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18 truman and ike 3day

This document provides an overview of the origins of the Cold War between the United States and Soviet Union following World War II. It discusses the wartime alliance between the US, Britain, and Soviet Union which was pragmatic but lacked trust. At conferences like Tehran, Yalta, and Potsdam, the Allied leaders were unable to resolve disagreements over the post-war structure of Europe. As the Soviets exerted control over Eastern Europe, tensions rose further and the Cold War began, marked by the Iron Curtain speech in 1946 and the formation of opposing military alliances like NATO.

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Democracy Government by the people; citizens hold the power Communism Totalitarian system of government in which a single party controls state-owned means of production; a society without class distinctions or private property Free Enterprise Capitalism Individuals own most of the resources used and control their use; government plays very small role in the economy. Socialism Government owns and controls most of the resources; government plays major role in the economy.
ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR WWII Alliance of Britain and U.S. with Soviet Union was pragmatic “marriage of convenience” to defeat Germany 1. Lack of trust of Stalin. • unified wartime command • atomic bomb 2. Soviets believed western allies not sharing load 3. Soviet mistreatment of eastern Europeans during WWII
ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR: Wartime Diplomacy “Big Three” Allied leaders were consistently unable to resolve their basic disagreements over the structure of post-war Europe • Tehran Conference (November 1943) – U.S. and Britain would open a second front within six months – Allies would create a post-war international organization Stalin, Roosevelt & Churchill at Tehran, 1943
ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR : Wartime Diplomacy • Yalta Conference (January-February 1945) – Loose set of principles that avoided the most divisive issues. – Division of Germany (and Berlin) into four “zones of occupation”; Reunification of Germany at a future date; process not specified – Soviets would enter Pacific war within 3 months after Germany had been defeated – United Nations – Poland – free elections at some unspecified date after the war Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin at Yalta, February 1945
ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR : Wartime Diplomacy • United Nations Formed (April 1945) – Security Council • 11 members • Permanent seats with veto power for U.S., Britain, France, China and USSR – General Assembly – Secretariat • Secretary-General – International Court of Justice
Truman’s “Fair Deal” program called for improved housing full employment a higher minimum wage better farm price supports New Tennessee Valley Administrations  extension of Social Security. “Point Four Program” financial support of poor, underdeveloped lands keep underprivileged peoples from becoming communists. In 1948, President Truman’s Executive Order 9981 ordered the integration of the armed forces shortly after World War II, a major advance in civil rights.
ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR : Wartime Diplomacy • Potsdam Conference (July- Aug. 1945) – Reparations: Stalin allowed to take 25% of West German industry – Nazi leaders: to be tried as war criminals at Nuremberg – Poland: Free elections – Japan: Unconditional surrender – Korea: to be temporarily divided Churchill, Truman and Stalin at Potsdam
Iron Curtain Speech • Churchill used phrase March 1946 • Represents the Soviet-made barrier splitting Europe into non-Communist Western Europe and Communist Eastern Europe • Became symbol of the Cold War
NATO
•President Truman’s plan (containment) to aid $$$ and rebuild a war torn Europe •Marshall Plan offered financial aid of $13 billion. •U.S. benefited by forming trade relationships with Europe. •Left a legacy of European friendship and trans Atlantic cooperation • Stalin thought it was trick • Western European economies thrived • Helped stop spread of communism marshall Secretary of State George C. Marshall •Helped to limit communist appeals in Western Europe in the aftermath of WWII •Cold War Propaganda Democracy/Capitalism vs. Communism
marshall •Food, animal feed, fertilizer, fuel, raw materials and production equipment were among some of the goods shared
Truman Doctrine • March 12, 1947 • Greece and Turkey in danger of falling to communist insurgents • Truman requested $400 million from Congress in aid to both countries. • Successful effort • Stalin saw containment policy as “encirclement” by capitalist world to isolate Soviet Union
Truman Doctrine/Marshall Plan 3.59
Containment Policy • George F. Kennan, Senior State Department official, posted to USSR during war. • Containment was a United States policy using military, economic, and diplomatic strategies to stall the spread of communism, enhance America’s security and influence abroad, and prevent a "domino effect".
