Ancient China spanned from around 1600 BC to 221 BC, beginning with early dynasties like the Shang and Zhou which established bronze age cultures along the Yellow River. This was followed by the imperial era from 221 BC to 1912 AD, consisting of successive dynasties including the Qin which first unified China, the Han which established China's political and cultural influence, and the Tang and Song which were economic and technological golden ages. China then experienced foreign rule under the Yuan and Qing dynasties before the establishment of modern Communist China in 1949.
A brief history of the Chinese Dynasties. It was done on a short notice. I hope you enjoy and please feel free to correct any mistakes I made or comment. if you wish.
PPT slides of Chinese history from ancient times to the present (21th century), including every major dynasty and some important people. With maps and pictures in slides. Good for high school and college intro-level history courses.
Ancient China was one of the oldest and longest lasting civilizations in the history of the world. The history of Ancient China can be traced back over 4,000 years. Located on the eastern part of the continent of Asia, today China is the most populous country in the world.
A brief history of the Chinese Dynasties. It was done on a short notice. I hope you enjoy and please feel free to correct any mistakes I made or comment. if you wish.
PPT slides of Chinese history from ancient times to the present (21th century), including every major dynasty and some important people. With maps and pictures in slides. Good for high school and college intro-level history courses.
Ancient China was one of the oldest and longest lasting civilizations in the history of the world. The history of Ancient China can be traced back over 4,000 years. Located on the eastern part of the continent of Asia, today China is the most populous country in the world.
1. Brief history of the country
China's history is rich with art, politics, science, and philosophy. It is home to the oldest of the major world civilizations. China was ruled by various dynasties for much of its history. The first dynasty is believed to be the Xia dynasty which formed somewhere around 2250 BC. The Shang or Yin dynasty gained power around the 14th century BC. The Han Dynasty, which lasted over 400 years from 206 BC to 220 AD, was one of the most influential in China's history. Much of the culture today was created during the Han Dynasty. Later famous dynasties, like the Song and the Tang, continued to refine the culture and bring new innovations to the world including printed money, a permanent navy, and a complex government that ruled over 100 million people.
Dynasties of China
The Xia Dynasty (2070–1600 BC) The Xia dynasty was founded by Yu the Great (c. 2123-2025 BC), known for developing a flood control technique that stopped the Great Flood that ravaged farmer's crops for generations. Very little is known about this dynasty and scholars believe it to be mythical or quasi-legendary
The Shang Dynasty (1600–1046 BC)
The Shang dynasty is the earliest recorded Chinese dynasty supported by archaeological evidence. 31 kings ruled much of the area along the Yellow River and made great advances in maths, astronomy and art. They used a highly developed calendar system and an early form of modern Chinese language.
The Zhou Dynasty (1045-221 BC)
The Zhou dynasty was the longest dynasty in the history of China, ruling for almost 8 centuries. The Zhous saw some of the greatest Chinese philosophers and poets: Lao-Tzu, Tao Chien, Confucius, Mencius, Mo Ti and the military strategist Sun-tzu.
Qin Dynasty (221–206 BC)
The Qin Dynasty was the first to unite China as a country under an emperor instead of a ruling clan, which meant the beginning of China's feudal era.The Qin Dynasty was the shortest dynasty in China, lasting only 15 years.
The First Emperor — Qin Shi Huang was first to use the title of emperor in China.
Qing Shi Huang standardized units of weight and measurements, as well as the writing system.
Great building projects, such as the Great Wall and the Terracotta Army were built in this era.
The Han Dynasty (206 BC – 220 AD)
The Han Dynasty was one of the most powerful, prosperous, and important dynasties in China's history. Confucianism was elevated to orthodox status and Taoism, China's local religion, arose. Cai Lun improved the technique of paper making, Zhang Heng invented a seismograph that could measure earthquakes.
Wei, Jin, and the Southern and Northern Dynasties (220–581)
The Three Kingdoms (220-265), Jin Dynasty (265-420), Period of the Northern and Southern Dynasties (386-589) is one of the most important periods in Chinese history. Dan meets up with Total War: Three Kingdoms game developers to discuss fact and fiction within gaming narratives.
