he peritoneum is the serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity. It is composed of mesothelial cells that are supported by a thin layer of fibrous tissue and is embryologically derived from the mesoderm.
anatomy of duodenum, location or position of duodenum, parts of duodenum, relations of each parts of duodenum, ligaments of treitz, visceral and peritoneal relation of duodenum, blood supply of duodenum, innervation of duodenum, clinical aspects of duodenum, duodenal ulcer, diverticulum, deodinitis, duodenal obstruction
anatomy of stomach,functions of stomach, location, shape position and parts of stomach,orifices of stomach, curvature of stomach, relations of stomach, blood supply, innervation, lymphatic drainage, clinical relation , GERD, peptic ulcer,
he peritoneum is the serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity. It is composed of mesothelial cells that are supported by a thin layer of fibrous tissue and is embryologically derived from the mesoderm.
anatomy of duodenum, location or position of duodenum, parts of duodenum, relations of each parts of duodenum, ligaments of treitz, visceral and peritoneal relation of duodenum, blood supply of duodenum, innervation of duodenum, clinical aspects of duodenum, duodenal ulcer, diverticulum, deodinitis, duodenal obstruction
anatomy of stomach,functions of stomach, location, shape position and parts of stomach,orifices of stomach, curvature of stomach, relations of stomach, blood supply, innervation, lymphatic drainage, clinical relation , GERD, peptic ulcer,
Anterior abdominal wall , Rectus sheath and Inguinal.pptxJudeChinecherem
In this detailed lecture note, we embark on a comprehensive journey through the complex and crucial anatomy of the abdominal wall. The abdominal wall is not just a physical barrier; it is a dynamic structure with multiple layers, muscles, and intricate structures that play a fundamental role in protecting our internal organs, providing support, and enabling various bodily functions.
We will delve deep into the layers of the abdominal wall, understanding the significance of each component - from the outermost skin to the innermost peritoneum. Through detailed illustrations, diagrams, and explanations, you will gain a profound insight into the anatomical intricacies of this region.
Moreover, this lecture note provides valuable insights into the clinical relevance of the abdominal wall. Learn about common medical conditions and surgical procedures related to the abdominal wall, including hernias, trauma, and abdominal wall reconstruction. Whether you are a medical student, healthcare professional, or simply intrigued by the wonders of the human body, this resource will enrich your knowledge and understanding of this vital anatomical structure.
Join us on this educational journey as we unravel the mysteries of the abdominal wall, exploring its anatomy, functions, and clinical significance. Whether you're studying medicine, pursuing a career in healthcare, or just eager to expand your knowledge, this lecture note is a valuable resource for anyone interested in the fascinating world of human anatomy."
This paper presented at the First International Dental Conference in Benghazi, Libya, dealing with the history of the dental profession and the status of the dental profession in the African continent.
The conference was organized by the Libyan International University for Medical Sciences (LIMU) - 2022
Position of maxillary and mandibular canines
Functions of maxillary and mandibular canines
Morphology of maxillary and mandibular canines
Blood supply of maxillary and mandibular canines
Anomalies and variations of maxillary and mandibular canines
- Position of mandibular incisors
- Functions of mandibular incisors
- Morphology of mandibular incisors
- Blood supply of mandibular incisors
- Anomalies and variations of mandibular incisors
Maxillary incisors presentation
- Position of maxillary incisors
- Functions of maxillary incisors
- Morphology of maxillary incisors
- Blood supply of maxillary incisors
- Anomalies and variations of maxillary incisors
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
10. The principal viscera of the abdomen are:
•The terminal part of the esophagus
•The stomach
•Intestines
•Spleen
•Pancreas
•Liver
•Gallbladder
•Kidneys
•Suprarenal glands
12. Abdominal regions
•Two sagittal (vertical) and
Two transverse (horizontal)
planes divided the abdomen
into 9 regions
•Describe the location of
abdominal organs, pains, or
pathologies
15. The two sagittal planes:
•The midclavicular planes that pass from the
midpoint of the clavicles to the midinguinal
points (midpoints of the lines joining the anterior
superior iliac spine (ASIS) and the superior edge
of the pubic symphysis (L. symphysis pubis).
17. The transverse planes are
1-subcostal plane passing through
the inferior border of the 10th
costal cartilage on each side
subcostal plane
18. 2-Transtubercular plane passing
through the iliac tubercles
(approximately 5 cm posterior to the
ASIS on each side) and the body of
the L5 vertebra.
Transtubercular
plane
19. Other clinicians use the Transpyloric and
interspinous planes to establish the nine
regions.