Berlin Airlift • Blockade of Berlin began on June 24, ’48 by Stalin/USSR • Was an attempt to take over the Western ½ of Berlin • From June 1948 to May 1949, U.S. and British planes airlift 1.5 million tons of supplies to the residents of West Berlin. • After 200,000 flights, the Soviet Union lifts the blockade. • An important “STAND” by Truman to “CONTAIN” Communism from spreading • Domino Theory
Berlin Airlift and NATO 5.00
1949 – Fall of China • In June, Jiang Jieshi defeated by Mao – Flee to island of Taiwan • Oct 1, Mao proclaims People’s Republic of China (PRC) • Two months later, Mao travels to Moscow, – negotiates the Sino- Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance.
•1950-1953, North Korea invades South Korea. •North Korea was a communist nation and South Korea was a democracy. •Truman orders U.S. forces to assist the South Koreans •First war of “containment” policy to stop communism •“Police Action” not a declared war •President Truman leads United Nations. •General Douglas MacArthur commands US and UN troops. •Called “forgotten war”.
1950s music
•Nickname: "Ike" •Born: Oct. 14, 1890, in Texas •Died: March 28, 1969, in Washington, D.C. •Education: Graduate of West Point •WWII: Supreme Allied Commander during WWII- D-Day •34th President: Republican, 1953 to 1961 •VP: Richard Nixon
On June 22, 1944, President Franklin D. Roosevelt had signed the "Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944" “GI Bill of Rights”
GOAL: Enhance our nation through a more highly educated and productive work force GI Bill provided 6 benefits •education and training •Loans for a home, farm, or business •unemployment pay of $20 a week for 52 weeks •job-finding assistance Eligible for GI Bill Benefits WWII veteran, served 90 days or more after September 16, 1940 and a honorable discharge. Total cost of the World War II Program ended July 25, 1956 education program was $14.5 billion. •Of the 15,440,000 veterans, some 7.8 million were trained.
The GI Bill of rights spurred the first substantial expansion of higher education by promising returning veterans a chance to attend college. These students enrolling at Harvard University in September 1946, were the greatest enrollment in the university's history to that date: of the 11,700 students who registered, veterans constituted nearly 75%, a third of whom were married. More than two million veterans attended college under the first GI Bill.
GI FORUM • Founded by Hector P. Garcia and the Hispanic American Veterans of WWII
AN AFFLUENT SOCIETY: Economic Prosperity • Regional Growth: The Sunbelt – Warmer climate, lower taxes, lower labor costs – Military spending – Geographical Migration to the West Coast Population Change, 1950-1960
The Culture of the Car •The U. S. population was on the move in the 1950s. •NE & Mid-W ---> S & SW (“Sunbelt” states)
Baby Boomers •During Great Depression, birthrate and population decreased. •Post WWII, both increase School Enrollment of children •It seems to me that every other young housewife I see is pregnant. •British visitor to America, 1958. 1957 ------- 1 baby born every 7 seconds
Suburban Living Levittown, L. I.: “The American Dream” 1949  William Levitt produced 150 houses per week. $7,990 or $60/month with no down payment.
Suburban Living SHIFTS IN POPULATION DISTRIBUTION, 1940-1970 1940 1950 1960 1970 Central Cities 31.6% 32.3% 32.6% 32.0% Suburbs 19.5% 23.8% 30.7% 41.6% Rural Areas/ 48.9% 43.9% 36.7% 26.4% Small Towns U. S. Bureau of the Census.
AN AFFLUENT SOCIETY: Growth of Suburbs REASONS FOR THE GROWTH OF SUBURBS • Growth of families (“baby boom”) • Home-ownership became more affordable – Low-interest mortgage loans • gov’t-backed & interest tax-deductable – Mass-produced subdivisions • Expressways – facilitated commuting • Decline in inner city housing stock • Also: congestion, pollution • Race – “white flight”
Suburban Living The Typical TV Suburban Families The Donna Reed Show 1958-1966 Leave It to Beaver 1957-1963 Father Knows Best 1954-1958 The Ozzie & Harriet Show 1952-1966
Consumerism Americans were caught up in the “economic boom” that took place after WWII 1950 --> Introduction of the Diner’s Card
What were people buying? LIST at least 5
Highway Act of 1956 by Eisenhower 42,000 miles of interstate highways linking major cities Improve national defense Good for jobs, trucking Bad for the poor, public transportation
The Culture of the Car Car registrations: 1945 --> 25,000,000 1960 --> 60,000,000 2-family cars doubles from 1951- 1958
The Culture of the Car 1959 Chevy Corvette 1958 Pink Cadillac
Television 1946 --> 7,000 TV sets in the U. S. 1950 --> 50,000,000 TV sets in the U. S. Television is a vast wasteland --> Newton Minnow, Chairman of Federal Communications Commission, 1961 RADIO AND TELEVISION OWNERSHIP, 1940–1960 Mass Audience •TV celebrated traditional American values: •Superman-----Truth, Justice, and the American way!
