Income inequality in India has been a topic of interest for many years. While the country has experienced economic growth in recent years, the benefits have not been evenly distributed. Many experts argue that this is due to a lack of government policies that address income inequality. One way to address this issue is through progressive taxation, where those with higher incomes are taxed at a higher rate. Another solution is to invest in education and job training programs to help individuals achieve higher-paying jobs. Overall, it is important for India to address income inequality in order to promote economic growth and social stability.
The document discusses growing income inequality in India according to a World Inequality Report. It finds that India has high levels of income, wealth, gender, and digital access disparities. Some key causes of inequality include slow economic growth, inadequate digital access especially for low-income households, and a large agricultural workforce with low productivity. Implications of inequality include negative health and social impacts. Proposed next steps to address inequality include a progressive wealth tax, increasing corporate tax rates, and improving government inequality statistics.
The document discusses equitable income inequality and its positive and negative factors. Positive factors of a more equitable income distribution include the poor being able to access better education and healthcare, avoiding inequality of opportunity, and decreasing poverty. However, a more equitable distribution may also have negative economic effects by lowering incentives for people to work hard and pursue higher education or innovation. The document argues that a more equitable income can benefit the economy by allowing more spending on education and healthcare, improving quality of life.
The document discusses poverty and inequality. It defines absolute and relative poverty and methods of measuring poverty. Economic growth is shown to reduce poverty by increasing employment, wages and government resources. Inequality is an economic problem that affects development and stability. Strategies to reduce poverty include economic liberalization, property rights, infrastructure investment, aid, and microfinance programs like Grameen Bank. Good governance and community participation are also important for poverty alleviation.
AS Macro: Introduction to Economic Developmenttutor2u
This document provides an introduction to economic development. It defines economic development as improving human freedoms and reducing poverty, inequality, and unemployment. The key goals of economic development are outlined in the Millennium Development Goals and are measured by indicators such as the Human Development Index which considers education, life expectancy, and income. However, the HDI has limitations as it does not account for other important factors like political freedoms, income distribution, or qualitative changes over time. Common characteristics of lower income countries are also presented such as lower productivity and incomes as well as higher inequality, which can lead to social and economic costs if left unaddressed.
The Economic Benefits Of Economic Welfare EssayDani Cox
The document discusses how developed nations subsidized their automobile industries during the 2008-2009 global financial crisis. This likely distorted international trade by benefiting domestic producers over foreign competitors. While protectionism may seem reasonable during an economic crisis, it ultimately does more harm than good according to economic research. Protectionism only provides a small and temporary boost to things like the trade balance and GDP, and its effects disappear quickly. It also risks retaliation and does not address the underlying issues, making further adjustments necessary. Overall, protectionism is not an effective response during an economic crisis due to its negative impacts on the domestic economy and international trade.
Poverty and unemployment in india by Abhishek Lahiryabhisheklahiry
The document discusses the concepts of poverty and unemployment in India, their relationship, and efforts to reduce them. It provides historical data showing that poverty in India peaked in the 1960s and has declined since economic reforms in the 1990s, but still impacts hundreds of millions who lack basic necessities. Unemployment rates average around 9% and are caused by factors like population growth, low agricultural productivity, and lack of skills training. Several government programs have aimed to reduce poverty through rural development, employment guarantees, and self-employment initiatives, but more remains to be done to educate citizens and implement effective policies.
Poverty and unemployment in india by Abhishek Lahiryabhisheklahiry
The document discusses the concepts of poverty and unemployment in India, their relationship, and efforts to reduce them. It provides historical data showing that poverty in India peaked in the 1960s and has declined since economic reforms in the 1990s, but still impacts hundreds of millions who lack basic necessities. Unemployment averages around 9% and is caused by factors like population growth, low agricultural productivity, and lack of skills development. Several government programs have aimed to reduce poverty through rural development, employment guarantees, and self-employment initiatives, but more remains to be done to educate citizens and implement effective policies.
This document is a presentation by four students - Nishat Jahan Supti, Sadman Joa Aninda, Atia Iffat Naziba, and Md Shazidul Islam - on economic inequality in developing countries. It defines economic inequality, identifies the main types as income, pay, and wealth inequality. It also explains how inequality is measured using tools like the Gini coefficient and ratio measures. The presentation then characterizes developing countries and discusses their high levels of inequality, poverty, population growth, and more. It concludes by proposing policies to reduce inequality through employment programs, education access, and other interventions.
The document discusses growing income inequality in India according to a World Inequality Report. It finds that India has high levels of income, wealth, gender, and digital access disparities. Some key causes of inequality include slow economic growth, inadequate digital access especially for low-income households, and a large agricultural workforce with low productivity. Implications of inequality include negative health and social impacts. Proposed next steps to address inequality include a progressive wealth tax, increasing corporate tax rates, and improving government inequality statistics.
The document discusses equitable income inequality and its positive and negative factors. Positive factors of a more equitable income distribution include the poor being able to access better education and healthcare, avoiding inequality of opportunity, and decreasing poverty. However, a more equitable distribution may also have negative economic effects by lowering incentives for people to work hard and pursue higher education or innovation. The document argues that a more equitable income can benefit the economy by allowing more spending on education and healthcare, improving quality of life.
The document discusses poverty and inequality. It defines absolute and relative poverty and methods of measuring poverty. Economic growth is shown to reduce poverty by increasing employment, wages and government resources. Inequality is an economic problem that affects development and stability. Strategies to reduce poverty include economic liberalization, property rights, infrastructure investment, aid, and microfinance programs like Grameen Bank. Good governance and community participation are also important for poverty alleviation.
