The document discusses the key components and functions of a microprocessor. It describes the arithmetic logic unit, cache memory, transistors, control signals, and instruction set that allow a microprocessor to process instructions and data. The microprocessor obtains instructions from memory and processes them with its control unit, registers, and arithmetic logic unit. Microprocessors offer advantages like high processing speed, flexibility, and compact size, but have limitations in data size, analog processing, and floating point support. Overall, microprocessors are essential components that power modern computer systems.

2. Submitted by
Md jahid Hasan
Id: 152-15-5588
Sec: A
Submitted to
Tania sultana
Lecturer
Dep: of Computer Science & Engineering
Daffodil international university

3. MICROPROCESS
OR

4. Contents
Introduction
Different parts of microprocessor
Microprocessor working system
Advantages
Disadvantages
Conclusion

5. What is a Microprocessor?
The word comes from the
combination micro and processor.
Processor means a device that
processes whatever. In this context
processor means a device that
processes numbers, specifically
binary numbers, 0’s and 1’s.To
process means to manipulate. It is a
general term that describes all
manipulation. Again in this content, it
means to perform certain operations
on the numbers that depend on the
microprocessor’s design.

6. Different Parts of a
Microprocessor
A microprocessor, or central processing
unit (CPU), is an internal hardware
component that performs the
mathematical calculations required for
computers to run programs and execute
commands. Processors are usually made
of silicon material that contains tiny
electrical components embedded on the
surface. Typical computer programs that
must be processed by CPUs include
Internet browsers, games and video
editing software.

7. Arithmetic Logic Unit
Arithmetic logic units
(ALUs) in microprocessors
allow computers to add,
subtract, multiply, divide
and perform other logical
operations at high speeds.
Thanks to advanced ALUs,
modern microprocessors
and GPUs (graphics
processing units) are able to
perform very complicated
operations on large floating-
point numbers.

8. Cache Memory
Cache memory is an area on the
CPU where copies of common
instructions required to perform
functions and run programs are
stored temporarily. Since the
processor has its own smaller,
faster cache memory, it can
process data more quickly than
reading and writing to the main
system memory. Types of
microprocessor memory include
ROM (read-only) and RAM
(random-access).

9. Transistors
Basically, transistors are
semiconductor devices used to switch
electronic signals. In microprocessors,
a higher number of transistors means
a better performing CPU. For example,
Intel Pentium 4 processors have
around 40 to 50 million transistors,
while older Pentium 3 CPUs have 9.5
million. More transistors allow for
pipelining and multiple instructions
decoders, which allows several
processes to be completed during
every clock cycle.

10. Control Signals
Control signals are electronic
signals that control the processor
components being used to
perform an operation or execute
an instruction. An element called
a "sequencer" sends control
signals to tell the specific unit
what it needs to do next. For
example, a read or write signal
may be sent to the cache memory
letting it know that the processor
is getting ready to read or write
data into processor memory.

11. Instruction Set and
Registers
The group of instructions a processor can
execute are called its "instruction set." The
instruction set determines things such as
the type of programs a CPU can work with.
Registers are small memory locations that
also contain instructions. Unlike regular
memory locations, registers are referred to
by a name instead of a number. For example,
the IP (instruction pointer) contains the
location of the next instruction, and the
"accumulator" is where the processor stores
the next value it plans to work on.

12. How Does a Microprocessor
Work?
Microprocessor works through different parts
Control unit
Registers
Data cache
Bus unit
Instruction cache
Arithmetic logic unit
Perfetch unit
Decode unit
Main memory

13. What are the advantages &
disadvantages of microprocessor
based systems?
Advantages of microprocessor
based system
processing speed is high
Intelligence has been brought to system
Automation of industrial process & office administration
Since device are programmable there is flexibility to after
the system by changing the software alone
Less number of components,compact in size & cost
less,also it is more reliable
Operation & maintenance are easier

14. Disadvantages of microprocessor
based system
It has limitation on the size of data
The applications are limited by the physical
address space
The analog signals can not be processed
directly & digitizing the
analog signals introduces errors
Most of the microprocessor do not support
floating point operations

15. conclusion Microprocessor is the outcome of the
trend towards computer era. Now a days they play
an important role in many systems. They are used
in many computer-based systems and also in
many homes need goods. The microprocessors
are available with both high and low speeds.
Some systems requireless speed and some others
require high-speed microprocessors.Thus
microprocessor plays important role in
applications. Assembly language plays an
important role for some applications.The
applications that require execution in less time
are developed using Assembly language .
Conclusion