Television Family Shows --> glossy view of mostly middle-class suburban life. I Love Lucy Alice Kramden, The Honeymooners Wally and the Beav
Popular Culture Consumer-driven mass economy Advertising • All media, aggressive • Shopping centers, credit cards • Change from “mom & pop” to franchises Records • Mass-marketed, inexpensive LP’s or 45’s • Rock and Roll music becomes popular with teenagers
• Teen Culture developed (free time, spending money) – “teenager” – consumerism • By 1956, 13 million teens with $7 billion to spend a year. • Rock and Roll – Elvis Presley • James Dean, “Rebel without a Cause” • “juvenile delinquency” Marlon Brando in The Wild One (1953) In the 1950s --> the word “teenager” entered the American language. 1956 --> 13 mil. teens with $7 billion to spend a year.
Stop after beat generation 1.50
Teen Culture The “Beatnik” Generation: * Jack Kerouac --> On The Road * Allen Ginsberg --> poem, “Howl” * Neal Cassady * William S. Burroughs A man is beat whenever he goes for broke and wagers the sum of his resources on a single number; and the young generation has done that continually from early youth------------John Clellan Holms •Jack Kerouac is said to have responded: We’re a beat generation! •Against traditional values of the Great Depressions and WWII generation (their parents) •Would influence the “counter-culture” of the 1960’s
Well-Defined Gender Roles The ideal modern woman married, cooked and cared for her family, and kept herself busy by joining the local PTA and leading a troop of Campfire Girls. She entertained guests in her family’s suburban house and worked out on the trampoline to keep her size 12 figure. -- Life magazine, 1956 The Housewife The ideal 1950s man was the provider, protector, and the boss of the house. -- Life magazine, 1955 1956  William H. Whyte, Jr.  The Organization Man A a middle-class, white suburban male is the ideal. Family Man
CONSENSUS AND CONFORMITY: Organized Labor • Taft-Hartley Act (Labor Management Relations Act of 1947) • Unions – big, powerful and more conservative – Merger AFL and CIO in 1955 – blue collar workers - enjoying middle-class incomes and benefits – Goal: preserve and extend compensation Labor Union Membership, 1920-1992
Religious Revival CONSENSUS AND CONFORMITY: Religion • Organized religion expanded dramatically after WW2 – church/synagogue memberships reached highest level in US history • 1940  64,000,000; • 1960  114,000,000 – thousands of new churches and synagogues built in suburbs • Why?? – more a means of socialization and belonging than evidence of interest in doctrine? • atmosphere of tolerance – stage of life? Billy Graham
Progress Through Science 1951 -- First IBM (commercial) Mainframe Computer 1952 -- Hydrogen Bomb Test ENIAC, first mainframe computer, 1945 1953 -- DNA Structure Discovered 1954 -- Polio Vaccine Tested – Jonas Salk 1957 -- First Commercial U. S. Nuclear Power Plant 1958 -- NASA Created  Automation: 1947-1957 - factory workers decreased by 4.3%, eliminating 1.5 million blue-collar jobs.
Social equality vs. legal equality Which way will the scale tip?
Sweatt vs. Painter
December 1955, Rosa Parks, a 42 yr. old Black woman was ordered by a Montgomery bus driver to give up her seat to white passengers. Rosa parks •Refused, arrested and fined $10 for sitting in the white section. •Blacks refused to ride buses until the law was changed. •Begins the Civil Rights Era as a national movement to bring about equality for Black Americans.
Montgomery Bus Boycott On December 5, 1955, through the rain, the African Americans in Montgomery began to boycott the busses. Led by Martin Luther King, Jr. and Rosa Parks 40,000 Black commuters walked to work, some as far as twenty miles. The boycott lasted 382 days. ($$$) The bus companies finances struggled. Until the law that called for segregation on busses
Mont Bus Boycott 3.00
MLK: Career As A Leader • CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE/Passive Resistance- These included practicing non-violence and passive resistance (sit-ins, boycotts, freedom rides, etc.) as encouraged by Dr. King. • In 1955 he became involved in The Montgomery Bus Boycott. The Boycott was the start to his incredible career as the most famous leader of the Civil Rights movement. • He went on to deliver numerous powerful speeches promoting peace and desegregation. • Before he was assassinated in 1968, he won the Nobel Peace Prize.