The Sui Dynasty (581–618)
The Sui Dynasty was a short, in
Lecture Outline 6 Political Thought & Religion in Early China.docxsmile790243
Lecture Outline 6: Political Thought & Religion in Early China & Japan
In this section you will find:
1) Chapter Overview
2) Major Concepts
3) Terms You Should Know the Significance
4) Map Activity (Concept of Place)
5) Concept of Time (Relationships in Time)
Print the material and use it as a guide when you study the main text.
1. Chapter Overview
CHINA'S FIRST EMPIRE (221bc-220ce)
One of the key turning points in Chinese history was the third century bc, when the old, quasi -feudal Chou
multi-state system gave way to a centralized bureaucratic government that built an empire from the steppe in
the north to Vietnam in the south. This first empire was divided into three parts: Chin dynasty (256-206bc),
Former Han dynasty (206bc-8ce), and the Later Han dynasty (24-220ce)
The Ch’in dynasty established its control on the geopolitical advantages offered by the Wei River in
northwest China. This state was brutal and tough, yet stable. Despite its harsh laws, it attracted farmers who
welcomed the security and order of its society. It relied on Legalist Administrators who developed policies
for enriching the country and strengthening the military. Under the control of the emperor, the Ch' in dynasty
expanded its territorial holdings, instituted bureaucratic reforms, and stressed uniformity of thought in
establishing a centralized state. The Great Wall of China was extended some fourteen hundred miles from the
Pacific Ocean to central Asia and is testament to the efficiency and control of this dynasty. However, too
many changes in rapid succession caused the entire system to collapse under the harsh rule of the dynasty.
Rebellion spread as the Ch’in government lost its popular support.
The first emperor of the Han dynasty, Kao Tzu of plebeian origin, established the capital in the Wei basin
close to the former capitals of the Chou and Ch' in dynasties. Although it took many years to consolidate
power, this action permitted a degree of continuity to exist in the political development of China. The second
phase of the dynastic cycle began with the rule of the martial emperor, Wu Ti, in 141bc. Old policies like
government monopolies on salt, iron, liquor, etc. were established to maintain control of China. Wu Ti
expanded the boundaries of China by sweeping south into North Vietnam and north to central Manchuria and
North Korea. This aggressive leadership created a strong army and led to the policy of using the barbarians to
control the barbarians, thus making allies of border nomads against those more distant. This policy worked
for the most part and brought about the establishment of the Silk Road that connected with the Roman
Empire.
During the course of the Han dynasty, the Legalist structure of government became partially confucianized.
The Confucian classics gradually were accepted as the standard for education and served as an ethical
justification for dynastic rule. After a period of instability and civil war in which contending faction ...
Westernization (US) or Westernisation (UK), also Europeanization/Europeanisation or occidentalization/occidentalisation (from the Occident), is a process whereby societies come under or adopt a Western culture in areas such as industry, technology, politics, economics, lifestyle, law, norms, mores, customs, traditions,
Unilineal evolution, also referred to as classical social evolution, is a 19th-century social theory about the evolution of societies and cultures. It was composed of many competing theories by various anthropologists and sociologists, who believed that Western culture is the contemporary pinnacle of social evolution.
the belief in and worship of a superhuman controlling power, especially a personal God or gods.
"ideas about the relationship between science and religion"
The Sapir–Whorf hypothesis, also known as the linguistic relativity hypothesis, refers to the proposal that the particular language one speaks influences the way one thinks about reality.
the belief in and worship of a superhuman controlling power, especially a personal God or gods.
"ideas about the relationship between science and religion
a rule against doing or saying something in a particular culture or religion. : something that is not acceptable to talk about or do: something that is taboo. See the full definition for taboo in the English Language Learners Dictionary.
The Culture of Sindh (Sindhi: سنڌ جي ثقافت,Urdu: سندھ کی ثقافت) has its roots in the Indus Valley Civilization. Sindh has been shaped by the largely desert region, the natural resources it had available, and continuous foreign influence. ... The Sindhi culture is also practiced by the Sindhi diaspora.
