it is bypass cycle of citric acid cycle.
it give the brief description of glyoxylate cycle.
it is the summary of glyoxylate cycle for m.sc, bsc, science students.
it is very important topic for entrance exam of biology stream.
intro-hostory and discovery-characteristics of phytochrome-chemical nature of phytochrome-mode of action-mechanism-phytochrome mediated physiological responses-phytochrome is a pigment system:some evidences-role of phytochrome
it is bypass cycle of citric acid cycle.
it give the brief description of glyoxylate cycle.
it is the summary of glyoxylate cycle for m.sc, bsc, science students.
it is very important topic for entrance exam of biology stream.
intro-hostory and discovery-characteristics of phytochrome-chemical nature of phytochrome-mode of action-mechanism-phytochrome mediated physiological responses-phytochrome is a pigment system:some evidences-role of phytochrome
Photosynthesis has two types of reaction, first one is light reaction (Hill's reaction) and the other one is dark reaction (Blackman's reaction). In this presentation you learn full mechanism of how plants produce energy for their survival by photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis has two types of reaction, first one is light reaction (Hill's reaction) and the other one is dark reaction (Blackman's reaction). In this presentation you learn full mechanism of how plants produce energy for their survival by photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis In Higher Plants- The Dark PhaseGokulAnishHB
Hey Folks!!!
This Was Done As Part Of My Bio Seminar 2012-2013. And I'm From Gulf Asian English School, Sharjah, U.A.E.
And I Hope This Will Help You In One Or The Other Way.
Regards,
Gokul Anish HB
In this ppt competitive inhibition of enzymes is fully explained with its examples. it will be helpful for all the life science students. Non Competitive inhibition , Uncompetitive inhibition & Irreversible inhibition of Enzymes have been well explained in this presentation. it will be helpful for biochemistry, botany, zoology and other life/bio sciences students. I tried to explain Allosteric enzymes, their mechanism of action, Allosteric inhibition, Feedback inhibition in this presentation so that it can be easy to understand the concept for viewers.
this presentation explain the mechanism of action of enzymes how they interact with their substrates by the two theories i.e. Lock & Key Mechanism and Induced Fit model. it also explains the active site details. In this presentation Enzyme Kinetics is explained by Michaelis–Menten equation. this also include derivation of Michaelis–Menten equation.
his video explains the different Characteristics of enzymes like specificity, efficiency, catalytic, protein and colloidal nature.
https://youtu.be/EzCSWQAv7so link for you tube video
this video describes the introduction about enzymes and nomenclature of enzymes. it explains IUB system of classification of Enzyme fully. it also explains the different classes of enzymes and enzyme commission number.
https://youtu.be/JZOx9v1V7mA you tube link for lecture
this presentation describes the basics of photosynthesis. it includes Significance of photosynthesis, Photosynthetic apparatus, Absorption & action spectra, Absorption & action spectra, Factors affecting photosynthesis, Photosynthetic apparatus, Position of photosynthetic pigments, Photosynthetic pigments, Functions of carotenoids, Phycobilins, Principle /Blackman’s law of limiting factors.
Seed dormancy is fully explained in this ppt. it includes causes ( dormancy due to hard seed coat, dormancy due to condition of embryo, dormancy due to absence of light, dormancy due to low temperature etc. ) of seed dormancy, types of seed dormancy, various methods to remove seed dormancy like impaction, stratification, scarification, exposure of seed to light
this presentation describes the concept of growth and development of plants in details. it explains different types and phases of growth. it also contain notes on growth rate that ie arithmetic & geometric. Growth curve and growth requirements are also well explained in this ppt. it also define differentiation, dedifferentiation and redifferentiation.
this presentation describes the basics of enzymology like enzyme definition, history of enzyme discovery. it also explains the IUB nomenclature of enzyme proposed by Enzyme commission
this presentation describes light phase of photosynthesis. it explains Evidences for two phases, Photosynthetic unit & Harvesting of light energy, Emerson effect &two photosystem, Hill reaction & Photolysis /photo-oxidation of water, Redox potential & mechanism of light reaction, Cyclic photophosphorylation, Non- cyclic photophosphorylation .