Brown vs. Board of Education, Topeka, Kansas May 1954, the Supreme Court overturned Plessy v. Ferguson and the "separate but equal" doctrine. Segregation of children in public schools on the basis of race was unconstitutional and discrimination. States ordered to integrate their schools. Brown vs. board
A single, dangling light bulb and a coal-burning stove show the conditions at some black schools in Jefferson County. Birmingham schools were not integrated until September 1963. Birmingham News, First Published Feb 2006
Civil Rights Act of 1957 -1st Civil Rights legislation since Civil War Amendments -OUTLAWED Segregation in PUBLIC PLACES
little rock •Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas was the first high school in the South to integrate. •1958, President Eisenhower sent Federal troops to accompany the nine black students attending an all white high school...
U.S. paratroopers in full battle dress escort 9 black children -- three boys and six girls -- on September 25, 1957, in Little Rock, Arkansas into Central High School after President Eisenhower decided the day before to send federal troops and bring the state under federal control to protect black children against white demonstrators. The Federal troops kept the children away while a crowd of over 400 white men and women jeered 'Go home, ni*****'. Today, Central High School is an accredited comprehensive public high school and a national historic site.
Little Rock Nine 4.45
“SIT IN” 1960, Greensboro, NC sit in at a Woolworth’s lunch counter Blacks were not allowed to sit at the counter because of Jim Crow laws.
GREENSBORO SIT-INS (1960)
Dien Bien Phu, Vietnam • After a long siege, Vietnamese communists under Ho Chi Minh defeat French colonial forces at Dien Bien Phu on May 7, 1954. • In July, the Geneva Accords divide the country at the 17th parallel, creating a North and South Vietnam. • The United States assumes the chief responsibility of providing anti-communist aid to South Vietnam.
Sputnik 1957 • On October 4 the Soviet Union launches Sputnik, the first man-made satellite to orbit the Earth. • In 1958, the U.S. creates the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and the space race is in full gear. • The Russians have beaten America in space—they have the technological edge!
1957 Russians launch SPUTNIK I Effects on the United States •Americans fear a Soviet attack with missile technology •Americans resolved to regain technological superiority over the Soviet Union- Man on the Moon •In July 1958, President Eisenhower created NASA or National Aeronautics and Space Agency •1958 --> National Defense Education Act- MATH/SCIENCE
Bomb Shelter
Duck and Cover Generation
Red scare/HUAC 5.32
•House Committee for Un-American Activities •1938–75, Congress investigated Americans suspected as communists • HUAC committee warned of civil rights violations. •Witnesses who refused to answer were cited for contempt of Congress. •State Department official Alger Hiss found guilty of spying & sentenced to 10 yrs in prison •Richard Nixon, Congressmen from California was part of the HUAC that investigated Alger Hiss.
•Hollywood Ten Walt Disney •1947 investigation led to prison sentences for contempt known as the Hollywood Ten. red scare3 •Blacklisted: a list of persons who are under suspicion, disfavor, or censure, or who are not to be hired, served, or otherwise accepted. •Walt Disney was questioned before HUAC as well… SERIOUSLY?!?!?
• The project produced some of the most important breakthroughs for western counter-intelligence in this period. • The project was one of the most sensitive secrets of United States intelligence. It remained secret for over a decade after it ended and was not officially declassified until 1995. a counter-intelligence program initiated by the United States Confirmed soviet ties of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
•Red Scare was Americans response to the fear of Communism •Senator Joseph McCarthy accused 205 US Govt. officials of being Communist. •McCarthyism to destroy or assassinate one’s character without proof and it ruined the careers of many Americans. Became a witch hunt that led to Americans pledging a “loyalty oath” to the United States……. USA added “IN GOD WE TRUST” to money and in the Pledge of Allegiance to promote Democracy/Loyalty red scare
McCarthyism… stop at 4.30
1959 - Castro takes power • January 1, 1959 communist forces under Fidel Castro takeover in CUBA • Castro nationalizes the sugar industry and signs trade agreements with the Soviet Union. • The next year, Castro seizes U.S. assets on the island.
18 truman and ike 3day

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18 truman and ike 3day

  • 1.
    Democracy Government bythe people; citizens hold the power Communism Totalitarian system of government in which a single party controls state-owned means of production; a society without class distinctions or private property Free Enterprise Capitalism Individuals own most of the resources used and control their use; government plays very small role in the economy. Socialism Government owns and controls most of the resources; government plays major role in the economy.