Gift exchange, also called a ceremonial exchange, the transfer of goods or services that, although regarded as voluntary by the people involved, is part of the expected social behavior.
A summary is a brief statement or restatement of main points, especially as a conclusion to a work: a summary of a chapter. A brief is a detailed outline, by heads and subheads, of a discourse (usually legal) to be completed: a brief for an argument.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
2. Ancient China
Pre-1600 BC, China is charted mainly
by legends and prehistoric evidence.
The ancient China era was c. 1600–
221 BC.
The imperial era was 221 BC – 1912
AD, from China's unification under Qin
rule until the end of the Qing Dynasty,
the Republic of China era was from
1912 until 1949, and the modern China
era from 1949 until the present day.
3. Prehistoric China
Prehistoric China — Up to About 1600 BC
Prehistoric China's chronology is divided into the Paleolithic
Age, the Neolithic Age, and the Bronze Age.
Without any reliable historical records, most of what has
been pieced together about prehistoric life in China comes from
speculation about human activity at archaeological sites and
unearthed relics. The rest comes from what might be truth
within Chinese mythology.
The Xia Dynasty (c. 2070–1600 BC) — Early Bronze Age
China
Possibly the first dynasty in ancient China, it's generally
believed that the Xia Dynasty consisted of several clans living
alongside the Yellow River. Most of the evidence for the Xia
Dynasty, including its name, is perhaps just legend.
There was a Bronze Age Yellow River civilization at this time at
Erlitou in Henan; however, artifacts don't show conclusively that
this was the Xia Dynasty of later writings.
4. Ancient China
Ancient China (c. 1600–221 BC)
Ancient bronze objects
Chinese civilization began along the Yellow River in the Shang era,
and spread from there when Bronze Age culture reached its peak.
Then, traditional Chinese philosophies, such as Confucianism and
Daoism, developed in the feudal Zhou era as China expanded in
territory and population.
Ancient China finally fractured into warring kingdoms for 200 years,
and its reunification marked the start of the imperial China age.
The Shang Dynasty (c. 1600–1046 BC)
The Shang Dynasty was the first to have historical records
remaining. Many bronze objects and jade articles, which date back to
1600 BC, have been found to support these early archaeological
records.
The earliest form of Chinese writing – oracle bones – was found.
The inscriptions on animal bones had pictographic characters. The
Shang Dynasty’s capital was Yin (Anyang) and its territory stretched
between the lower reaches of the Yellow and Yangtze rivers.
5. The Zhou Dynasty (1045-221 BC)
After the Shang era, the larger Zhou era territory was divided by a
network of feudal states and was ruled over by kings.
The king of Zhou only had direct control over a small portion of the
realm and received tributes from the feudal states.
Confucius lived in the Spring and Autumn Period and had a strong
influence on China's subsequent history.
The first part of the Zhou era was called the Western Zhou (1045–771
BC). It was a fairly peaceful time but, after 770 BC, the Zhou king lost
his authority and seven prominent states emerged.
This era was divided into three periods: the Western Zhou Dynasty
(1045–771 BC); the Spring and Autumn Period (770–476 BC), and the
Warring States Period (475–221 BC). It marked the transition from tribal
society to feudal society.
Major philosophies and religions emerged that were the basis of
Chinese beliefs in later eras, such as Confucianism and Daoism.
6. Imperial China
Imperial China (221 BC – 1912 AD)
From the first centralized feudal empire,
the Qin Dynasty, which was established in
221 BC, until the collapse of the Qing
Dynasty in 1912, this period is known as
the imperial era of China.
The imperial China period makes up the
bulk of Chinese history. With the cyclical
rise and fall of dynasties, Chinese
civilization was cultivated and prospered in
times of peace, then reformed after
rebellions and conquests.
7. The Qin and Han Dynasties (221BC –220 AD)
The Qin and Han dynasties were the initial period of the Chinese empire. During this
period, a number of institutions were established that laid the foundation of the basic
political system for the next 2,000 years.
The short-lived Qin Dynasty was the first to unite China as a country under an
emperor instead of a ruling clan. A bureaucratic government was introduced, and was
continued by the less extreme Han Dynasty.
