The document describes early North American societies and complex civilizations that emerged in pre-Columbian Americas. In the central valley of Mexico, the early civilization of Teotihuacan developed between the 1st-6th centuries AD, growing to a large city of 150,000-200,000 people with monumental architecture including pyramids dedicated to gods. Teotihuacan became a center of trade, exchanging goods over a wide network. Later, the Aztecs would come to dominate central Mexico.
www.tomrichey.net
This PowerPoint presentation is designed to support a history lecture on the causes of the Protestant Reformation (simony, nepotism, absenteeism, uneducated priests, and the sale of indulgences). It begins with an explanation of the Pope's authority in early modern Europe and of the origins of the Latin Vulgate.
www.tomrichey.net
This PowerPoint presentation is designed to support a history lecture on the causes of the Protestant Reformation (simony, nepotism, absenteeism, uneducated priests, and the sale of indulgences). It begins with an explanation of the Pope's authority in early modern Europe and of the origins of the Latin Vulgate.
Chapter 13 political transformations : Empires and encounters 1450-1750S Sandoval
AP WORLD HISTORY - CHAPTER 16 WAYS OF THE WORLD.
The Early Modern world, 1450 to 1750- Political transformations of empires and encounters. (sorry for the grammar mistakes)
Chapter 13 political transformations : Empires and encounters 1450-1750S Sandoval
AP WORLD HISTORY - CHAPTER 16 WAYS OF THE WORLD.
The Early Modern world, 1450 to 1750- Political transformations of empires and encounters. (sorry for the grammar mistakes)
Mayan ruins are the leftover archaeological sites of the Mayan civilization which existed between 1300 BCE - 1200 CE. The Mayans are known for being an extremely advanced civilization that flourished primarily between 300 CE -900 CE. The Mayans inhabited lands in the current day Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras and Belize, and they were responsible for building large monuments to carry out numerous rituals and ceremonies. The ruins of these ceremonial monuments can be visited at hundreds of locations around areas of Mexico and Central America.
In this ppt i have explained about Mayans and their ruins. Hope it helps u all. :)
Civilizations in Mesoamerica rose and fell repeatedly, leaving behind a distinctive worldview and some mysteries.
Register to explore the whole course here: https://school.bighistoryproject.com/bhplive?WT.mc_id=Slideshare12202017
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Page 3
A CONTINENT OF CULTURES
Recent breakthroughs in archaeology and genetics have demonstrated that the first inhabitants of the
Americas arrived from Siberia at least 15,500 years ago BP.* Gradually these nomads filtered southward,
some likely following the Pacific coastline in small boats, others making their way down a narrow,
glacier–free corridor along the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains and onto the northern Great Plains.
There they found and hunted a stunning array of huge mammals, so–called megafauna. These animals
included mammoths that were twice as heavy as elephants, giant bison, sloths that were taller than
giraffes, several kinds of camels, and terrifying, 8–foot–long lions. Within a few thousand years the
descendants of these Siberians, people whom Columbus would wishfully dub “Indians,” had spread
throughout the length and breadth of the Americas.
nomad a member of a group of people who have no fixed home and who move about, usually seasonally,
in pursuit of food, water, and other resources.
Opinion
If your outstretched arm represented North America's human history, contact with Europe would happen
around the second knuckle of your index finger, with the fingertips being the present. Why do you think
students learn so little about the Americas before 1492?
This first colonization of the Americas coincided with, and perhaps accelerated, profound changes in the
natural world. The last Ice Age literally melted away as warmer global temperatures freed the great
reservoirs of water once locked in glaciers. A rise in sea levels inundated the Bering Strait, submerging
the land bridge and creating new lakes and river systems. The emergence of new ecosystems—climates,
waterways, and land environments in which humans interacted with other animals and plants—made for
ever–greater diversity. The first human inhabitants of the Americas had fed, clothed, warmed, and armed
themselves in part by hunting megafauna, and some combination of overhunting and climate change
resulted in the extinction of most of these giants by the end of the Ice Age. As glaciers receded and
human populations increased, the first Americans had to adapt to changing conditions. They adjusted by
hunting smaller animals with new, more specialized kinds of stone tools and by learning to exploit
particular places more efficiently.
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ecosystem a community and/or region studied as a system of functioning relationships between
organisms and their environments.
So it was that between 10,000 and 2,500 years ago distinctive regional cultures developed among the
peoples of the Americas. Those who remained in the Great Plains turned to hunting the much smaller
descendants of the now–extinct giant bison; those in the deserts of the Great Basin survived on small
game, seeds, and e.