AS Macro: Introduction to Economic Developmenttutor2u
This document provides an introduction to economic development. It defines economic development as improving human freedoms and reducing poverty, inequality, and unemployment. The key goals of economic development are outlined in the Millennium Development Goals and are measured by indicators such as the Human Development Index which considers education, life expectancy, and income. However, the HDI has limitations as it does not account for other important factors like political freedoms, income distribution, or qualitative changes over time. Common characteristics of lower income countries are also presented such as lower productivity and incomes as well as higher inequality, which can lead to social and economic costs if left unaddressed.
The Economic Benefits Of Economic Welfare EssayDani Cox
The document discusses how developed nations subsidized their automobile industries during the 2008-2009 global financial crisis. This likely distorted international trade by benefiting domestic producers over foreign competitors. While protectionism may seem reasonable during an economic crisis, it ultimately does more harm than good according to economic research. Protectionism only provides a small and temporary boost to things like the trade balance and GDP, and its effects disappear quickly. It also risks retaliation and does not address the underlying issues, making further adjustments necessary. Overall, protectionism is not an effective response during an economic crisis due to its negative impacts on the domestic economy and international trade.
Poverty and unemployment in india by Abhishek Lahiryabhisheklahiry
The document discusses the concepts of poverty and unemployment in India, their relationship, and efforts to reduce them. It provides historical data showing that poverty in India peaked in the 1960s and has declined since economic reforms in the 1990s, but still impacts hundreds of millions who lack basic necessities. Unemployment rates average around 9% and are caused by factors like population growth, low agricultural productivity, and lack of skills training. Several government programs have aimed to reduce poverty through rural development, employment guarantees, and self-employment initiatives, but more remains to be done to educate citizens and implement effective policies.
Poverty and unemployment in india by Abhishek Lahiryabhisheklahiry
The document discusses the concepts of poverty and unemployment in India, their relationship, and efforts to reduce them. It provides historical data showing that poverty in India peaked in the 1960s and has declined since economic reforms in the 1990s, but still impacts hundreds of millions who lack basic necessities. Unemployment averages around 9% and is caused by factors like population growth, low agricultural productivity, and lack of skills development. Several government programs have aimed to reduce poverty through rural development, employment guarantees, and self-employment initiatives, but more remains to be done to educate citizens and implement effective policies.
This document is a presentation by four students - Nishat Jahan Supti, Sadman Joa Aninda, Atia Iffat Naziba, and Md Shazidul Islam - on economic inequality in developing countries. It defines economic inequality, identifies the main types as income, pay, and wealth inequality. It also explains how inequality is measured using tools like the Gini coefficient and ratio measures. The presentation then characterizes developing countries and discusses their high levels of inequality, poverty, population growth, and more. It concludes by proposing policies to reduce inequality through employment programs, education access, and other interventions.
This document analyzes the relationship between income inequality and human development. It explores how income inequality is negatively correlated with human development, and that this correlation is stronger in poorer countries. The author develops models incorporating measures of human development, income, and income inequality to test the hypothesis. Regression analysis is used to shed light on how the three indicators relate and how income inequality affects development.
Despite a substantial decline in poverty, a persistent increase in inequality in favour of the top 1 per cent of the population over the decades has been a global phenomenon.
The document discusses income inequality and poverty in the United States. It examines how inequality is measured and has changed over time. Political philosophies like utilitarianism, liberalism, and libertarianism offer different views on the government's role in redistributing income. The document also analyzes policies aimed at reducing poverty, including minimum wage laws, welfare, negative income taxes, and in-kind transfers, as well as their potential impacts on work incentives.
Income inequality in India is severe, with the top 10% of the population earning 31.1% of total income while the bottom 10% earns only 3.6%. There are several forms of economic inequality in India, including inequality of income and consumption between rural and urban areas, inequality in the distribution of wealth as seen in landholdings and property ownership, and regional inequality between high and low income states. The government has implemented various policies to reduce inequality, such as land reforms, expanding the public sector, encouraging small industries, employment programs, and fiscal policies, but inequality remains a challenge.
India faces widening economic and social disparities across several dimensions, including regional, rural-urban, social, and gender divides. During the last two decades of economic reforms, southern and western states experienced faster growth compared to northern and eastern states, exacerbating regional income and development gaps. Rural areas also lagged behind as large cities prospered, resulting in widespread agrarian distress. Socially disadvantaged groups like scheduled castes and tribes gained little from new prosperity, and gender gaps persisted or widened. Unless these divides are bridged in an inclusive manner, they could have serious adverse implications for India's economy, society, and polity.
Analysis of Relationshipbetween Socio-Economic Factors and the Level of Pover...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: This research was conducted at Makasar with the research region was Indonesia which
consisted of 34 provinces by using secondary data from 2017 to 2022. The research aim was to study the
influence of on education, economic growth, wage, unemploymentand the number of MSMEs on poverty
Inequality in Indonesia.
The result of analysis show that the education and number of MSMEs on a significant negative influence on
poverty both the depth and severity of poverty. Whereas wages and unemployment have a positive
influence on the severity of poverty, but economic growth, education and MSMEs do not affect it in Indonesia.It
wasshown that economic growth did not influence significantly on the two kind of poverty significantly.
