ï· The Efficiency of this tube is about 60 percent which is moderate.
ï· The area of inlet and outlet are the same. A little bit the outlet section is changed.
27. Asst Proff Mr THANMAY J S, Department of Mechanical Engineering VVIET Mysore Page 27
2. Elbow with varying cross-section:
ï· It is used in the Kaplan Turbine which I have covered in detail in my previous article,
check out here.
ï· In this tube the upper section is circular and the outlet is a rectangular section.
3. Moody Spreading Tube:
ï· This reducing the whirling speed of the water.
ï· The efficiency around 88 percent which is good.
ï· It has two passage one inlet and 2 outlets
ï· It is having central solid core where it distributes two parts of an outlet.
4. Conical Diffuser or Straight Divergent:
ï· The cone angle less than 10 degrees if the angle is high cavitation will come. The cone
angle is in diagram 4 when you draw a vertical line the angle made will be cone angle.
ï· Having efficiency is about 90 percent.
Functions of Draft Tube:
1. A reaction turbine is required to be installed above the tail race level for easy maintenance
work, hence some head is lost. The draft tube recovers this head by reducing the pressure head
at the outlet to below the atmospheric level. It increases the working head of the turbine by an
amount equal to the height of the runner outlet above the tail race. This creates a negative head
or suction head.
2. Exit kinetic energy of water is a necessary loss in the case of turbine. A draft tube recovers
part of this exit kinetic energy.
3. The turbine can be installed at the tail race level, above the tail race level or below the tail
race level.