SAP Sapphire 2024 - ASUG301 building better apps with SAP Fiori.pdfPeter Spielvogel
Building better applications for business users with SAP Fiori.
• What is SAP Fiori and why it matters to you
• How a better user experience drives measurable business benefits
• How to get started with SAP Fiori today
• How SAP Fiori elements accelerates application development
• How SAP Build Code includes SAP Fiori tools and other generative artificial intelligence capabilities
• How SAP Fiori paves the way for using AI in SAP apps
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
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A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
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This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
3. Complex Societies in the West
In many ways the early cultures in North
America were less developed than those of
South America and Mesoamerica.
North American groups had no great empires
and few ruins as spectacular as those
ancient Mexico or Peru, but never the less
the first peoples of North America did created
complex societies.
4. Kwakiutl, Nootka, & Haida Peoples
All three groups lived in the Pacific Northwest---
form Oregon to Alaska--- and relied on the sea to
support their sizable populations.
They hunted whales in canoes: the canoes were
large enough to carry at least 15 people.
In addition they relied on the coastal forest to
provide plentiful food.
5.
6.
7. Hohokam
Civilizations also started to emerge in Southwest
America--- in the dry, desert lands of Central
Arizona--- where the Hohokum used irrigation to
produce harvest of corn, beans, and squash.
8.
9. Anasazi
They lived in the four corners region, where Utah,
Arizona, Colorado and New Mexico meet.
They built impressive cliff dwelling society: These were
large houses built on flat hill tops or shallow caves in the
walls of deep canyons.
These skilled builders used mud-like mortar to construct
walls up to 5 stories high and they built small window to
keep the burning sun out.
10.
11. They were large villages of apartment-
style compounds made stone and sun-
baked clay. These villages were called
pueblos.
The largest Anasazi pueblo was
Pueblo Bonito meaning “beautiful
village”.
Pueblo Bonito probably housed about
1,000 people and contained 600
rooms.
12.
13. Mound Builders
The Mississippian
Beyond the Great Plains in the woodlands, east
of the Mississippi River, other ancient mount
building people emerged.
They would build huge earthen mounds in which
they buried their dead. These mounds held
bodies of tribal leaders and where often filled
with gifts and finely crafted copper and stone
objects.
14.
15. The last mound building culture was the
Mississippians that lasted form 800 AD until
1500 AD.
They created a thriving village based on
farming and trade.
Perhaps, at its height 30,000 people lived in
its capital Cahokia.
It was located near the Mississippi and
Ohio Rivers which made transportation
easy and encouraged trade.
Cahokia was led by a priest ruler that
regulated farming activities.
16.
17. Also common to Cahokia and North
American clans was the use of totems
The totem was used as a symbol of the
unity of a group or clan.
It also helped define certain behaviors
and social relationships of a group.
They were usually placed in front of their
homes and clans would do rituals and
dances around them associated with
important group events such as
marriages, naming of children,
ocupation, religious services, planting
crops or gathering harvests.
21. Maya Created City-States
The homeland of the Maya stretched from
southern Mexico into northern Central America.
This area included a highland region in the South
and a lowland region to North.
The Highlands: Are a range of cool cloud-weathered
mountains that stretch form southern Mexico to El
Salvador.
The Lowlands: include the dry scrub forest of the
Yucatan Peninsula and the dense steamy jungles of
southeastern Mexico and northern Guatemala.
While the Olmec were developing their civilization
along the Gulf Coast the Mayans were evolving.
They took on Olmec influences, and blended them
with local customs. By AD 250 Maya culture had
burst forth a flourishing civilization.
22. Classic Period
AD 250 to 900 is known as the Classic Period of
Maya civilizations.
During this period archaeologists have
discovered at least 50 major Mayan sites all with
monumental architecture. (TIKAL)
Each of these were an independent city-state,
and was ruled by a god-king.
Mayan cities featured giant pyramids, temples,
palaces and elaborate stone carvings dedicated to
the gods and important rulers.
Mayan cities also featured a ball court in which they
played games that had religious and political
significance.
The Mayans believed that the playing of games would
maintain the cycles of the sun and moon and bring
life-giving rains.
23.
24.
25.
26. Trade and Agriculture
Although the Maya city-states were independent of
each other, they were linked through alliances and
trade.
They would exchange their local products such as salt,
flint, feathers, shells and honey.
They also traded crafted goods like cotton textiles and
jade ornaments.
And despite having no uniform currency, the cacao (chocolate)
beans served as a common currency.
As with the rest of the Mesoamericans, agriculture---
particularly the growing of maize, beans, and
squash--- provided the basis for Mayan life.