Keywords: Economic growth, unemployment, poverty, wages, education and micro, small and medium
enterprises
#TimeToCare (India Supplement) | Oxfam IndiaOxfam India
With growing inequality, it has become pertinent to address the ever-growing gap between the rich and the poor. Over the last decade, academics, policymakers and multilateral institutions have been striving to draw attention to the growing importance of the subject of shared prosperity. https://www.oxfamindia.org/workingpaper/timetocare-india-supplement
The High Cost of Gender Inequality in EarningsEmisor Digital
This document discusses a study that estimates the economic cost of gender inequality in earnings globally and regionally. Some key findings of the study include:
- Globally, gender inequality results in $160.2 trillion in lost human capital wealth, which is about twice global GDP. Human capital wealth could increase by 21.7% with gender equality in earnings.
- On a per capita basis, gender inequality leads to $23,620 in lost wealth globally due to lower lifetime earnings for women compared to men.
- The largest losses are in high-income countries due to higher overall wealth levels. In low-income countries, women account for a third or less of total human capital wealth.
- Investments throughout
The document discusses localization and globalization from business and economic perspectives. It argues that while globalization has helped reduce poverty in countries like China, there are still imbalances between countries' economic development through globalization. Local governments should adopt business models of localization/glocalization to maximize national development and address disparities caused by globalization. Global companies prioritize localization when entering new markets to generate profit, and local governments could similarly adjust globalization activities through domestic trade policies.
Rostow's stages of economic growth theory outlines 5 stages of development: 1) Traditional society, 2) Preconditions for take-off, 3) Take-off, 4) Drive to maturity, 5) Age of high mass consumption. Poverty can be absolute, relative, or in a vicious cycle passed between generations. Governments define poverty lines to determine those living in poverty based on minimum income needed for basic needs.
This presentation is about inequality in economics.Economic inequality is the unequal distribution of income and opportunity between different groups in society. It is a concern in almost all countries around the world and often people are trapped in poverty with little chance to climb up the social ladder.
This document is a term paper submitted by a student for their BSC degree in economics. It includes information identifying the student such as their name, roll number, and department. The paper analyzes trends in economic growth, inequality, and poverty across Indian states since the early 1990s. It seeks to address questions related to defining poverty lines in India, measuring poverty accurately, the next steps in poverty reduction, the impact of economic reforms on regional inequality, and the relationship between growth and inequality reduction. The paper includes an abstract, introduction discussing key concepts, objectives, a literature review, methodology, data analysis, and conclusions.
The document provides a summary of key topics and findings from various Human Development Reports published between 1990 and 2013. It discusses concepts like human development, the Human Development Index, and indicators used to measure human development like life expectancy, education, and standard of living. It also summarizes perspectives on topics like financing human development, the role of political will, globalization, poverty eradication, participation, and new technologies. Key measurements introduced in reports are mentioned like the Gender Inequality Index and Multidimensional Poverty Index.
Poverty is defined as lacking sufficient money to meet basic needs like food, shelter, and clothing. In India, over 400 million people, or 33% of the population, live below the international poverty line of $1.25 per day. Rural poverty is caused by factors like poor agricultural yields, debt, and lack of jobs or education, while urban poverty stems from unemployment, low wages, and illiteracy. To reduce poverty, solutions proposed include improving agriculture through irrigation and market access, expanding education and vocational training, generating employment through manufacturing and services, and strengthening public health and social services. Long-term solutions require promoting education, employment, and eliminating corruption from government policies and programs.
Poverty Alleviation: A Challenge for the Indian Governmentbeenishshowkat
I prepared this term paper project in my third semester of Masters in Political Science. Also, I referred to a number of other philosophers works in order to create a better project. I hope this will be of great help to anyone who views it. Thanks.
POVERTY , INEQUAITY & UNEMPLOYMENT IN INDIAHarshit Gupta
The document discusses poverty in India, including definitions of poverty, measurements of poverty lines, and statistics related to poverty levels. Some key points:
- India has a large population living in poverty despite high economic growth. Over 20% of the world's poorest people live in India.
- Poverty is measured using both relative and absolute definitions related to income levels and access to necessities.
- Rural poverty rates are higher than urban rates, and some states have much higher poverty levels than others. Factors perpetuating poverty include lack of infrastructure, education, and economic opportunities.
- The government employs various programs aimed at reducing rural and urban poverty. However, poverty and unemployment remain significant
This document discusses poverty and related economic issues in India. It provides statistics on poverty lines and rates of poverty in rural and urban areas. Key points include:
- India has a large poor population, with over 20% of the world's poorest people despite having 17.5% of the global population.
- Poverty is most prevalent in certain states like Bihar, Jharkhand, and West Bengal.
- Both relative and absolute measures are used to define and measure poverty.
This document discusses factors affecting economic growth and development and the vicious circle of poverty. It defines economic growth as an increase in real GDP per capita over time, while economic development brings both quantitative and qualitative changes through initiatives like infrastructure, health, education, etc. Key factors influencing growth are discussed as capital formation, natural resources, trade, and economic systems. Non-economic factors include human capital, technology, political freedom, social organization, and corruption. The vicious circle of poverty is then examined in terms of how low capital, labor, and technology can perpetuate poverty through mechanisms like low savings, child labor, and lack of infrastructure and innovation.
