This document summarizes key aspects of control unit operation from William Stallings' Computer Organization and Architecture textbook. It discusses micro-operations which are the basic steps that make up each instruction fetch/execute cycle. The constituent elements involved in program execution like registers are described. The sequences of steps in the fetch, indirect, and interrupt cycles are outlined. Examples of the execute cycle for different instructions like ADD and ISZ are provided. The functional requirements, basic elements, and types of micro-operations that a control unit must perform are identified. Models of the control unit and how it generates control signals to orchestrate data movement and activation of functions are described.
Micro operations
Fetch, Indirect, Interrupt, Execute, Instruction Cycle
Control Unit
Hardwired Control Unit
Microprogrammed Control Unit
Wilkie's Microprogrammed Control Unit
The topic focuses on different aspects of processor organization and architecture such as architecture models, register organization, instruction formats, addressing modes etc.
This slide contain the description about the various technique related to parallel Processing(vector Processing and array processor), Arithmetic pipeline, Instruction Pipeline, SIMD processor, Attached array processor
In these slides the registration organization and stack organization have discussed in detail. Stack organization is discussed with the aid of animation to let the user understand it in a better and easy way.
The presentation given at MSBTE sponsored content updating program on 'PC Maintenance and Troubleshooting' for Diploma Engineering teachers of Maharashtra. Venue: Government Polytechnic, Nashik Date: 17/01/2011 Session-2: Computer Organization and Architecture.
The control unit (CU) is a component of a computer's central processing unit (CPU) that directs the operation of the processor. It tells the computer's memory, arithmetic/logic unit and input and output devices how to respond to a program's instructions.
Micro operations
Fetch, Indirect, Interrupt, Execute, Instruction Cycle
Control Unit
Hardwired Control Unit
Microprogrammed Control Unit
Wilkie's Microprogrammed Control Unit
The topic focuses on different aspects of processor organization and architecture such as architecture models, register organization, instruction formats, addressing modes etc.
This slide contain the description about the various technique related to parallel Processing(vector Processing and array processor), Arithmetic pipeline, Instruction Pipeline, SIMD processor, Attached array processor
In these slides the registration organization and stack organization have discussed in detail. Stack organization is discussed with the aid of animation to let the user understand it in a better and easy way.
The presentation given at MSBTE sponsored content updating program on 'PC Maintenance and Troubleshooting' for Diploma Engineering teachers of Maharashtra. Venue: Government Polytechnic, Nashik Date: 17/01/2011 Session-2: Computer Organization and Architecture.
The control unit (CU) is a component of a computer's central processing unit (CPU) that directs the operation of the processor. It tells the computer's memory, arithmetic/logic unit and input and output devices how to respond to a program's instructions.
CPU Structure and Design
Computer Arch and Organization
learn how it works and the uses of the components and parts aswell.
this presentation is intended for those who are new to the ICT or already have some familiarity with working computers .
this tutorial was arranged and organized by enineer Gabiye
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Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
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adversary training.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
CW RADAR, FMCW RADAR, FMCW ALTIMETER, AND THEIR PARAMETERSveerababupersonal22
It consists of cw radar and fmcw radar ,range measurement,if amplifier and fmcw altimeterThe CW radar operates using continuous wave transmission, while the FMCW radar employs frequency-modulated continuous wave technology. Range measurement is a crucial aspect of radar systems, providing information about the distance to a target. The IF amplifier plays a key role in signal processing, amplifying intermediate frequency signals for further analysis. The FMCW altimeter utilizes frequency-modulated continuous wave technology to accurately measure altitude above a reference point.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
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Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
2. Micro-Operations
• A computer executes a program
• Fetch/execute cycle
• Each cycle has a number of steps
—see pipelining
• Called micro-operations
• Each step does very little
• Atomic operation of CPU
4. Fetch - 4 Registers
• Memory Address Register (MAR)
—Connected to address bus
—Specifies address for read or write op
• Memory Buffer Register (MBR)
—Connected to data bus
—Holds data to write or last data read
• Program Counter (PC)
—Holds address of next instruction to be fetched
• Instruction Register (IR)
—Holds last instruction fetched
5. Fetch Sequence
• Address of next instruction is in PC
• Address (MAR) is placed on address bus
• Control unit issues READ command
• Result (data from memory) appears on
data bus
• Data from data bus copied into MBR
• PC incremented by 1 (in parallel with data
fetch from memory)
• Data (instruction) moved from MBR to IR
• MBR is now free for further data fetches
7. Rules for Clock Cycle Grouping
• Proper sequence must be followed
—MAR <- (PC) must precede MBR <- (memory)
• Conflicts must be avoided
—Must not read & write same register at same
time
—MBR <- (memory) & IR <- (MBR) must not be
in same cycle
• Also: PC <- (PC) +1 involves addition
—Use ALU
—May need additional micro-operations
8. Indirect Cycle
• MAR <- (IRaddress) - address field of IR
• MBR <- (memory)
• IRaddress <- (MBRaddress)
• MBR contains an address
• IR is now in same state as if direct
addressing had been used
• (What does this say about IR size?)