  • 2.
    ORIGINS OF THECOLD WAR WWII Alliance of Britain and U.S. with Soviet Union was pragmatic “marriage of convenience” to defeat Germany 1. Lack of trust of Stalin. • unified wartime command • atomic bomb 2. Soviets believed western allies not sharing load 3. Soviet mistreatment of eastern Europeans during WWII
  • 3.
    ORIGINS OF THECOLD WAR: Wartime Diplomacy “Big Three” Allied leaders were consistently unable to resolve their basic disagreements over the structure of post-war Europe • Tehran Conference (November 1943) – U.S. and Britain would open a second front within six months – Allies would create a post-war international organization Stalin, Roosevelt & Churchill at Tehran, 1943
  • 4.
    ORIGINS OF THECOLD WAR : Wartime Diplomacy • Yalta Conference (January-February 1945) – Loose set of principles that avoided the most divisive issues. – Division of Germany (and Berlin) into four “zones of occupation”; Reunification of Germany at a future date; process not specified – Soviets would enter Pacific war within 3 months after Germany had been defeated – United Nations – Poland – free elections at some unspecified date after the war Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin at Yalta, February 1945
  • 6.
    ORIGINS OF THECOLD WAR : Wartime Diplomacy • United Nations Formed (April 1945) – Security Council • 11 members • Permanent seats with veto power for U.S., Britain, France, China and USSR – General Assembly – Secretariat • Secretary-General – International Court of Justice
  • 7.
    Truman’s “Fair Deal”program called for improved housing full employment a higher minimum wage better farm price supports New Tennessee Valley Administrations  extension of Social Security. “Point Four Program” financial support of poor, underdeveloped lands keep underprivileged peoples from becoming communists. In 1948, President Truman’s Executive Order 9981 ordered the integration of the armed forces shortly after World War II, a major advance in civil rights.
  • 8.
    ORIGINS OF THECOLD WAR : Wartime Diplomacy • Potsdam Conference (July- Aug. 1945) – Reparations: Stalin allowed to take 25% of West German industry – Nazi leaders: to be tried as war criminals at Nuremberg – Poland: Free elections – Japan: Unconditional surrender – Korea: to be temporarily divided Churchill, Truman and Stalin at Potsdam
  • 10.
    Iron Curtain Speech • Churchill used phrase March 1946 • Represents the Soviet-made barrier splitting Europe into non-Communist Western Europe and Communist Eastern Europe • Became symbol of the Cold War
  • 11.
  • 12.
    •President Truman’s plan(containment) to aid $$$ and rebuild a war torn Europe •Marshall Plan offered financial aid of $13 billion. •U.S. benefited by forming trade relationships with Europe. •Left a legacy of European friendship and trans Atlantic cooperation • Stalin thought it was trick • Western European economies thrived • Helped stop spread of communism marshall Secretary of State George C. Marshall •Helped to limit communist appeals in Western Europe in the aftermath of WWII •Cold War Propaganda Democracy/Capitalism vs. Communism
  • 13.
    marshall •Food, animalfeed, fertilizer, fuel, raw materials and production equipment were among some of the goods shared
  • 14.
    Truman Doctrine •March 12, 1947 • Greece and Turkey in danger of falling to communist insurgents • Truman requested $400 million from Congress in aid to both countries. • Successful effort • Stalin saw containment policy as “encirclement” by capitalist world to isolate Soviet Union
  • 15.
  • 16.
    Containment Policy •George F. Kennan, Senior State Department official, posted to USSR during war. • Containment was a United States policy using military, economic, and diplomatic strategies to stall the spread of communism, enhance America’s security and influence abroad, and prevent a "domino effect".
  • 17.
    Berlin Airlift •Blockade of Berlin began on June 24, ’48 by Stalin/USSR • Was an attempt to take over the Western ½ of Berlin • From June 1948 to May 1949, U.S. and British planes airlift 1.5 million tons of supplies to the residents of West Berlin. • After 200,000 flights, the Soviet Union lifts the blockade. • An important “STAND” by Truman to “CONTAIN” Communism from spreading • Domino Theory
  • 19.
  • 21.
    1949 – Fallof China • In June, Jiang Jieshi defeated by Mao – Flee to island of Taiwan • Oct 1, Mao proclaims People’s Republic of China (PRC) • Two months later, Mao travels to Moscow, – negotiates the Sino- Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance.
  • 22.