Poverty is a major threat in India, with both absolute and relative forms present. Absolute poverty involves inability to meet basic needs, while relative poverty is defined by a government as falling below minimum living standards. Rural poverty is often caused by dependence on agriculture and the impacts of inadequate rainfall or irrigation. Large family sizes, caste systems, and lack of opportunities and facilities for lower castes also contribute to rural poverty. Urban poverty results from massive migration from rural to urban areas due to lack of rural employment and opportunities. Several government programs aim to reduce poverty, but its impacts have yet to fully reach those most affected. Education, employment opportunities, development of small industries, population control, agriculture development, and proper resource utilization are
Optimizing Net Interest Margin (NIM) in the Financial Sector (With Examples).pdfshruti1menon2
NIM is calculated as the difference between interest income earned and interest expenses paid, divided by interest-earning assets.
Importance: NIM serves as a critical measure of a financial institution's profitability and operational efficiency. It reflects how effectively the institution is utilizing its interest-earning assets to generate income while managing interest costs.
This document analyzes the relationship between income inequality and human development. It explores how income inequality is negatively correlated with human development, and that this correlation is stronger in poorer countries. The author develops models incorporating measures of human development, income, and income inequality to test the hypothesis. Regression analysis is used to shed light on how the three indicators relate and how income inequality affects development.
Despite a substantial decline in poverty, a persistent increase in inequality in favour of the top 1 per cent of the population over the decades has been a global phenomenon.
The document discusses income inequality and poverty in the United States. It examines how inequality is measured and has changed over time. Political philosophies like utilitarianism, liberalism, and libertarianism offer different views on the government's role in redistributing income. The document also analyzes policies aimed at reducing poverty, including minimum wage laws, welfare, negative income taxes, and in-kind transfers, as well as their potential impacts on work incentives.
Income inequality in India is severe, with the top 10% of the population earning 31.1% of total income while the bottom 10% earns only 3.6%. There are several forms of economic inequality in India, including inequality of income and consumption between rural and urban areas, inequality in the distribution of wealth as seen in landholdings and property ownership, and regional inequality between high and low income states. The government has implemented various policies to reduce inequality, such as land reforms, expanding the public sector, encouraging small industries, employment programs, and fiscal policies, but inequality remains a challenge.
India faces widening economic and social disparities across several dimensions, including regional, rural-urban, social, and gender divides. During the last two decades of economic reforms, southern and western states experienced faster growth compared to northern and eastern states, exacerbating regional income and development gaps. Rural areas also lagged behind as large cities prospered, resulting in widespread agrarian distress. Socially disadvantaged groups like scheduled castes and tribes gained little from new prosperity, and gender gaps persisted or widened. Unless these divides are bridged in an inclusive manner, they could have serious adverse implications for India's economy, society, and polity.
Analysis of Relationshipbetween Socio-Economic Factors and the Level of Pover...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: This research was conducted at Makasar with the research region was Indonesia which
consisted of 34 provinces by using secondary data from 2017 to 2022. The research aim was to study the
influence of on education, economic growth, wage, unemploymentand the number of MSMEs on poverty
Inequality in Indonesia.
The result of analysis show that the education and number of MSMEs on a significant negative influence on
poverty both the depth and severity of poverty. Whereas wages and unemployment have a positive
influence on the severity of poverty, but economic growth, education and MSMEs do not affect it in Indonesia.It
wasshown that economic growth did not influence significantly on the two kind of poverty significantly.
Keywords: Economic growth, unemployment, poverty, wages, education and micro, small and medium
enterprises
#TimeToCare (India Supplement) | Oxfam IndiaOxfam India
With growing inequality, it has become pertinent to address the ever-growing gap between the rich and the poor. Over the last decade, academics, policymakers and multilateral institutions have been striving to draw attention to the growing importance of the subject of shared prosperity. https://www.oxfamindia.org/workingpaper/timetocare-india-supplement
The High Cost of Gender Inequality in EarningsEmisor Digital
This document discusses a study that estimates the economic cost of gender inequality in earnings globally and regionally. Some key findings of the study include:
- Globally, gender inequality results in $160.2 trillion in lost human capital wealth, which is about twice global GDP. Human capital wealth could increase by 21.7% with gender equality in earnings.
- On a per capita basis, gender inequality leads to $23,620 in lost wealth globally due to lower lifetime earnings for women compared to men.
- The largest losses are in high-income countries due to higher overall wealth levels. In low-income countries, women account for a third or less of total human capital wealth.
- Investments throughout
The document discusses localization and globalization from business and economic perspectives. It argues that while globalization has helped reduce poverty in countries like China, there are still imbalances between countries' economic development through globalization. Local governments should adopt business models of localization/glocalization to maximize national development and address disparities caused by globalization. Global companies prioritize localization when entering new markets to generate profit, and local governments could similarly adjust globalization activities through domestic trade policies.
Rostow's stages of economic growth theory outlines 5 stages of development: 1) Traditional society, 2) Preconditions for take-off, 3) Take-off, 4) Drive to maturity, 5) Age of high mass consumption. Poverty can be absolute, relative, or in a vicious cycle passed between generations. Governments define poverty lines to determine those living in poverty based on minimum income needed for basic needs.
This presentation is about inequality in economics.Economic inequality is the unequal distribution of income and opportunity between different groups in society. It is a concern in almost all countries around the world and often people are trapped in poverty with little chance to climb up the social ladder.