1-The Transpyloric plane, extrapolated
midway between the superior borders of the
manubrium of the sternum and the pubic
symphysis (typically the L1 vertebral level),
commonly transects the pylorus (the distal,
more tubular part of the stomach) when the
patient is recumbent (supine or prone)
Transpyloric
plane
20. The transpyloric plane is a useful landmark because it also
transects many other important structures:
•The fundus of the gallbladder,
•Neck of the pancreas
•Origins of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA)
•Portal vein
•Root of the transverse mesocolon
•Duodenojejunal junction
•Hila of the kidneys.
21. 2- The interspinous plane passes
through the easily palpated ASIS
of each side
29. Four quadrants of the abdominal cavity (right and left
upper and lower quadrants) are defined by two readily
defined planes:
• (1) The transverse transumbilical plane passing
through the umbilicus (and the intervertebral [IV] disc
between the L3 and L4 vertebrae), dividing it into upper
and lower halves,
• (2) The vertical median plane passing longitudinally
through the body, dividing it into right and left halves
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38. • Introduction
• Regions of abdomen
• Quadrants of the abdominal cavity
• Muscles of the Anterolateral Abdominal Wall
Lecture MapLecture Map
41. •The anterolateral abdominal
wall is bounded superiorly by
the cartilages of the 7th
to10th
ribs and the xiphoid process of
the sternum and inferiorly by
the inguinal ligament and the
superior margins of the
anterolateral aspects of the
pelvic girdle (iliac crests, pubic
crests, and pubic symphysis)
42. •The anterolateral abdominal
wall is bounded superiorly by
the cartilages of the 7th
to10th
ribs and the xiphoid process of
the sternum and inferiorly by
the inguinal ligament and the
superior margins of the
anterolateral aspects of the
pelvic girdle (iliac crests, pubic
crests, and pubic symphysis)
43. The wall consists of:The wall consists of:
• Skin
• Subcutaneous tissue (superficial fascia) composed
mainly of fat
• Muscles and their aponeuroses
• Deep fascia
• Extraperitoneal fat
• Parietal peritoneum
44.
45.
46. • The skin attaches loosely to the
subcutaneous tissue, except at the
umbilicus, where it adheres firmly.
• Most of the anterolateral wall includes
three musculotendinous layers; the
fibers of each layer run in different
directions.
• This three-ply structure is similar to
that of the intercostal spaces in the
thorax
50. External oblique muscle
• Origin : external surfaces of 5th
to 12th
ribs.
• Insertion: linea and alba, pubic tubercle, and
anterior half of iliac crest.
• Nerve supply: thoracoabdominal nerves
(inferior 5 [T7 to T11] thoracic nerves) and
subcostal nerve.
• Action: compress and support abdominal
viscera, flex and rotate trunk.
51. Internal oblique muscle
• Origin : thoracolumbar fascia, anterior two-
thirds of iliac crest, and lateral half of
inguinal ligament.
• Insertion: Inferior borders of 10th
- 12th
ribs,
linea alba, and pecten pubis via conjoint
tendon.
• Nerve supply: thoracoabdominal nerves
(anterior rami of inferior 6 thoracic nerves)
and first lumbar nerves
• Action: compress and support abdominal
viscera, flex and rotate trunk.
52. Transverse abdominal
muscle
• Origin : Internal surfaces of 7th
- 12th costal
cartilages, thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest,
and lateral third of inguinal ligament .
• Insertion: Linea alba with aponeurosis of
internal oblique, pubic crest, and pecten
pubis via conjoint tendon.
• Nerve supply: thoracoabdominal nerves
(anterior rami of inferior 6 thoracic nerves)
and first lumbar nerves
• Action: compress and support abdominal
viscera.
53. Rectus abdominis
• Origin : pubic symphysis and pubic crest.
• Insertion: xiphoid process and 5th
to 7th
costal cartilages.
• Nerve supply: thoracoabdominal nerves
(anterior rami of inferior 6 thoracic nerves).
• Action: flexes trunk, compresses abdominal
viscera; stabilizes and controls tilt of pelvis
(antilordosis)
54. Muscle origin insertion Nerve supply action
Rectus abdominis Pubic symphysis and
pubic crest
Xiphoid process and 5th
to
7th costal cartilages
Thoracoabdominal
nerves (anterior rami of
inferior 6 thoracic
nerves)
Flexes tru
Compresses ab
viscera; stabili
controls tilt of
(antilordo
Transverse
abdominal
Internal surfaces of 7th
12th costal cartilages,
thoracolumbar fascia,
iliac crest, and lateral
third of inguinal
ligament
Linea alba with
aponeurosis of internal
oblique, pubic crest, and
pecten pubis via conjoint
tendon
Thoracoabdominal
nerves (anterior rami of
inferior 6 thoracic
nerves) and first lumbar
nerves
Compresses and
abdominal v
Internal oblique Thoracolumbar fascia,
anterior two-thirds of
iliac crest, and lateral
half of inguinal
ligament
Inferior borders of
10th–12th ribs, linea
alba, and pecten pubis via
conjoint tendon
Compress and
abdominal viscer
rotate tru
External oblique External surfaces of
5th–12th ribs
Linea and alba, pubic
tubercle, and anterior
half of iliac crest
Thoracoabdominal
nerves (inferior 5
[T7–T11] thoracic
nerves) and subcostal
55. • Approximately 80% of people have an
insignificant muscle, the pyramidalis
which is located in the rectus sheath anterior
to the most inferior part of the rectus
abdominis.