The Qin Dynasty (221–206 BC)
The Terracotta Army represent the army that changed China's history by uniting the
country.
The First Emperor — Qin Shi Huang was first to use the title of emperor in China. He
and his Qin state united China by conquering the other warring states, and he ruled
with an iron fist.
Qin Shi Huang centralized the power of the empire after he took the throne and set up
a system of laws. He standardized units of weight and measurements, as well as the
writing system.
The Qin Dynasty was the first and shortest imperial dynasty in China. It was famous
for great building projects, such as the Great Wall and the Terracotta Army, which
guarded the First Emperor’s burial objects and was to protect him in his afterlife.
During the later period of the Qin Dynasty, Liu Bang, a peasant leader, overthrew the
unpopular Qin regime and established the Han Dynasty.
8. The Han Dynasty (206 BC – 220 AD)
The longest imperial dynasty, the Han Dynasty, was known
for starting the Silk Road trade and connecting China with
Central Asia and Europe.
The Silk Road feautured strongly in China's history as a
gateway for trade and cultural exchange.
In the Han Dynasty, a bureaucratic system in which promotion
was based on merit was established and Confucianism was
adopted by the state for national governance. What’s more,
agriculture, handicrafts, and commerce developed rapidly.
During the reign of Emperor Wudi (r. 140–87 BC), the Han
regime prospered most. The multiethnic country became
more united during the Han regime.
The Han Dynasty was one of the most powerful and
important dynasties in China’s history. It had far-reaching
impacts for every dynasty that followed it.
9. China’s Dark Ages
China's Dark Ages (220–581)
When the Han Dynasty fell into decline, it fractured
into the Three Kingdoms Period (220–265). After the
Three Kingdoms Period came the Jin Dynasty, which
then conquered most of China (265–420).
Its hold on power was tenuous, however, and China
again fractured, this time into the Southern and
Northern Dynasties (420–589).
During this messy time, many religions emerged and
Buddhism was popular among the barbarian
kingdoms in North China.
After almost 400 years of chaos ended, the Sui
Dynasty eventually unified China again in 581 AD.
10. Medieval China
Medieval China (581–1368)
China's Middle Ages saw steady growth
through a series of regime changes.
The Grand Canal, representing China's huge
civil engineering feats, is another feature of
China's history.
China went from having four warring kingdoms
to being the most culturally sophisticated
and technologically developed nation.
Finally, it was consumed by the rise and fall of
the phenomenal Mongol Empire, which
stretched to Europe.
11. The Sui Dynasty (581–618)
In 581, Yang Jian usurped the throne in the north and, as
Emperor Wen, united the rest of China under the Sui
Dynasty.
It was a short, intense dynasty, with great conquests
and achievements, such as the Grand Canal and the
rebuilding of the Great Wall.
One of Emperor Wen’s most prominent achievements
was to create the imperial examination system to select
talented individuals for bureaucratic positions.
Most of this dynasty’s government institutions were
adopted by later dynasties. It's considered, along with the
following Tang Dynasty, to be a great Chinese era.
12. The Tang Dynasty (618-907)
After the short-lived Sui Dynasty, the powerful and
prosperous Tang Dynasty unified China once again. The
Tang Dynasty continued with the Sui’s imperial
examination system and optimized it.
It ruled for three centuries, and it was also the golden
age for poetry, painting, tricolored glazed pottery, and
woodblock printing.
In the middle of the Tang Dynasty, an immense rebellion
appeared and some regions refused to follow the state’s
authority. This situation continued to the end of the Tang
Dynasty.
After the Tang Dynasty came half a century of division in
the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period (907–
960). This ended when one of the northern kingdoms
defeated its neighbors and established the Song Dynasty.
13. The Song Dynasty (960–1297)
The Song Dynasty unified the Central Plain and Southern China. However, the
territory under the Northern Song Dynasty’s (960–1127) control was smaller than the
Tang Dynasty’s.