    •1950-1953, North Korea invades South Korea. •North Korea was a communist nation and South Korea was a democracy. •Truman orders U.S. forces to assist the South Koreans •First war of “containment” policy to stop communism •“Police Action” not a declared war •President Truman leads United Nations. •General Douglas MacArthur commands US and UN troops. •Called “forgotten war”.
  • 23.
  • 24.
    •Nickname: "Ike" •Born:Oct. 14, 1890, in Texas •Died: March 28, 1969, in Washington, D.C. •Education: Graduate of West Point •WWII: Supreme Allied Commander during WWII- D-Day •34th President: Republican, 1953 to 1961 •VP: Richard Nixon
  • 25.
    On June 22,1944, President Franklin D. Roosevelt had signed the "Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944" “GI Bill of Rights”
  • 26.
    GOAL: Enhance ournation through a more highly educated and productive work force GI Bill provided 6 benefits •education and training •Loans for a home, farm, or business •unemployment pay of $20 a week for 52 weeks •job-finding assistance Eligible for GI Bill Benefits WWII veteran, served 90 days or more after September 16, 1940 and a honorable discharge. Total cost of the World War II Program ended July 25, 1956 education program was $14.5 billion. •Of the 15,440,000 veterans, some 7.8 million were trained.
  • 27.
    The GI Billof rights spurred the first substantial expansion of higher education by promising returning veterans a chance to attend college. These students enrolling at Harvard University in September 1946, were the greatest enrollment in the university's history to that date: of the 11,700 students who registered, veterans constituted nearly 75%, a third of whom were married. More than two million veterans attended college under the first GI Bill.
  • 28.
    GI FORUM •Founded by Hector P. Garcia and the Hispanic American Veterans of WWII
  • 29.
    AN AFFLUENT SOCIETY:Economic Prosperity • Regional Growth: The Sunbelt – Warmer climate, lower taxes, lower labor costs – Military spending – Geographical Migration to the West Coast Population Change, 1950-1960
  • 30.
    The Culture ofthe Car •The U. S. population was on the move in the 1950s. •NE & Mid-W ---> S & SW (“Sunbelt” states)
  • 31.
    Baby Boomers •DuringGreat Depression, birthrate and population decreased. •Post WWII, both increase School Enrollment of children •It seems to me that every other young housewife I see is pregnant. •British visitor to America, 1958. 1957 ------- 1 baby born every 7 seconds
  • 32.
    Suburban Living Levittown,L. I.: “The American Dream” 1949  William Levitt produced 150 houses per week. $7,990 or $60/month with no down payment.
  • 33.
    Suburban Living SHIFTSIN POPULATION DISTRIBUTION, 1940-1970 1940 1950 1960 1970 Central Cities 31.6% 32.3% 32.6% 32.0% Suburbs 19.5% 23.8% 30.7% 41.6% Rural Areas/ 48.9% 43.9% 36.7% 26.4% Small Towns U. S. Bureau of the Census.
  • 34.
    AN AFFLUENT SOCIETY:Growth of Suburbs REASONS FOR THE GROWTH OF SUBURBS • Growth of families (“baby boom”) • Home-ownership became more affordable – Low-interest mortgage loans • gov’t-backed & interest tax-deductable – Mass-produced subdivisions • Expressways – facilitated commuting • Decline in inner city housing stock • Also: congestion, pollution • Race – “white flight”
  • 35.
    Suburban Living TheTypical TV Suburban Families The Donna Reed Show 1958-1966 Leave It to Beaver 1957-1963 Father Knows Best 1954-1958 The Ozzie & Harriet Show 1952-1966
  • 37.
    Consumerism Americans werecaught up in the “economic boom” that took place after WWII 1950 --> Introduction of the Diner’s Card
  • 38.
    What were peoplebuying? LIST at least 5
  • 39.
    Highway Act of1956 by Eisenhower 42,000 miles of interstate highways linking major cities Improve national defense Good for jobs, trucking Bad for the poor, public transportation
  • 40.
    The Culture ofthe Car Car registrations: 1945 --> 25,000,000 1960 --> 60,000,000 2-family cars doubles from 1951- 1958
  • 41.
    The Culture of the Car 1959 Chevy Corvette 1958 Pink Cadillac
  • 42.
    Television 1946 -->7,000 TV sets in the U. S. 1950 --> 50,000,000 TV sets in the U. S. Television is a vast wasteland --> Newton Minnow, Chairman of Federal Communications Commission, 1961 RADIO AND TELEVISION OWNERSHIP, 1940–1960 Mass Audience •TV celebrated traditional American values: •Superman-----Truth, Justice, and the American way!