This document is a term paper submitted by a student for their BSC degree in economics. It includes information identifying the student such as their name, roll number, and department. The paper analyzes trends in economic growth, inequality, and poverty across Indian states since the early 1990s. It seeks to address questions related to defining poverty lines in India, measuring poverty accurately, the next steps in poverty reduction, the impact of economic reforms on regional inequality, and the relationship between growth and inequality reduction. The paper includes an abstract, introduction discussing key concepts, objectives, a literature review, methodology, data analysis, and conclusions.
The document provides a summary of key topics and findings from various Human Development Reports published between 1990 and 2013. It discusses concepts like human development, the Human Development Index, and indicators used to measure human development like life expectancy, education, and standard of living. It also summarizes perspectives on topics like financing human development, the role of political will, globalization, poverty eradication, participation, and new technologies. Key measurements introduced in reports are mentioned like the Gender Inequality Index and Multidimensional Poverty Index.
Poverty is defined as lacking sufficient money to meet basic needs like food, shelter, and clothing. In India, over 400 million people, or 33% of the population, live below the international poverty line of $1.25 per day. Rural poverty is caused by factors like poor agricultural yields, debt, and lack of jobs or education, while urban poverty stems from unemployment, low wages, and illiteracy. To reduce poverty, solutions proposed include improving agriculture through irrigation and market access, expanding education and vocational training, generating employment through manufacturing and services, and strengthening public health and social services. Long-term solutions require promoting education, employment, and eliminating corruption from government policies and programs.
Poverty Alleviation: A Challenge for the Indian Governmentbeenishshowkat
I prepared this term paper project in my third semester of Masters in Political Science. Also, I referred to a number of other philosophers works in order to create a better project. I hope this will be of great help to anyone who views it. Thanks.
POVERTY , INEQUAITY & UNEMPLOYMENT IN INDIAHarshit Gupta
The document discusses poverty in India, including definitions of poverty, measurements of poverty lines, and statistics related to poverty levels. Some key points:
- India has a large population living in poverty despite high economic growth. Over 20% of the world's poorest people live in India.
- Poverty is measured using both relative and absolute definitions related to income levels and access to necessities.
- Rural poverty rates are higher than urban rates, and some states have much higher poverty levels than others. Factors perpetuating poverty include lack of infrastructure, education, and economic opportunities.
- The government employs various programs aimed at reducing rural and urban poverty. However, poverty and unemployment remain significant
This document discusses poverty and related economic issues in India. It provides statistics on poverty lines and rates of poverty in rural and urban areas. Key points include:
- India has a large poor population, with over 20% of the world's poorest people despite having 17.5% of the global population.
- Poverty is most prevalent in certain states like Bihar, Jharkhand, and West Bengal.
- Both relative and absolute measures are used to define and measure poverty.
This document discusses factors affecting economic growth and development and the vicious circle of poverty. It defines economic growth as an increase in real GDP per capita over time, while economic development brings both quantitative and qualitative changes through initiatives like infrastructure, health, education, etc. Key factors influencing growth are discussed as capital formation, natural resources, trade, and economic systems. Non-economic factors include human capital, technology, political freedom, social organization, and corruption. The vicious circle of poverty is then examined in terms of how low capital, labor, and technology can perpetuate poverty through mechanisms like low savings, child labor, and lack of infrastructure and innovation.
Poverty is a major threat in India, with both absolute and relative forms present. Absolute poverty involves inability to meet basic needs, while relative poverty is defined by a government as falling below minimum living standards. Rural poverty is often caused by dependence on agriculture and the impacts of inadequate rainfall or irrigation. Large family sizes, caste systems, and lack of opportunities and facilities for lower castes also contribute to rural poverty. Urban poverty results from massive migration from rural to urban areas due to lack of rural employment and opportunities. Several government programs aim to reduce poverty, but its impacts have yet to fully reach those most affected. Education, employment opportunities, development of small industries, population control, agriculture development, and proper resource utilization are
Similar to ANALYSING INCOME INEQUALITY IN INDIA.pdf (20)
Optimizing Net Interest Margin (NIM) in the Financial Sector (With Examples).pdfshruti1menon2
NIM is calculated as the difference between interest income earned and interest expenses paid, divided by interest-earning assets.
Importance: NIM serves as a critical measure of a financial institution's profitability and operational efficiency. It reflects how effectively the institution is utilizing its interest-earning assets to generate income while managing interest costs.
Dr. Alyce Su Cover Story - China's Investment Leadermsthrill
In World Expo 2010 Shanghai – the most visited Expo in the World History
https://www.britannica.com/event/Expo-Shanghai-2010
China’s official organizer of the Expo, CCPIT (China Council for the Promotion of International Trade https://en.ccpit.org/) has chosen Dr. Alyce Su as the Cover Person with Cover Story, in the Expo’s official magazine distributed throughout the Expo, showcasing China’s New Generation of Leaders to the World.
Confirmation of Payee (CoP) is a vital security measure adopted by financial institutions and payment service providers. Its core purpose is to confirm that the recipient’s name matches the information provided by the sender during a banking transaction, ensuring that funds are transferred to the correct payment account.
Confirmation of Payee was built to tackle the increasing numbers of APP Fraud and in the landscape of UK banking, the spectre of APP fraud looms large. In 2022, over £1.2 billion was stolen by fraudsters through authorised and unauthorised fraud, equivalent to more than £2,300 every minute. This statistic emphasises the urgent need for robust security measures like CoP. While over £1.2 billion was stolen through fraud in 2022, there was an eight per cent reduction compared to 2021 which highlights the positive outcomes obtained from the implementation of Confirmation of Payee. The number of fraud cases across the UK also decreased by four per cent to nearly three million cases during the same period; latest statistics from UK Finance.