This presentation describes the nutrient uptake in plants. it explains the passive and active uptake of nutrient uptake. which are further explained as diffusion, facilitated diffusion, carrier proteins, channel proteins, ion exchange & contact exchange.
this presentation describes the various types of minerals, their roles, deficiency symptoms. this presentation also describe the criteria of essentially of the minerals.
DPD, Water potential, Plasmolyses & ImbibitionSunita Sangwan
This presentation explains DPD (diffusion pressure deficit), Plasmolyses and Imbibition in details. this also include the numericals related to Water potential. difference between DPD & water potential.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
2. Introduction
This is the second step in the mechanism of
photosynthesis. The chemical processes of photosynthesis
occurring independent of light is called dark reaction.
It takes place in the stroma of chloroplast. The dark
reaction is purely enzymatic and it is slower than the light
reaction. The dark reactions occur also in the presence of
light. In dark reaction, the sugars are synthesized from
CO2.
The energy poor CO2 is fixed to energy rich carbohydrates
using the energy rich compound, ATP and the assimilatory
power, NADPH2 of light reaction.
3. Cont…..
The process is called carbon fixation or carbon
assimilation. Since Blackman demonstrated the
existence of dark reaction, the reaction is also called as
Blackman’s reaction. In dark reaction two types of
cyclic reactions occur
1. Calvin cycle or C3 cycle
2. Hatch and Slack pathway or C4 cycle
9. C4 Cycle
Given by M.D Hatch & Slack in 1966. they establish the another
pathway for CO2 reduction called Hatch & Slack pathway.
Since the first stable product in this cycle is a 4-carbon dicarboxylic
acid, it is also called C4 Dicarboxylic acid pathway.
1. Concentric arrangement of mesophyll tissues around the vascular
bundles
2. Bundle sheath cells are larger in size than the outer mesophyll
cells
3. Presence of chloroplast in mesophyll & bundle sheath cells
4. Dimorphic chloroplast
5. Chloroplast of mesophyll cell lack RUBISCO activity
Kranz Anatomy – a special feature of C4 plant
10.
11. Significance of Kranz anatomy
Concentric arrangements of tissue provides a small
surface area in relation to volume. This reduces the
transpiring surface.
It also helps the plants to survive in higher irradiation
C4 plants accumulate excess of cations from the soil
which are balanced by the anions produced during C4
carboxylation.
12. The basic C4 cycle consists of four stages:
The C4 Cycle Concentrates CO2 in Bundle Sheath Cells
1. Fixation of CO2 by the carboxylation of phosphoenolpyruvate
in the mesophyll cells to form a C4 acid (malate and/or
aspartate)
2. Transport of the C4 acids to the bundle sheath cells
3. Decarboxylation of the C4 acids within the bundle sheath cells
and generation of CO2, which is then reduced to carbohydrate
via the Calvin cycle
4. Transport of the C3 acid (pyruvate or alanine) that is formed by
the decarboxylation step back to the mesophyll cell and
regeneration of the CO2 acceptor phosphoenolpyruvate.
14. Significance of C4 pathway
C4 plants can perform normal photosynthesis even in low CO2 conc.
And high intensities of light.
They are able to trap CO2 from outside (air) and from inside
(produced by respiration) because of high efficiency of PEP
carboxylase. Hence they are able to perform photosynthesis even
when stomata are closed.
Effect of water stress in C4 plants is minimum as bundle sheath cells
are close to water supply, i.e. vascular bundles
Thus C4 plants possess better adaptability to adverse environmental
conditions (low CO2 conc., high light intensity, water stress etc.) and
possess higher photosynthetic ability than C3 plants
15. Various mechanism for C4 pathways
C4 pathway
NADP+- Me- Type
NAD+- Me- Type
PCK- Me- Type
16. NADP+- Me- Type C4 pathway
This occurs in the C4 plants posses NADP+ Malic enzyme for decarboxylation.
Ex. Zea mays, Saccharum officinarum, Euphorbia hirta etc. these plants have
centrifugal chloroplast & grana are absent.
17. NAD+- Me- Type C4 pathway
This occurs in the C4 plants posses NAD+ Malic enzyme for decarboxylation.
Ex. Atriplex, Portulaca, Cynodon, Amaranthus etc. these plants have centripetal
chloroplast & grana stacks are present
19. PCK- Me- Type C4 pathway
Difference in PCK- Me- Type to NAD+- Me- type
1. Mitochondria is not involved in this cycle
2. In bundle sheath cells, oxalo acetic acid (OAA) is directly decarboxylated without
converting into malic acid.
20. Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM)
Dark fixation of CO2
A third mechanism for concentrating CO2 at the site of rubisco is
found in crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM). Despite its name,
CAM is not restricted to the family Crassulaceae Crassula,
Kalanchoe, Sedum); it is found in numerous angiosperm families.
Cacti and euphorbias are CAM plants, as well as pineapple, vanilla,
and agave.
The CAM mechanism enables plants to improve water use
efficiency. Typically, a CAM plant loses 50 to 100 g of water for
every gram of CO2 gained, compared with values of 250 to 300 g
and 400 to 500 g for C4 and C3 plants respectively (see Chapter 4).
Thus, CAM plants have a competitive advantage in dry
environments.
21. Steps of CAM pathway
1. Acidification
2. Decarboxylation
3. Synthesis of carbohydrates
23. CAM
The CAM mechanism is similar in many respects to the C4 cycle.
In C4 plants, formation of the C4 acids in the mesophyll is
spatially separated from decarboxylation of the C4 acids and from
refixation of the resulting CO2 by the Calvin cycle in the bundle
sheath. In CAM plants, formation of the C4 acids is both
temporally and spatially separated.
At night, CO2 is captured by PEP carboxylase in the cytosol, and
the malate that forms from the oxaloacetate product is stored in the
vacuole. During the day, the stored malate is transported to the
chloroplast and decarboxylated by NADP-malic enzyme, the
released CO2 is fixed by the Calvin cycle, and the NADPH is used
for converting the decarboxylated triose phosphate product to
starch.
24. Significance of CAM cycle
CAM cycle possess a survival value to CAM plants which are
characterized to grow in xeric conditions. as stomata closed
during day to conserve water to protect the plant from
desiccation, CAM proves to be advantageous to them in
following ways:
1. By receiving and storing CO2 during night by acidification
2. By providing CO2 supply during the day to perform
photosynthesis even when stomata remain closed.
25. Photorespiration
An important property of rubisco is its ability to catalyze both the
carboxylation and the oxygenation of RuBP.
Oxygenation is the primary reaction in a process known as
photorespiration.
Because photosynthesis and photorespiration work in diametrically
opposite directions, photorespiration results in loss of CO2 from
cells that are simultaneously fixing CO2 by the Calvin cycle.
CO2 and O2 compete for reaction with ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate
because carboxylation and oxygenation occur within the same active
site of the enzyme.
Offered equal concentrations of CO2 and O2 in a test tube,
angiosperm rubiscos fix CO2 about 80 times faster than they
oxygenate.
26. Conti….
However, an aqueous solution in equilibrium with air at 25°C has a
CO2:O2 ratio of 0.0416 . At these concentrations, carboxylation in air
outruns oxygenation by a scant three to one.
As the temperature increases, the concentration of CO2 in a solution in
equilibrium with air decreases more than the concentration of O2 does
Consequently, the concentration ratio of CO2 to O2 decreases as the
temperature rises. As a result of this property, photorespiration
(oxygenation) increases relative to photosynthesis (carboxylation) as the
temperature rises.
This effect is enhanced by the kinetic properties of rubisco, which also
result in a relative increase in oxygenation at higher temperatures.
Overall, then, increasing temperatures progressively tilt the balance away
from the Calvin cycle and toward the oxidative photosynthetic carbon
cycle
The C2 oxidative photosynthetic carbon cycle acts as a scavenger operation
to recover fixed carbon lost during photorespiration by the oxygenase
reaction of rubisco
27.
28.
29. You tube video links for these topics
https://youtu.be/vaQOjWiAab4 Photosynthesis Dark phase- Calvin ( C3)
cycle
https://youtu.be/B78EWR4kCLU Photosynthesis Dark phase- C4 cycle
https://youtu.be/ep5beU2VVdI Photosynthesis Dark phase- CAM cycle
https://youtu.be/sFQDPx2UyPw Photosynthesis Dark phase- Photorespiration
or C2 cycle
30. References
Taiz, L. and Zeiger, E. (2010) Plant Physiology. 5th Edition, Sinauer
Associates, Inc., Sunderland.
Hopkins, W.G. and Hüner, N.P. (2004) Introduction to Plant Physiology. 3rd
Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, Hoboken.