The document discusses the concept of equality of opportunity, emphasizing that all individuals should have equal chances without discrimination based on arbitrary characteristics like birth or nationality. It highlights different dimensions such as formal and substantive equality, the role of social mobility, and the impact of education and affirmative action on achieving equality. Additionally, it addresses ongoing challenges in gender and minority representation, as well as the ideal of meritocracy.

1. Equality of Opportunity
Puja Shrivastav

2. Puja Shrivastav

3. Equality of Opportunity
 Equality refers to a state of affairs in which all people
within a specific society or group have the same status.
 Equality of opportunity is best expressed in the phrase —
career open to talents.
 No arbitrary obstacles should prevent people from
achieving those public positions which their talents fit and
which their values lead them to seek. Neither birth,
nationality, colour, religion, sex nor any other equivalent
characteristic should determine the public opportunities
that are open to a person — only talent and achievement.
Puja Shrivastav

4. Equality of Opportunity
 Equality of opportunity means freedom to
pursue one's private interest or vocation
without arbitrary restrictions based on
irrelevant personal characteristics.
 For example: We can ask students to
participate in some activities but we can
not force them for that.
Puja Shrivastav

5. Concept of Equality of Access,
Opportunity and outcomes
 Equality of Opportunity is a conception
generally describes fair competition for
important jobs and positions such that
contenders have equal chances to win such
positions,
 Applicants are not judged or hampered by
unfair or arbitrary discrimination.
Puja Shrivastav

6. Equality of Access
 Equity of access means that all people have the
information they need - regardless of age,
education, ethnicity, language, income, physical
limitations or geographic barriers.
 It means they are able to obtain information in a
variety of formats - electronic, as well as print.
 It also means they are free to exercise their right
to know without fear of censorship or reprisal
Puja Shrivastav

7. Equality of Outcome
 Equality of outcome can be defined as to think it
as "equality in the central and valuable things in
life.
 It describes a state in which people have
approximately the same material wealth or in
which the general economic conditions of their
lives are similar.
 It depend on the opportunity provided to the
individuals.
Puja Shrivastav

8. Puja Shrivastav

9. Formal Equality of Opportunity
 Formal equality of opportunity requires that
positions and posts that confer superior
advantages to all applicants.
 Applications are assessed on their merits, and the
applicant deemed most qualified according to
appropriate criteria is offered the position.
 Alternatively, applicants are winnowed by fair
competition, and the winner or winners get the
superior advantages
Puja Shrivastav

10. Formal Equality of Opportunity
 The ideal of formal equality of opportunity is
associated with the liberation of economic
practices and institutions from guild privileges
and restrictions and with the development of
competitive market economies.
 The slogan “careers open to talents” expresses the
aspiration to establish a world where government
posts go to the most qualified and economic
opportunities may be seized by anyone
independently of whether or not one's parents are
of noble blood or cronies of the king.
Puja Shrivastav

11. Substantive Equality of
Opportunity
 Substantive equality of opportunity prevails with
respect to some desirable position or ranked order
of positions just in case all members of society
are eligible to apply for the position
 Applications are fairly judged on their merits and
the most meritorious are selected, and sufficient
opportunity to develop the qualifications needed
for successful application is available to all.
Puja Shrivastav

12. Social Mobility and Equality of
Opportunity
 Social mobility is the movement of
individuals, families, households or other
categories of people within or between
social strata in a society.
 Mobility is most often quantitatively
measured in terms of change in economic
mobility such as changes in income or
wealth.
Puja Shrivastav

13. Human Rights Approach to
Equality
 Human rights also promise the engagement
of responsibilities
 Gender Equality
 Health Care and Social Care
 Empowerment
Puja Shrivastav

14. Affirmative Action and Equality
of Opportunity
 Affirmative action or Positive
Discrimination is the policy of favouring
members of disadvantaged group who
suffer from discrimination within a culture.
 In India Quota system is followed, where a
certain percentage of jobs or school
vacancies must be reserved for members of
certain group.
Puja Shrivastav

15. Equality of Opportunity and
Meritocracy
 Meritocracy means distribution of goods
and positions solely in accordance with
individual merit.
 Ex: job should be given to that applicant
who can do best in job.
Puja Shrivastav

16. The Value of an Education
 Education is simply a sorting device
 Educated people actually know something that is
valuable to employers
 There is an interaction between years of
schooling and aspirations. Motivated people stay
in school and staying in school motivates people
to achieve.
Puja Shrivastav

17. Class
 Class is based on Socio economic status.
 From a cultural point of view, schools represent
the values of the middle and upper classes.
 In a school that enrolls many middle class
children, more emphasis put on academic
achievement.
 However, a school that enrolls many higher class
children, put more emphasis on other activities
along with academic achievement
Puja Shrivastav

18. Gender
 In the last twenty years, gender differences
have been reduced, but still continue to
exist.
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19. Minority Vs Non-Minority
 Minority people are getting chance to work
with non-minority.
 In every field there is reservation for
minority, so that they can bring themselves
at the equal plane.
Puja Shrivastav

20. Thank You!
Puja Shrivastav