  • 43.
    Television Family Shows--> glossy view of mostly middle-class suburban life. I Love Lucy Alice Kramden, The Honeymooners Wally and the Beav
  • 44.
    Popular Culture Consumer-drivenmass economy Advertising • All media, aggressive • Shopping centers, credit cards • Change from “mom & pop” to franchises Records • Mass-marketed, inexpensive LP’s or 45’s • Rock and Roll music becomes popular with teenagers
  • 47.
    • Teen Culturedeveloped (free time, spending money) – “teenager” – consumerism • By 1956, 13 million teens with $7 billion to spend a year. • Rock and Roll – Elvis Presley • James Dean, “Rebel without a Cause” • “juvenile delinquency” Marlon Brando in The Wild One (1953) In the 1950s --> the word “teenager” entered the American language. 1956 --> 13 mil. teens with $7 billion to spend a year.
  • 48.
    Stop after beatgeneration 1.50
  • 49.
    Teen Culture The“Beatnik” Generation: * Jack Kerouac --> On The Road * Allen Ginsberg --> poem, “Howl” * Neal Cassady * William S. Burroughs A man is beat whenever he goes for broke and wagers the sum of his resources on a single number; and the young generation has done that continually from early youth------------John Clellan Holms •Jack Kerouac is said to have responded: We’re a beat generation! •Against traditional values of the Great Depressions and WWII generation (their parents) •Would influence the “counter-culture” of the 1960’s
  • 51.
    Well-Defined Gender Roles The ideal modern woman married, cooked and cared for her family, and kept herself busy by joining the local PTA and leading a troop of Campfire Girls. She entertained guests in her family’s suburban house and worked out on the trampoline to keep her size 12 figure. -- Life magazine, 1956 The Housewife The ideal 1950s man was the provider, protector, and the boss of the house. -- Life magazine, 1955 1956  William H. Whyte, Jr.  The Organization Man A a middle-class, white suburban male is the ideal. Family Man
  • 52.
    CONSENSUS AND CONFORMITY:Organized Labor • Taft-Hartley Act (Labor Management Relations Act of 1947) • Unions – big, powerful and more conservative – Merger AFL and CIO in 1955 – blue collar workers - enjoying middle-class incomes and benefits – Goal: preserve and extend compensation Labor Union Membership, 1920-1992
  • 53.
    Religious Revival CONSENSUSAND CONFORMITY: Religion • Organized religion expanded dramatically after WW2 – church/synagogue memberships reached highest level in US history • 1940  64,000,000; • 1960  114,000,000 – thousands of new churches and synagogues built in suburbs • Why?? – more a means of socialization and belonging than evidence of interest in doctrine? • atmosphere of tolerance – stage of life? Billy Graham
  • 54.
    Progress Through Science 1951 -- First IBM (commercial) Mainframe Computer 1952 -- Hydrogen Bomb Test ENIAC, first mainframe computer, 1945 1953 -- DNA Structure Discovered 1954 -- Polio Vaccine Tested – Jonas Salk 1957 -- First Commercial U. S. Nuclear Power Plant 1958 -- NASA Created  Automation: 1947-1957 - factory workers decreased by 4.3%, eliminating 1.5 million blue-collar jobs.
  • 57.
    Social equality vs.legal equality Which way will the scale tip?
  • 59.
  • 60.
    December 1955, RosaParks, a 42 yr. old Black woman was ordered by a Montgomery bus driver to give up her seat to white passengers. Rosa parks •Refused, arrested and fined $10 for sitting in the white section. •Blacks refused to ride buses until the law was changed. •Begins the Civil Rights Era as a national movement to bring about equality for Black Americans.
  • 61.
    Montgomery Bus Boycott On December 5, 1955, through the rain, the African Americans in Montgomery began to boycott the busses. Led by Martin Luther King, Jr. and Rosa Parks 40,000 Black commuters walked to work, some as far as twenty miles. The boycott lasted 382 days. ($$$) The bus companies finances struggled. Until the law that called for segregation on busses
  • 62.
  • 63.
    MLK: Career AsA Leader • CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE/Passive Resistance- These included practicing non-violence and passive resistance (sit-ins, boycotts, freedom rides, etc.) as encouraged by Dr. King. • In 1955 he became involved in The Montgomery Bus Boycott. The Boycott was the start to his incredible career as the most famous leader of the Civil Rights movement. • He went on to deliver numerous powerful speeches promoting peace and desegregation. • Before he was assassinated in 1968, he won the Nobel Peace Prize.