In essence, Confirmation of Payee plays a pivotal role in digital banking, guaranteeing the flawless execution of banking transactions. It stands as a guardian against fraud and misallocation, demonstrating the commitment of financial institutions to safeguard their clients’ assets. The next time you engage in a banking transaction, remember the invaluable role of CoP in ensuring the security of your financial interests.
For more details, you can visit https://technoxander.com.
University of North Carolina at Charlotte degree offer diploma Transcripttscdzuip
办理美国UNCC毕业证书制作北卡大学夏洛特分校假文凭定制Q微168899991做UNCC留信网教留服认证海牙认证改UNCC成绩单GPA做UNCC假学位证假文凭高仿毕业证GRE代考如何申请北卡罗莱纳大学夏洛特分校University of North Carolina at Charlotte degree offer diploma Transcript
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
OJP data from firms like Vicinity Jobs have emerged as a complement to traditional sources of labour demand data, such as the Job Vacancy and Wages Survey (JVWS). Ibrahim Abuallail, PhD Candidate, University of Ottawa, presented research relating to bias in OJPs and a proposed approach to effectively adjust OJP data to complement existing official data (such as from the JVWS) and improve the measurement of labour demand.
New Visa Rules for Tourists and Students in Thailand | Amit Kakkar Easy VisaAmit Kakkar
Discover essential details about Thailand's recent visa policy changes, tailored for tourists and students. Amit Kakkar Easy Visa provides a comprehensive overview of new requirements, application processes, and tips to ensure a smooth transition for all travelers.
13 Jun 24 ILC Retirement Income Summit - slides.pptxILC- UK
ILC's Retirement Income Summit was hosted by M&G and supported by Canada Life. The event brought together key policymakers, influencers and experts to help identify policy priorities for the next Government and ensure more of us have access to a decent income in retirement.
Contributors included:
Jo Blanden, Professor in Economics, University of Surrey
Clive Bolton, CEO, Life Insurance M&G Plc
Jim Boyd, CEO, Equity Release Council
Molly Broome, Economist, Resolution Foundation
Nida Broughton, Co-Director of Economic Policy, Behavioural Insights Team
Jonathan Cribb, Associate Director and Head of Retirement, Savings, and Ageing, Institute for Fiscal Studies
Joanna Elson CBE, Chief Executive Officer, Independent Age
Tom Evans, Managing Director of Retirement, Canada Life
Steve Groves, Chair, Key Retirement Group
Tish Hanifan, Founder and Joint Chair of the Society of Later life Advisers
Sue Lewis, ILC Trustee
Siobhan Lough, Senior Consultant, Hymans Robertson
Mick McAteer, Co-Director, The Financial Inclusion Centre
Stuart McDonald MBE, Head of Longevity and Democratic Insights, LCP
Anusha Mittal, Managing Director, Individual Life and Pensions, M&G Life
Shelley Morris, Senior Project Manager, Living Pension, Living Wage Foundation
Sarah O'Grady, Journalist
Will Sherlock, Head of External Relations, M&G Plc
Daniela Silcock, Head of Policy Research, Pensions Policy Institute
David Sinclair, Chief Executive, ILC
Jordi Skilbeck, Senior Policy Advisor, Pensions and Lifetime Savings Association
Rt Hon Sir Stephen Timms, former Chair, Work & Pensions Committee
Nigel Waterson, ILC Trustee
Jackie Wells, Strategy and Policy Consultant, ILC Strategic Advisory Board
TEST BANK Principles of cost accounting 17th edition edward j vanderbeck mari...Donc Test
TEST BANK Principles of cost accounting 17th edition edward j vanderbeck maria r mitchell.docx
TEST BANK Principles of cost accounting 17th edition edward j vanderbeck maria r mitchell.docx
TEST BANK Principles of cost accounting 17th edition edward j vanderbeck maria r mitchell.docx
3. INCOME
INEQUALITY
Income inequality is the uneven
income distribution throughout a
population. The less equal the
distribution of wealth, the higher
income inequality is. It is a state of an
economy in which the shares of total
income earned by rich and poor are
highly unequal.
4. FACTORS
OF INCOME INEQUALITY
4 MM.DD.20XX
Globalization
Large-scale informal
employment
Unemployment
Tax evasion
Regressive tax
Inflation
Technological changes
Gender gap
Lack of skill
Lack of education
.Regional and Inter-state
disparities.
Rigid social institutions like
Caste.
5. Globalization
o One of the earliest, and most prominent explanations for
the rise of income inequality emphasized the role of
globalization Globalization has led to the offshoring of
many goods and services which has created downward
pressures on the wages of lower skilled workers. Studies
show that globalization and opening up the economy
has benefited the rich more than the poor, thus raising
the inequality. Global platforms like WTO have resulted
in increased trade competitiveness affecting the returns
of local investors and producers.
5 ADD A FOOTER MM.DD.20XX
Large-scale informal employment
80% of the Indian labour force is employed in the informal
sector. Informal sector jobs are more insecure without regular
pay and social security benefits. This increases the wage gap
between formal and informal sectors.
6. Unemployment
Unemployment is also a major reason for the
low productivity of labour which can push
many into poverty. It is a fact that inequality,
poverty and unemployment are related to each
other. The lack of sufficient employment not
being created in time is the reason why there is
an income gap today between classes.