They practiced slash-and-burn farming and among other
farming techniques.
27. Mayan Society
Successful farming methods led to the
accumulation of wealth and the development of
social classes.
The Noble Class: priests, and leading
warriors.
Middle Class: merchants, and those with
specialized knowledge, such as a skilled
artisan.
Bottom Class: was the peasant majority.
They Mayan King sat at the top of the class
structure and were regarded as a holy figure.
28. Mayan Religion
The Mayans believed in many gods: There were
gods of corn, gods of death, of rain, and of war.
Gods could be good or evil. Sometimes both.
Mayans worshiped their gods in various ways: They
prayed, and made offerings of food, flowers and
incense. They also pierced and cut their bodies and
even offered their own blood, believing that this
would nourish the gods.
Sometimes the Mayan gods even carried out
human sacrifices (usually of captured enemies).
They believed that human sacrifice pleased the
gods and kept the world in balance.
29. The Mayan religious beliefs also led to the
development of the calendar, mathematics and
astronomy.
The Mayans believed that time was a burden carried on
the backs of the gods and thus a day would be lucky or
unlucky depending on the mood of the god.
So it was very important to have an accurate calendar
to know which god was in charge of the day.
So, they created a 260 day religious calendar to tell
which gods where in charge of what days and a 365
day solar calendar to determine the seasons.
The 2 calendars were linked together so that they
could identify the best times to plant crops, attack
enemies, and crown new rulers.
30.
31. Written Language
The Mayans developed the most advanced
writing system in the ancient Americas.
Their writing consisted of about 800
hieroglyphic symbols called glyphs which
stood for words and syllables.
Their writing system also help them record
history on stone tables or bark paper know as
codex.
32.
33. Fall of Maya
In the late 800s the Mayans suddenly abandoned
many of their cities.
They are a couple guesses on what the reason
for their departure:
1. Because warfare had broken out among
various city-states which disrupted trade and
resulted in economic hardship.
2. Because there was population growth and
over-farmed land lead to a food shortage,
famines and disease.
34. 16.2 Maya Kings and
Cities
Environment – Dry forest of the Yucatan, dense
jungles of the south eastern Mexico
Urban Centers – City States Such as TIKAL, each
ruled by a god-king, comprised of giant pyramids,
temples and palaces
Economy – based on trade and farming sophisticated
methods such as planting on raised platforms above
swaps and on hillside terraces
Social Structure – three social classes; nobles
(priests and warriors), middle class (merchants and
artisans), lower class of peasants.
Religion – polytheistic, offered human sacrifices
Achievements – developed calendar, math
astronomy and writing system
36. Geography of Americas: what is the character of the land?
THE CENTRAL
VALLEY OF MEXICO
WAS THE SITE OF
NUMEROUS
CIVILIZATIONS. WHY
THERE?
37. An Early City-State
The first major civilization
of central Mexico was
Teotihuacán, a city-state
whose ruins lie just
outside Mexico City.
In the first century A.D.,
villagers at this site began
to plan and construct a
monumental city, even Teotihuacán was the largest urban
larger than Monte Albán, in center in pre-Columbian America
Oaxaca (south central and, in the hey-day of its existence,
Mexico). one of the three largest cities in the
This civilization predated world, rivaling Rome in Europe and
the Aztecs Beijing in Asia. Is city size a
reasonable way to measure the
complexity of a civilization?
38. An Early City-State
At its peak in the sixth century,
Teotihuacán had a population
of between 150,000 and
200,000 people, making it one
of the largest cities in the
world at the time.
The heart of the city was a
central avenue lined with
more than 20 pyramids
dedicated to various gods.
Two great pyramids (the
Sun and Moon) formed the
axis of the central avenue
40. Teotihuacán became the center
of a thriving trade network that Teotihuacán
extended far into Central
America.
The city’s most valuable trade
item was obsidian, a green or
black volcanic glass found in the
Valley of Mexico and used to
make razor-sharp weapons.
There is no evidence that
Teotihuacán conquered its
neighbors or tried to create an
empire.
However, evidence of art styles
and religious beliefs from
Teotihuacán have been found
throughout Mesoamerica.
41. “City of the Gods.”
After centuries of growth, the city
abruptly declined.
Historians believe this decline
was due either to an invasion by
outside forces or conflict among
the city’s ruling classes.
Regardless of the causes, the
city was virtually abandoned by
750.
The vast ruins astonished later
settlers in the area, who named the
site Teotihuacán, which means
“City of the Gods.”
43. 2a. What does this knife suggest about this early culture and their
technological and artistic skills?