  • 64.
    Brown vs. Boardof Education, Topeka, Kansas May 1954, the Supreme Court overturned Plessy v. Ferguson and the "separate but equal" doctrine. Segregation of children in public schools on the basis of race was unconstitutional and discrimination. States ordered to integrate their schools. Brown vs. board
  • 65.
    A single, danglinglight bulb and a coal-burning stove show the conditions at some black schools in Jefferson County. Birmingham schools were not integrated until September 1963. Birmingham News, First Published Feb 2006
  • 66.
    Civil Rights Actof 1957 -1st Civil Rights legislation since Civil War Amendments -OUTLAWED Segregation in PUBLIC PLACES
  • 67.
    little rock •CentralHigh School in Little Rock, Arkansas was the first high school in the South to integrate. •1958, President Eisenhower sent Federal troops to accompany the nine black students attending an all white high school...
  • 68.
    U.S. paratroopers infull battle dress escort 9 black children -- three boys and six girls -- on September 25, 1957, in Little Rock, Arkansas into Central High School after President Eisenhower decided the day before to send federal troops and bring the state under federal control to protect black children against white demonstrators. The Federal troops kept the children away while a crowd of over 400 white men and women jeered 'Go home, ni*****'. Today, Central High School is an accredited comprehensive public high school and a national historic site.
  • 69.
  • 70.
    “SIT IN” 1960,Greensboro, NC sit in at a Woolworth’s lunch counter Blacks were not allowed to sit at the counter because of Jim Crow laws.
  • 71.
  • 73.
    Dien Bien Phu,Vietnam • After a long siege, Vietnamese communists under Ho Chi Minh defeat French colonial forces at Dien Bien Phu on May 7, 1954. • In July, the Geneva Accords divide the country at the 17th parallel, creating a North and South Vietnam. • The United States assumes the chief responsibility of providing anti-communist aid to South Vietnam.
  • 74.
    Sputnik 1957 •On October 4 the Soviet Union launches Sputnik, the first man-made satellite to orbit the Earth. • In 1958, the U.S. creates the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and the space race is in full gear. • The Russians have beaten America in space—they have the technological edge!
  • 75.
    1957 Russians launchSPUTNIK I Effects on the United States •Americans fear a Soviet attack with missile technology •Americans resolved to regain technological superiority over the Soviet Union- Man on the Moon •In July 1958, President Eisenhower created NASA or National Aeronautics and Space Agency •1958 --> National Defense Education Act- MATH/SCIENCE
  • 76.
  • 77.
    Duck and Cover Generation
  • 78.
  • 79.
    •House Committee for Un-American Activities •1938–75, Congress investigated Americans suspected as communists • HUAC committee warned of civil rights violations. •Witnesses who refused to answer were cited for contempt of Congress. •State Department official Alger Hiss found guilty of spying & sentenced to 10 yrs in prison •Richard Nixon, Congressmen from California was part of the HUAC that investigated Alger Hiss.
  • 80.
    •Hollywood Ten WaltDisney •1947 investigation led to prison sentences for contempt known as the Hollywood Ten. red scare3 •Blacklisted: a list of persons who are under suspicion, disfavor, or censure, or who are not to be hired, served, or otherwise accepted. •Walt Disney was questioned before HUAC as well… SERIOUSLY?!?!?
  • 81.
    • The projectproduced some of the most important breakthroughs for western counter-intelligence in this period. • The project was one of the most sensitive secrets of United States intelligence. It remained secret for over a decade after it ended and was not officially declassified until 1995. a counter-intelligence program initiated by the United States Confirmed soviet ties of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
  • 82.
    •Red Scare wasAmericans response to the fear of Communism •Senator Joseph McCarthy accused 205 US Govt. officials of being Communist. •McCarthyism to destroy or assassinate one’s character without proof and it ruined the careers of many Americans. Became a witch hunt that led to Americans pledging a “loyalty oath” to the United States……. USA added “IN GOD WE TRUST” to money and in the Pledge of Allegiance to promote Democracy/Loyalty red scare
  • 83.
  • 87.
    1959 - Castrotakes power • January 1, 1959 communist forces under Fidel Castro takeover in CUBA • Castro nationalizes the sugar industry and signs trade agreements with the Soviet Union. • The next year, Castro seizes U.S. assets on the island.