The modern-day northern Hebei Province was occupied by the Khitan and was under
the control of the Liao Dynasty (907–1125). In the northwest, the Western Xia Dynasty
(1038–1227) – ruled by the Tanguts – controlled the modern-day Gansu and
northwestern Shaanxi.
Until the first half of the 12th century, the Jurchens (ancestors of modern-day
Manchus) annihilated the Liao Dynasty and invaded the Northern Song’s capital.
China's invention of printing influenced not only China history but world history.
Then the Song government moved and reestablished the capital in Hangzhou,
establishing the Southern Song Dynasty (1127–1279). The Jurchens established the
Jin Dynasty at the Yellow River Basin until it was conquered by the Mongols in 1271.
The Song era was a period of technological advances and prosperity. During the
Song Dynasty, the handicraft industry as well as domestic and foreign trade boomed.
Many merchants and travelers came from abroad.
The "four great inventions" of the Chinese people in ancient times (paper, printing,
the compass, and gunpowder) were further developed in the Song Dynasty.
14. The Yuan Dynasty (1279–1368) — Mongol Rule
Genghis Khan changed China's history by bringing the nation under
foreign (Mongol) rule.
In 1206, Genghis Khan unified all the tribes in Mongolia, founded the
Mongol khanate, and conquered an unprecedented swathe of Asia.
At the end of the 12th century, Mongolian rule grew steadily. With
Genghis Khan and his descendants expanding their territory, the
Mongol Empire extended all the way to Eastern Europe.
The part of the Mongolian khanate that ruled China was known as the
Yuan Dynasty (1279–1368).
From 1271 to 1279, his grandson, Kublai Khan, finally conquered the
Song Dynasty and founded the Yuan Dynasty. He made Dadu
(modern-day Beijing) the capital of the first foreign-led dynasty in
China.
Trade, technological development, and China’s introduction to foreign
countries continued under Mongol rule. Marco Polo from Venice
traveled extensively in China, and later described China's culture and
marvels in his book, Travels.
15. The Final Dynasties (1368–1912) — Renaissance and More Foreign Rule
In the Ming and Qing dynasties, the imperial social structure (the royal/rich class, the
scholarly class, the working class, and the slaves) and imperial examinations
continued. However, they became increasingly inadequate in the ages of exploration,
colonization, and industrialization.
The Ming Dynasty (1368–1644)
The Forbidden City represents the climax of imperial China history.
After a series of natural disasters and rebellion movements led by the Han people, a
new native dynasty was established in 1368.
The founder, Zhu Yuanzhang, replaced the waning Mongol Empire in China with the
Ming Dynasty. It was the last ethnic Chinese dynasty, sandwiched between two
foreign ones. The Ming Dynasty represented a long period of stability.
When his son and successor, Zhu Di, ascended the throne, he started to build the
Forbidden City in Beijing. In 1421, he officially made Beijing his capital. He was very
supportive of international trade and sponsored several voyages to the West.
It was an era of native Chinese strength and prosperity, which faltered due to
natural disasters and greedy leadership, as had so many dynasties before it.
Eventually, the Ming Dynasty fell due to the frequent peasant rebellions and Manchu
attacks.
16. The Qing Dynasty (1644–1912)
The Summer Palace's destruction by European forces
represented a key moment in China's history. It could not be
restored to its former glory as imperial China's strength waned.
In the late Ming Dynasty, the Manchus in Northeast China grew
in strength. The Manchus attacked China for three generations
in succession, and finally founded the Qing Dynasty. It was the
last imperial dynasty in China’s history.
The two most famous emperors of the Qing Dynasty were
Emperor Kangxi (r. 1661–1772) and Emperor Qianlong (r.
1735–96). Their reigns were "a golden age of prosperity".
However, the last Chinese dynasty is shamefully remembered
for the forced trade of the late Qing era. China was reduced to
being a semi-colonial, semi-imperial country after the First
Opium War, which began in 1839.
Modern China's territory was established during this era.
17. Modern China
Modern China (1949–Now)
Since the founding of the People's
Republic of China in 1949, China has
entered a Communist era of stability,
with the Reform and Opening Up policy
of 1978 bringing in China's phenomenal
economic growth