2b. Look carefully at the construction of the knife. For what do you
think it was used? What evidence supports your hypothesis?
44. Toltecs Take Over
After the fall of Teotihuacán, no single
culture dominated central Mexico for
centuries.
Then, around 900, a new people, the
Toltecs, rose to power.
For the next three centuries, the
Toltecs ruled over the heart of
Mexico from their capital at Tula.
Like other Mesoamericans, they
built pyramids and temples.
They also carved tall pillars as
shown on the next slide
45.
46.
47. Toltecs Take Over
In fact, the Toltecs were an extremely warlike people
whose empire was based on conquest.
They worshiped a fierce war god who demanded blood
and human sacrifice from his followers.
48.
49. Toltecs Take Over
Sometime after 1000, a Toltec
ruler named Topiltzin tried to
change the Toltec religion.
He called on the Toltec
people to end the practice
of human sacrifice.
He also encouraged them to
worship a different god,
Quetzalcoatl, or the
Feathered Serpent.
50. Toltecs Take Over
Followers of the war god
rebelled, however, forcing
Topiltzin and his followers into
exile on the Yucatán Peninsula.
There, they greatly influenced
late-Mayan culture.
After Topiltzin’s exile, Toltec
power began to decline.
By the early 1200s, their reign
over the Valley of Mexico had
ended.
51. The Aztecs
This is the flag of Mexico
The eagle represents an ancient Aztec symbol; it is perched
atop a cactus and is eating a snake. An Aztec myth told them to
settle where they found an eagle eating a snake.
Historians believe the Aztecs migrated from the deserts of
northern Mexico into the central valley, where they created their
empire
52. AZTEC GEOGRAPHY
What does
this map tell
us about
Aztec
geography?
Mayan lands
below and
What was
their capital
and where
was it
located?
54. POWER AND AUTHORITY
Through alliances and conquest, the Aztecs created a
powerful empire in Mexico.
55. The Aztec Empire
The Aztecs arrived in the Valley
of Mexico around A.D. 1200.
The valley contained a number of
small city-states that had survived
the collapse of Toltec rule.
The Aztecs, who were then
called the Mexica, were a poor,
nomadic people from the harsh
deserts of northern Mexico.
Fierce and ambitious, they soon
adapted to local ways, finding work
as soldiers-for-hire to local rulers.
56. Aztecs Grow Stronger
Over the years, the Aztecs
gradually increased in
strength and number.
In 1428, they joined with two
other city-states— Texcoco
and Tlacopan —to form the
Triple Alliance.
This alliance became the
leading power in the
Valley of Mexico and soon
gained control over
neighboring regions.
57. Aztecs Grow Stronger
By the early 1500s, the
alliance controlled a vast
empire that covered some
80,000 square miles
stretching from central
Mexico to the Atlantic and
Pacific coasts and south into
Oaxaca.
This empire was divided
into 38 provinces.
It had an estimated
population of between 5
and 15 million people.
58.
59. Aztec Power
The Aztecs based their power on military
conquest and the tribute they gained from
their conquered subjects.
The Aztecs generally exercised loose control
over the empire, often letting local rulers
govern their own regions
What other civilizations ruled this way?
The Aztecs did demand tribute, however, in
the form of gold, maize, cacao beans,
cotton, jade, and other products.
If local rulers failed to pay tribute, or offered
any other kind of resistance, the Aztecs
responded brutally.
They destroyed the rebellious villages and
captured or slaughtered the inhabitants (recall
how the Romans also did this)
60. Aztec warriors: what do the costumes tell us
about them? Can you tell anything about their
weapons?
61. Sacrifices for the Sun God
Religion
The most important rituals
involved a sun god, Ruled
Huitzilopochtli.
Aztec Life
According to Aztec belief,
Huitzilopochtli made the
sun rise every day.
When the sun set, he had
to battle the forces of evil
to get to the next day.
To make sure that he was
strong enough for this
ordeal, he needed the
nourishment of human
blood.
62. Aztec priests used
sharp obsidian blades
to cut open victims.
Obsidian, a volcanic
rock, is like glass.
Most sacrifices were
captive warriors.
Why would they
especially want the
still-beating heart of
the victim?
63.
64.
65. Human sacrifice is an extreme and rather rare
occurrence historically, especially as it allegedly
developed on the scale the Aztecs practiced it.
Some scholars claim that Spanish observers
deliberately exaggerated human sacrifice
among the Aztecs as a means of justifying the
conquest of Mexico. But there is indeed
evidence that human ritual killing was an Aztec
trait.
Besides religion, what “purposes” might such
killing have had?
66. Problems in the Aztec Empire
In 1502 Montezuma II was
crowned emperor.