9. Interrupt Cycle
• t1:MBR <-(PC)
• t2:MAR <- save-address
• PC <- routine-address
• t3:memory <- (MBR)
• This is a minimum
—May be additional micro-ops to get addresses
—N.B. saving context is done by interrupt
handler routine, not micro-ops
10. Execute Cycle (ADD)
• Different for each instruction
• e.g. ADD R1,X - add the contents of
location X to Register 1 , result in R1
• t1:MAR <- (IRaddress)
• t2:MBR <- (memory)
• t3:R1 <- R1 + (MBR)
• Note no overlap of micro-operations
11. Execute Cycle (ISZ)
• ISZ X - increment and skip if zero
—t1: MAR <- (IRaddress)
—t2: MBR <- (memory)
—t3: MBR <- (MBR) + 1
—t4: memory <- (MBR)
— if (MBR) == 0 then PC <- (PC) + 1
• Notes:
—if is a single micro-operation
—Micro-operations done during t4
12. Execute Cycle (BSA)
• BSA X - Branch and save address
—Address of instruction following BSA is saved
in X
—Execution continues from X+1
—t1: MAR <- (IRaddress)
— MBR <- (PC)
—t2: PC <- (IRaddress)
— memory <- (MBR)
—t3: PC <- (PC) + 1
13. Instruction Cycle
• Each phase decomposed into sequence of
elementary micro-operations
• E.g. fetch, indirect, and interrupt cycles
• Execute cycle
—One sequence of micro-operations for each
opcode
• Need to tie sequences together
• Assume new 2-bit register
—Instruction cycle code (ICC) designates which
part of cycle processor is in
– 00: Fetch
– 01: Indirect
– 10: Execute
– 11: Interrupt
15. Functional Requirements
• Define basic elements of processor
• Describe micro-operations processor
performs
• Determine functions control unit must
perform
16. Basic Elements of Processor
• ALU
• Registers
• Internal data pahs
• External data paths
• Control Unit
17. Types of Micro-operation
• Transfer data between registers
• Transfer data from register to external
• Transfer data from external to register
• Perform arithmetic or logical ops
18. Functions of Control Unit
• Sequencing
—Causing the CPU to step through a series of
micro-operations
• Execution
—Causing the performance of each micro-op
• This is done using Control Signals
19. Control Signals
• Clock
—One micro-instruction (or set of parallel micro-
instructions) per clock cycle
• Instruction register
—Op-code for current instruction
—Determines which micro-instructions are
performed
• Flags
—State of CPU
—Results of previous operations
• From control bus
—Interrupts
—Acknowledgements
21. Control Signals - output
• Within CPU
—Cause data movement
—Activate specific functions
• Via control bus
—To memory
—To I/O modules
22. Example Control Signal Sequence - Fetch
• MAR <- (PC)
—Control unit activates signal to open gates
between PC and MAR
• MBR <- (memory)
—Open gates between MAR and address bus
—Memory read control signal
—Open gates between data bus and MBR
24. Internal Organization
• Usually a single internal bus
• Gates control movement of data onto and
off the bus
• Control signals control data transfer to
and from external systems bus
• Temporary registers needed for proper
operation of ALU
29. Hardwired Implementation (1)
• Control unit inputs
• Flags and control bus
—Each bit means something
• Instruction register
—Op-code causes different control signals for
each different instruction
—Unique logic for each op-code
—Decoder takes encoded input and produces
single output
—n binary inputs and 2n
outputs
30. Hardwired Implementation (2)
• Clock
—Repetitive sequence of pulses
—Useful for measuring duration of micro-ops
—Must be long enough to allow signal
propagation
—Different control signals at different times
within instruction cycle
—Need a counter with different control signals
for t1, t2 etc.
32. Problems With Hard Wired Designs
• Complex sequencing & micro-operation
logic
• Difficult to design and test
• Inflexible design
• Difficult to add new instructions