The thorax contains the heart and lungs and is protected by the thoracic cage. It is separated from the abdomen below by the diaphragm. The thoracic wall is formed by bones including the sternum in front and ribs and vertebrae on the sides and back. Within the chest cavity are the mediastinum, which contains the heart and major blood vessels, and the pleural cavities housing the lungs. Openings in the diaphragm allow passage of structures between the chest and abdomen.
Cardiac Surgery
Internal thoracic ( mammary ) artery
ORIGIN and Course Of IMA
BRANCHES
Thymic Artery
The Xiphoid branch
The sternal branches
The Pericardiacophrenic branch
Anterior intercostal branches
Perforating branches
Musculophrenic artery
Superior Epigastric Artery
Clinical significance
In this pppt I have described surgical anatomy of chest wall, lungs and mediastinum. This will be useful to medical students, surgical residents and surgons
The thorax refers to the region which forms a major part of the appendicular skeleton. Knowledge of its surface anatomy is essential for surgical techniques, to say the least.
Anatomy notes for the thorax. Describes all aspects of the thorax in detail including anatomy of the heart and lungs . Mentions all the muscles, all the inner actions of the arteries, veins and nerves. Explains osteology of the bones involved for example the ribs the sternum with it’s different dimensions.
Cardiac Surgery
Internal thoracic ( mammary ) artery
ORIGIN and Course Of IMA
BRANCHES
Thymic Artery
The Xiphoid branch
The sternal branches
The Pericardiacophrenic branch
Anterior intercostal branches
Perforating branches
Musculophrenic artery
Superior Epigastric Artery
Clinical significance
In this pppt I have described surgical anatomy of chest wall, lungs and mediastinum. This will be useful to medical students, surgical residents and surgons
The thorax refers to the region which forms a major part of the appendicular skeleton. Knowledge of its surface anatomy is essential for surgical techniques, to say the least.
Anatomy notes for the thorax. Describes all aspects of the thorax in detail including anatomy of the heart and lungs . Mentions all the muscles, all the inner actions of the arteries, veins and nerves. Explains osteology of the bones involved for example the ribs the sternum with it’s different dimensions.
The thorax is the body cavity, surrounded by the bony rib cage that contains the heart and lungs, the great vessels, the oesophagus and trachea, the thoracic duct and the autonomic innervations of these structures
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
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Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Comparative structure of adrenal gland in vertebrates
Thorax (1) 2
1. THORAX
• The thorax (or chest) is the region of the body
between the neck and the abdomen. It is
flattened in front and behind but rounded at
the sides. The framework of the walls of the
thorax, which is referred to as the thoracic
cage.
2. Thoracic Wall
• The thoracic wall is formed posteriorly by the
thoracic part of the vertebral column;
anteriorly by the sternum and costal cartilages
,laterally by the ribs and intercostal spaces;
superiorly by the suprapleural membrane; and
inferiorly by the diaphragm, which separates
the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity.
3. Sternum
• The sternum lies in the midline of the anterior
chest wall. It is a flat bone that can be divided
into three parts: manubrium sterni, body of
the sternum, and xiphoid process.
5. Ribs and costal cartilages
• True ribs: The upper seven pairs are attached
anteriorly to the sternum by their costal
cartilages.
• False ribs: The 8th, 9th, and 10th pairs of ribs
are attached anteriorly to each other and to
the 7th rib by means of their costal cartilages
and small synovial joints.
• Floating ribs: The 11th and 12th pairs have no
anterior attachment
9. joints
• Joints of the Chest Wall
• Joints of the Sternum: The manubriosternal joint is a cartilaginous joint
between the manubrium and the body of the sternum. A small amount of
angular movementis possible during respiration. The xiphisternal joint is a
cartilaginous joint between the xiphoid process (cartilage) and the body of
the sternum. The xiphoid process usually fuses with the body of the
sternum during middle age.
• Joints of the Ribs: Joints of the Heads of the Ribs The 1st rib and the three
lowest ribs have a single synovial joint with their corresponding vertebral
body. For the 2nd to 9th ribs, the head articulates by means of a synovial
joint with the corresponding vertebral body and that of the vertebra
above it. There is a strong intra-articular ligament that connects the head
to the intervertebral disc.
• Joints of the Tubercles of the Ribs The tubercle of a rib articulates by
means of a synovial joint with the transverse process of the corresponding
vertebra. This joint is absent on the 11th and 12th ribs.
10.
11. Openings of the Thorax
• The chest cavity communicates with the root of the
neck through an opening called the thoracic outlet. It is
called an outlet because important vessels and nerves
emerge from the thorax here to enter the neck and
upper limbs.
• The thoracic cavity communicates with the abdomen
through a large opening. The opening is bounded
posteriorly by the 12th thoracic vertebra, laterally by
the curving costal margin, and anteriorly by the
xiphisternal joint. Through this large opening, which is
closed by the diaphragm, pass the esophagus and
many large vessels and nerves, all of which pierce the
diaphragm.
19. Diaphragm
• The diaphragm is a thin muscular and tendinous
septum that separates the chest cavity above
from the abdominal cavity below
• Parts:
• A sternal part arising from the posterior surface
of the xiphoid process.
• A costal part arising from the deep surfaces of the
lower six ribs and their costal cartilages.
• A vertebral part arising by vertical columns or
crura and from the arcuate ligaments
20. • Shape of the Diaphragm
• Nerve Supply of the Diaphragm
• Action of the Diaphragm
• Muscle of inspiration
• Muscle of abdominal straining
• Weight-lifting muscle
• Thoracoabdominal pump
21.
22. Openings in the Diaphragm
• The aortic opening:
lies anterior to the body of the 12th thoracic
vertebra between the crura. It transmits the aorta,
the thoracic duct, and the azygos vein.
The esophageal opening :
lies at the level of the 10th thoracic vertebra in a
sling of muscle fibers derived from the right crus.It
transmits the esophagus, the right and left vagus
nerves, the esophageal branches of the left gastric
vessels, and the lymphatics from the lower third of
the esophagus.
23. • The caval opening lies at the level of the 8th
thoracic vertebra in the central tendon. It
transmits the inferior vena cava and terminal
branches of the right phrenic nerve.
24.
25. Chest Cavity
• The chest cavity is bounded by the chest wall
and below by the diaphragm.
• The chest cavity can be divided into a median
partition, called the mediastinum, and the
laterally placed pleurae and lungs.
26. Mediastinum
• The mediastinum, though thick, is a movable
partition that extends superiorly to the
thoracic outlet and the root of the neck and
inferiorly to the diaphragm. It extends
anteriorly to the sternum and posteriorly to
the vertebral column. It contains the remains
of the thymus, the heart and large blood
vessels, the trachea and esophagus,the
thoracic duct and lymph nodes, the vagus and
phrenic nerves, and the sympathetic trunks.
27. • Superior Mediastinum (a) Thymus, (b) large veins, (c)
large arteries, (d) trachea,
• (e) esophagus and thoracic duct, and (f) sympathetic
trunks. The superior mediastinum is bounded in front
by the manubrium sterni and behind by the first four
thoracic vertebrae.
• Inferior Mediastinum (a) Thymus, (b) heart within the
pericardium with the phrenic nerves on each side, (c)
esophagus and thoracic duct, (d) descending aorta, and
(e) sympathetic trunks. The inferior mediastinum is
bounded in front by the body of the sternum and
behind by the lower eight thoracic vertebrae.