Under Montezuma, the Aztec
Empire began to weaken.
For nearly a century, the Aztecs
had been demanding tribute and
sacrificial victims from provinces
under their control.
Now, Montezuma called for even
more tribute and sacrifice.
A number of provinces rose up
against Aztec oppression.
This began a period of unrest
and rebellion, which the
military struggled to put down.
67. Over time, Montezuma tried to lessen
the pressure on the provinces. Montezuma’s
For example, he reduced the demand Reign
for tribute payment by cutting the
number of officials in the Aztec
government.
But resentment continued to grow.
Many Aztecs began to predict that
terrible things were about to happen.
They saw bad omens in every
unusual occurrence—lightning
striking a temple in Tenochtitlán, or a
partial eclipse of the sun, for
example.
Where else have we seen such
developments and related
responses?
68. Montezuma’s Reign
The most worrying event, however, was the arrival of
the Spanish.
For many Aztecs, these fair-skinned, bearded strangers
from across the sea brought to mind the legend of the
return of Quetzalcoatl.
71. Inca Beginning
• Lived in high plateaus in the
Andes
• Valley of Cuzco 1200’s
• Rulers were descended from the
sun god Inti
• Bring prosperity and greatness
• Men from one of eleven families
could serve
• Believed to be descendants of the
sun god
72. Pachacuti Builds an
Empire
• 1438 Pachacuti took
the throne
• Inca conquered all of
Peru
• 1500 Inca empire
stretched 2,500 miles
on western coast of
South America
• “Land of Four
Quarters” 80
provinces 16 million
people
73. Pachacuti Builds an
Empire
• Used diplomacy and conquest
• Before attacking offered an
honorable surrender
• Keep customs and rulers in
exchange for loyalty
• Many states gave up without
resistance
• Once defeated Inca tried to
gain loylaty
74. Incan Government
Creates Unity
• Extensive road system
• Rulers divided their
territory
• Quechau- official
language
• Founded schools to
tech the Incan ways
• Groups identified by
certain patterns of
clothing
75. Incan Cities Show
Government Presence
• Built many cities in
conquered areas
• Architecture was the
same throughout the
empire
• All roads led to the
capitol
• Cuzco-stone homes,
stones fit together
without mortar
76. Incan Government
Total control over
economic and social
life
Regulated production
and distribution of
goods
Inca allowed little
private commerce
Allyu- communinty
cooperation
77. Incan Government
• Ayllu-extended family,
undertook tasks not too big
for one family
– Irrigation canals
– Cutting agricultural
terraces
– Stored food to distribute
during hard times
• Families divided into groups
of 10, 100, 1000, 10,000
78. Incan Government
A chief led each group
Chain of command
stretched all the way
to Cuzco
Inca ruler and council
of state held court
If a group resisted
Inca control the were
relocated
79. Incan Government
• Main demand was for tribute
(usually labor)
• Mita- was the labor tribute
• Have to work for the state a
certain number of days
• Incan system more like
socialism or modern welfare
state
80. Incan Government
Aged and disabled
taken care of by the
state
State fed people
Freeze-dried potatoes
(chunos)
Stored in warehouse
for food shortages
81. Public Work Projects
14,000 mile road program
Paved to simple paths
Built guest houses and
shelters along the road
Chasquis- traveled the
road as a postal service
Easy way to move troops
82. Government Record-
Keeping
Inca never developed
a writing system
History and literature
done through oral
tradition
Quipa- series of knots
used as an accounting
system
83. Government Record
Keeping
Position of knots and
colors meant different
things
Res strings-
warriors
Yellow strings-gold
Inca had two different
calendars
Gods ruled the day
and the time
84. Religion Supports the
State
Worshipped fewer
gods
Key nature spirits
Moon
Stars, thunder
Viracocha- the creator
Sun worship
amounted to
worshipping the king
85. Great Cities
Temple of the sun , Cuzco most
sacred
Decorated in gold
Gardens of plants and animals
made out of gold and silver
Walls of several buildings
covered in gold
86. Great Cities
Hiram Bingham in
1912 found Machu
Picchu
Isolated and
mysterious
Religious center
Retreat for rulers of
Pachacuti
87. Discord in the Empire
1500’s Huayan
Cupac ruler
Inca’s at their peak
Received a gift in
Ecuador
Filled with butterflies
and moths (bad
omen)
Few weeks later died
of small pox
88. Discord in the Empire
Empire split by his sons
Atahualpa received
Ecuador
Huascar received the rest
Soon Atahulpa claimed
the whole empire
Fought each other
Tore empire apart