• It extends from the pubic crest of the hip
bone to the linea alba.
• This small muscle draws down on the linea
alba.
58. The skin and muscles of the anterolateral abdominal
wall are supplied mainly by the following nerves:
•Thoracoabdominal nerves
The distal, abdominal parts of the anterior rami of the
inferior six thoracic spinal nerves (T7- T11); these are the
former inferior intercostal nerves distal to the costal
margin.
•Lateral (thoracic) cutaneous branches of the thoracic
spinal nerves T7-T9 or T10.
•Subcostal nerve: the large anterior ramus of spinal nerve
T12.
•Iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerves: terminal
branches of the anterior ramus of spinal nerve L1.
59.
60. • The thoracoabdominal nerves pass inferoanteriorly from the
intercostal spaces and run in the neurovascular plane between
the internal oblique and the transverse abdominal muscles to
supply the abdominal skin and muscles.
61. The anterior abdominal cutaneous branches of
thoracoabdominal nerve(s):
•T7-T9 supply the skin superior to the umbilicus.
•T10 innervates the skin around the umbilicus.
•T11, plus the cutaneous branches of the subcostal
(T12), iliohypogastric , and ilioinguinal (L1), supply
the skin inferior to the umbilicus.
64. • When possible, the incisions
follow the cleavage lines
(Langer lines) in the skin.
65. Longitudinal Incisions
• Longitudinal incisions are used centrally in the
abdomen, because muscle and vasculature are
primarily longitudinally oriented here and the
nerves, which have been approaching
circumferentially or transversely, diminish in
size and significance near the midline.
Longitudinal incisions, such as median and
paramedian incisions, are preferred for
exploratory operations because they offer
good exposure of and access to the viscera and
can be extended as necessary with minimal
complication.
66. • Median or midline incisions can be made
rapidly without cutting muscle, major
blood vessels, or nerves.
• They cut through the fibrous tissue of the
linea alba, superior and/or inferior to the
umbilicus.
• Because the linea alba transmits only small
vessels and nerves to the skin, a midline
incision is relatively bloodless and avoids
major nerves
Longitudinal Incisions
67. Oblique and Transverse Incisions
• Oblique and transverse incisions are
used most commonly on one side of
the midline and especially in the more
peripheral abdomen where their
direction is related to muscle fiber
orientation, nearby hard tissue (costal
margin or iliac or pubic crest), or
minimizing potential nerve damage.
74. The primary blood vessels (arteries and veins) of
the anterolateral abdominal wall are the
•Superior epigastric vessels and branches of the
musculophrenic vessels from the internal thoracic
vessels.
•Inferior epigastric and deep circumflex iliac
vessels from the external iliac vessels.
•Superficial circumflex iliac and superficial
epigastric vessels from the femoral artery and
greater saphenous vein, respectively.
•Posterior intercostal vessels of the 11th intercostal
space and the anterior branches of subcostal vessels
75.
76. • The skin and subcutaneous tissue of the
abdominal wall is served by an intricate
subcutaneous venous plexus, draining
superiorly to the internal thoracic vein
medially and the lateral thoracic vein
laterally and inferiorly to the superficial
and inferior epigastric veins, tributaries
of the femoral and external iliac veins.
• Cutaneous veins surrounding the
umbilicus anastomose with parumbilical
veins
79. Lymphatic drainage of the anterolateral abdominal
wall follows the following patterns:
•Superficial lymphatic vessels accompany the
subcutaneous veins those superior to the
transumbilical plane drain mainly to the axillary
lymph nodes. Few areas drain to the parasternal
lymph nodes.
•Superficial lymphatic vessels inferior to the
transumbilical plane drain to the superficial
inguinal lymph nodes.
•Deep lymphatic vessels accompany the deep veins
of the abdominal wall and drain to the external
iliac, common iliac, and right and left lumbar
(caval and aortic) lymph nodes.
Lymphatic drainageLymphatic drainage
82. Reference
• Moore, Keith L.; Dalley, Arthur F, Clinically Oriented Anatomy, 5th
Ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006.
• Harold Ellis, Clinical Anatomy, Applied anatomy for students and
junior doctors, 11th Ed, Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2006
• Richard S.Snell, Clinical Anatomy by Regions, 8th Ed. Lippincott
Williams & Wilkins.