This document discusses the concepts of equality and equity. It defines equity as fairness, especially in economics and taxation/welfare. Equity aims to provide all citizens with basic minimum income/goods/services or increase redistribution regardless of identity. Equality means sameness and refers to equal rights/chances. While related, equity leads to fair treatment based on circumstances, while equality means the same treatment regardless of circumstances. The document also discusses types of equity like horizontal/vertical equity in taxation, issues with redistribution, benefits of equality like social cohesion but potential lack of work incentive, and examples of gender equality versus equity.

1. EQUALITY AND
EQUITY
BY
NOSHAD AHMED 15CRP46
City and Regional Planning department MUET
Jamshoro.

2.  Equity or economic equality is the
concept or idea of fairness in economics,
particularly in regard to taxation or welfare
economics.
 More specifically, it may refer to equal life
chances regardless of identity, to provide
all citizens with a basic and equal
minimum of income, goods, and services
or to increase funds and commitment for
redistribution.
Definition

3. Equity or equality?
Both are inter related to each other
Equity results into equality
And where there is equality , there is
equity too.
While seemingly comparable, equity
leads to the fair treatment of every
individual based on his or her
circumstances whereas equality calls
for the same rights to be afforded to
everyone regardless of these
circumstances.

4. Equity Vs Equality
•samenessEquality
•fairness
Equity

5. Equity – the concept of ‘fairness’
There can be no universal definition of
equity:
 Refers to a “good” distribution of
welfare across society.
 What some will consider fair reward
for work done, others may consider
unfair.
Equity

6. Three views of equity:-
Focus
Inclusion
Narrowing gaps

7. The significance of equity:
 The concept of fairness will be part of
the economic policy making process
 Many economic policies will aim to
improve equity
Significance

8. Equity applies in the construction of tax systems:
 Horizontal Equity - people with a similar ability to
pay taxes should pay the same or similar amounts
 Vertical Equity - people with a greater ability to pay
taxes should pay more Truly equitable tax systems
will deliver horizontal and vertical equity.
 E.g. income tax has both horizontal and vertical
equity.
Types of Equity

9. Redistribution Using the tax and benefit system to
transfer wealth from the wealthy to the poor.
 20% standard tax rate
 40% higher tax rate
 50% tax rate on high income earners – but will end
soon Improves equity
 Raises consumption by the poor Issues:
 May damage the incentive to work
 Dead weight loss caused by inefficiency of
taxation

10. Equality – the situation where goods
and services in a society are distributed
equally
Equality

11. The benefits of equality:
•Improves social cohesion – less difference
•Improves health – greater access
•Can encourage economic growth – less
savingIssues created by equality:
•Lack of incentive to work harder
•Profit motive drives the economy
•International competitiveness: in highly re-
distributive economies(high taxes and benefits)
may act as an uncompetitive constraint in the
economy
Benefits of equality

12. Equality and Equity Types
 Gender Equality and Gender Equity
 Education based
 Political based
 job based
 judicial based
 etc

13. Gender is a social construct
Courtesy of: National Geographic Channel

14. Gender is a social construct
Courtesy Sonke Gender Justice Networ

15. WHY focus on gender?
Because
“We seek a world of hope, tolerance and social justice,
where poverty has been overcome and people live in
dignity and security.”
CARE’s core values of Respect, Integrity,
Commitment and Excellence promotes diversity and
gender equity, choice and dignity for all.

16. Girls’ Leadership
Voice/
assertion
Decision-
making/Action
Self-
confidence
Organization
Vision

17. • Long-term goal
• Absence of
discrimination based on
sex
• Equality between men
and women exists when
both sexes are able to
share equally in the
distribution of power and
influence
Gender
Equality

18. • Gender equity is the
process of being fair to
women and men.
• To ensure fairness,
strategies and measures
must often be available to
compensate for women’s
historical and social
disadvantages that prevent
women and men from
otherwise operating on a
level playing field.
• Equity leads to equality.
GENDER
EQUITY

19. equal
treatment
before the law
equal access to
social provisions
Equal access to
education
Quota for female
representatives
GENDER EQUALITY
GENDER EQUITY
Gender equity leads to gender
equality
Women’s empowerment &
girls’ leadership is a critical
aspect of promoting gender
equality
Engaging men and
boys