Tax evasion is an illegal activity in which a
person or entity deliberately avoids paying a
true tax liability. .This leads to undue
concentration of incomes in a few hands.
6 ADD A FOOTER MM.DD.20XX
Tax Evasion
7. High taxes
Tax rates are responsible for inequality in
the distribution of income and wealth. This
is due to undue concentration of incomes
in a few hands caused by large- scale tax
evasion.
7 ADD A FOOTER MM.DD.20XX
Technology
The advent of the digital age has placed a higher premium on
the skills needed for non-routine work and reduced the value
placed on lower skilled routine work, as it has enabled
machines to replace jobs that could be routinized.
• A huge proportion of the population is still dependent on
agriculture but the share of agriculture to the total GDP is
falling.
8. Social Factors
Social inequality, in India can be broadly divided into
Caste inequality, Regional inequality and Gender
inequality.
Gender
Gap
The issue of women being
inferior to men has been there
for years. Females were always
treated to be subordinate and
weaker to males. Girl education
is considered to be a burden on
the family and women have
limited choices in employment.
Caste Discrimination against certain sections of
the society since historic times. This has
affected their choice, opportunity, and
accessibility to education, employment.
They suffer particularly from
discrimination and racism and thus have
less chance to access employment, often
are forced to live in worse physical
environments and have poorer access to
essential services.
REGIONAL AND
INTER STATE
DISPARITIES
A great number of regions, due to lack
of infrastructure, have remained cut
from the market while many others
have had the resources to make use of
and grow economically. Growth has
been different across sectors and
regions. For examples, Green
Revolution has disproportionately
benefitted Western and Southern India
when compared to Eastern India.
8 ADD A FOOTER MM.DD.20XX
9. INDICATOR OF INCOME INEQUALITY
Kuznets Curve
Kuznets Curve is used to demonstrate
the hypothesis that economic growth
initially leads to greater inequality,
followed later by the reduction of
inequality. The idea was first proposed
by American economist Simon Kuznets.
Lorenz Curve
The Lorenz curve is a way of showing
the distribution of income (or wealth)
within an economy. It was developed by
Max O. Lorenz in 1905 for representing
wealth distribution.
The Lorenz curve shows the cumulative
share of income from different sections
of the population.
Gini Coefficient
The Gini-coefficient is a statistical
measure of inequality that describes
how equal or unequal income or wealth
is distributed among the population of a
country.
It was developed by the Italian
statistician Corrado Gini in 1912.
9 ADD A FOOTER MM.DD.20XX
11. Status of income inequality in India
World Inequality Report 2022
Report
India stands out as a “poor and very unequal country, with an affluent elite”,
where the top 10 per cent holds 57 per cent of the total national income while the
bottom 50 per cent’s share is just 13 per cent in 2021, according to the latest World
Inequality Report 2022..
The average annual national income of the Indian adult population is Rs
2,04,200 in 2021. The bottom 50 per cent earned Rs 53,610, while the top 10
per cent earned over 20 times more (Rs 11,66,520), the report states.
11 ADD A FOOTER MM.DD.20XX
In India, the top 10% and top 1% hold 57% and 22% of the total national income
respectively while the share of the bottom 50% has gone down to 13%.
13. MM.DD.20XX
ADD A FOOTER
13
Inequality Kills: India Supplement 2022
When 84 percent of households in the country suffered
a decline in their income in a year marked by
tremendous loss of life and livelihoods, the number of
Indian billionaires grew from 102 to 142, Oxfam India’s
latest briefing ‘Inequality Kills’ has revealed.
RICHEST 98 INDIANS OWN SAME WEALTH AS THE
BOTTOM 55.2 CRORE PEOPLE
14. RECOMMENDATIONS
Oxfam India believes the following measures
should be implemented:
ADD A FOOTER
14
Recognize inequality is real and agree to measure it. India needs to track
policy impact better by improving mechanisms for its measurement.
Redistribute India’s wealth from the super-rich to generate resources for
the majority: It is time for India to reintroduce a wealth tax to generate
much-needed resources to fund the recovery from the pandemic. Tax
compliance by wealthy individuals must also be drastically improved,
instead of imposing indirect taxes on India’s poor and middle class.
Generate revenue to invest in the education and health of future
generations
Enact and Enforce Statutory Social Security Provisions for Informal Sector
Workers: While the government is recognizing gig economy workers, it
also needs to focus on laying the legal groundwork of basic social sector
protections for 93 percent of India’s workforce.
Change the rules and shift the power in the economy and society: It is
time to reverse social and economic policies that have contributed to the
poor development outcomes for India’s marginalised communities. It is
time to reverse privatisation and commercialisation of public services,
address jobless growth and bring back stronger social protection measures
for India’s informal sector workers.
15. Consequences of
income inequality
Income inequality is a problem because it puts power in the
hands of the rich, resulting in little-to-no social or economic
mobility for large portions of the population. It can result in a
higher cost of living for many, increased hardship, and rises
in crime, mental illness, and social unrest.
15
16. CONCEQUENSCES
Inequality Stifles Growth
Inequality can work to stifle growth by the decreasing
availability of investments for human capital. A high level
of economic inequality means a higher level of poverty.
Poverty is associated with increased crime and poor public
health, which places burdens on the economy. In the face
of increasing food prices and lower incomes, support for
pro-growth government policies declines.
.
16 MM.DD.20XX
Economic Inequality Increases
Political Inequality
When wealth distribution becomes concentrated in a small
number of hands, political power tends to become skewed in
favor of that small wealthy group. High-income groups are
able and incentivized to manipulate government in their favor
through both legal processes and through corrupt practices.
Impoverished or working class groups are simultaneously less
able to become educated or participate in the political process
as economic means become increasingly scarce.
Inequality Decreases Education
In an economically unequal society, the society-wide average
level of education decreases while the number of educational
elites increases connection between education and inequality is
unequal societies tend to underinvest in education.
17. MM.DD.20XX
ADD A FOOTER
17
Inequality Decreases Health
The impoverished members of society are subject to
disproportionate occurrence rates of certain kinds of illnesses.
Access to quality health care and healthy food is sometimes
limited or unavailable for poor individuals. The result of a
substantial poor population, a defining feature of economic
inequality, is a less effective lower-income work force, higher
disease and mortality rates, higher health care costs, and
progressively deepening poverty for afflicted groups.
Inequality Increases Crime
Studies establish a positive relationship between income
inequality and crime disadvantaged members of a society may
be more likely to suffer from resentment and hostility as a
result of their economic position or competition over scarce
jobs or resources, resulting in a higher propensity for criminal
behavior. Increasingly concentrated wealth leads to higher
crime rates in poor areas which are prevalent in economically
unbalanced societies
19. MM.DD.20XX
ADD A FOOTER
19
Specifically, there are two main areas where changes to policy could boost
economic equality: taxation and social spending.
1.Progressive taxation, where corporations and the richest individuals pay more to the state in order
to redistribute resources across society, is key. The role of taxation in reducing inequality has been
clearly documented in OECD and developing countries. Tax can play a progressive role, or a
regressive one, depending on the policy choices of the government.
2.Social spending, on public services such as education, health and social protection, is also
important. Evidence from more than 150 countries – rich and poor, and spanning over 30 years –
shows that overall, investment in public services and social protection can tackle inequality. Oxfam
has for many years campaigned for free, universal public services.
3.Free up women's time by easing the millions of unpaid hours they spend every day caring for their
families and homes.
4.Invest in public services including water, electricity and childcare that reduce the time needed to
do this unpaid work. Design all public services in a way that works for those with little time to spare.
5.Increase the employment opportunities in the country.
20. MM.DD.20XX
ADD A FOOTER
20
6.Free high school education and an increased number of functioning health centres.
7.There is a need for Universal Income Support. Economic Survey 2016-17 has suggested replacing all
current cash transfers with universal basic income. The survey wants UBI to replace and not supplement
the existing social welfare, and anti-poverty schemes like MGNREGA, PMJSY etc.
8.Investments in human capital and public goods have significant positive impacts on private-sector
productivity, with estimated rates of return ranging from 15% to upwards of 45%. The enhanced
productivity of human beings or human capital contributes substantially not only towards increasing
labour productivity but also stimulates innovations and creates the ability to absorb new technologies.
9.Measures should be taken to bridge the immense gap that remains in the distribution of wealth among
different levels of society. A 99% one-off windfall tax on the wealth gains of the 10 wealthiest men in
Covid19 alone will generate $ 812 billion.
10.Tax ranging from 1 per cent of wealth owned over $1 million to 3 per cent for global billionaires can
generate 1.6 per cent of global income.
21. MM.DD.20XX
ADD A FOOTER
21
11.Wealth taxation in unequal societies
12.Eliminate caste discrimination.
13.Policymakers should focus on making technology cheaper and deepening its
penetration.
14.Investing in women: IMF - If women’s participation in the workforce matched men’s,
Japan could grow at 9 per cent per annum and India at 27 per cent. Stop the blame game:
Instead of addressing the actual causes of inequality, we indulge in a blame game.
15.Reduce asset inequality through redistributive land reforms but also through
inheritance taxes, preventing monopoly of control over water, forests and mineral
resources and reducing financial concentration.
22. MM.DD.20XX
ADD A FOOTER
22
16.Investing in agriculture: As per the World Bank, agriculture can help reduce poverty for 80
per cent of the world’s poor who live in rural areas and work mainly in farming.
17.Create opportunities for youth and disadvantaged communities.
18.Encourage domestic resource mobilization and stimulate public and private sector
development.
19.Support sectoral training, apprenticeships, and earn-while-you-learn programs.
20.Raise the minimum wage and index it to inflation.
23. SUMMARY
o Globalization
o Taxation policy
o Unemployment
o Changing technology
o Gender gap
o Lack of skills
o Regional disparity
o Inflation
CONSEQUENCES
o Poverty
o Economic instability
o Social unrest
o Lack of education
o Poor health
o Debt and inflation
SOLUTIONS
o Progressive reduction in taxes
o Spending on public sector
o Free education increase
employment opportunities
o Invest in social upliftment
o Remove gender gap
o Eliminate caste discrimination
and regional disparities
23
INCOME INEQUALITY
MM.DD.20XX
FACTORS
24. CONCLUSION
“We must work together to ensure the equitable
distribution of wealth, opportunity, and power in our
society.”
–NELSON MANDELA
The causes and consequences of income inequality
are multifaceted. There are many proven solutions
that policymakers can enact like restoring higher
levels of labour protections would aid in reversing
the declining trend of labour wage share,
government promotion , tax policy can be
harnessed to redress income inequality etc.
24 ADD A FOOTER MM.DD.20XX