The curative effect of Parinari curatellifolia leaf extract on epiglottitis was investigated. The air dried leaf of Parinari curatellifolia was extracted using the soxhlet extractor. Crude extract of the plant was found to be rich in phytochemicals of medicinal importance such as alkaloids, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, steroids, and cardiac glycosides. Acetic acid extract had the highest antimicrobial activity with zones of inhibition ranging from 20.0 ± 0.6 to 28.3 ± 0.3 against the test organisms. This activity was not significantly (P<0.05) different from leofloxacin with zones of inhibition ranging from 25.0 ± 0.6 to 29.3 ± 0.3 which was the highest activity among the standard drugs used. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extract was found to be 5mg/ml against Pseudomonas sp and Staphylococcus aureus, indicating broad spectrum activity. Results were discussed in respect to traditional treatment of epiglottitis.
Phytochemical Potential and Antimicrobial Activity of Andrographispaniculataiosrjce
The Herbal medicine today ensures safety in contrast to the synthetic preparations. Herbs the Nature’s
Physician, have been reported as an important source of medicine for years and years. Using of herbs for
curing diseases dated back to prehistory and people of all continents have this old tradition.Recently, wide
research proposals highlight the property of medico potential from phytalsources. My herb of interest is also the
above said, ofcourseAndrographispaniculata (Acanthaceae) is a medicinal plant used for the treatment of
various ailments, which has been documented in history of all civilizations. The present study is to learn the
phytochemical properties and the antimicrobial activity of the above using disc diffusion method
Phytochemical Screening, Antioxidant, and Antibacterial Activity of Dioon spi...BRNSS Publication Hub
The present study was aimed to investigate the phytochemical, antioxidant, and antibacterial studies of leaf and rachis of Dioon spinulosum Dyer ex Eichl. The phytochemical screening of the plant extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, carbohydrate, and phenols, whereas saponin was absent. The phenolic content expressed as mg/g gallic acid equivalent was determined and was more in methanolic extract of leaf (29.40 mg) than rachis (8.76 mg). Flavonoid contents were also greater in leaves than in rachis and methanol extract contained higher content (2.812 mg/g) than water (1.923 mg/g). Terpenoids were more in the aqueous extracts of both leaf and rachis when compared to methanol extracts. Antioxidant activity of both leaf and rachis extracts was conducted using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power assay. Leaf extract showed more DPPH radical scavenging activity with IC50 value of 130 μg/ml when compared to the rachis of D. spinulosum Dyer ex Eichl. The reducing capability of the leaf extract was found to be more when compared to rachis. The antibacterial potential was evaluated with Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans by agar well diffusion method. Antibacterial activity was observed only at higher concentration (1000 μg/ml) with inhibition zones of 12 mm and 13 mm.
Mormodica charantia Linn. A Potential Antibiotic and Anti-Fungal Druginventionjournals
Resistant or multi resistant strains are continuously appearing in the treatment of ailments and this necessitates the synthesis of new drugs especially from naturally occurring plants. Momordica charantia is a very common indigenous plant of tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. Phytochemical screening, antimicrobial analysis were conducted using recommended procedures. Ethanol and water were used for the extraction and Ultraviolet Visible and Infrared Spectroscope were used to identify the functional groups. Alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, anthraquinones were all present in both the ethanolic and aqueous extracts, terpenoids was only present in aqueous extract while cardiac glycosides was not present in both extracts. Concentration (200mg/ml) revealed the highest clear zone of inhibition in both aqueous and ethanol extracts. The zone of inhibition increases with increase in concentration of sample. The ethanol extract shows the higher clear zone of inhibition when compared to aqueous extract with a diameter of zones of inhibition of 28, 26, 24, 26, 26 and 24mm for Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginesa, Salmonella typhi and Klebsiella pneumoniae respectively. The aqueous extract has no effect at concentration (6.25mg/ml) because no clear zone of inhibition was measured. The antimicrobial activity for aqueous extract was lower than and not as effective as ethanol extract because ethanol is a phenolic compound and non-polar solvent when compared with water that is a polar solvent. Infrared spectra showed OH stretch due to phenol was observed at 3702 cm-1 , - C - H stretch (alkane) at 2972cm-1 , C - H bending vibration (alkane) at 1381cm-1 , - C - N and – C = N at 2077cm-1 , NH stretching at 3375cm-1 . The results indicate that it contained a phenolic, amine and amide substitute. Therapeutic drugs with antibiotic and antifungal activities can be synthesized from Mormodica charantia.
ANTI - INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF LEAVES OF JATROPHA GOSSYPIFOLIA L.Raju Sanghvi
BY HRBC MEMBRANE STABILIZATION METHOD, Introduction, Preparation of extracts, Chemicals and instruments, In vitro anti – inflammatory activity, Acute oral toxicity study, Discussion
Phytochemical Potential and Antimicrobial Activity of Andrographispaniculataiosrjce
The Herbal medicine today ensures safety in contrast to the synthetic preparations. Herbs the Nature’s
Physician, have been reported as an important source of medicine for years and years. Using of herbs for
curing diseases dated back to prehistory and people of all continents have this old tradition.Recently, wide
research proposals highlight the property of medico potential from phytalsources. My herb of interest is also the
above said, ofcourseAndrographispaniculata (Acanthaceae) is a medicinal plant used for the treatment of
various ailments, which has been documented in history of all civilizations. The present study is to learn the
phytochemical properties and the antimicrobial activity of the above using disc diffusion method
Phytochemical Screening, Antioxidant, and Antibacterial Activity of Dioon spi...BRNSS Publication Hub
The present study was aimed to investigate the phytochemical, antioxidant, and antibacterial studies of leaf and rachis of Dioon spinulosum Dyer ex Eichl. The phytochemical screening of the plant extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, carbohydrate, and phenols, whereas saponin was absent. The phenolic content expressed as mg/g gallic acid equivalent was determined and was more in methanolic extract of leaf (29.40 mg) than rachis (8.76 mg). Flavonoid contents were also greater in leaves than in rachis and methanol extract contained higher content (2.812 mg/g) than water (1.923 mg/g). Terpenoids were more in the aqueous extracts of both leaf and rachis when compared to methanol extracts. Antioxidant activity of both leaf and rachis extracts was conducted using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power assay. Leaf extract showed more DPPH radical scavenging activity with IC50 value of 130 μg/ml when compared to the rachis of D. spinulosum Dyer ex Eichl. The reducing capability of the leaf extract was found to be more when compared to rachis. The antibacterial potential was evaluated with Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans by agar well diffusion method. Antibacterial activity was observed only at higher concentration (1000 μg/ml) with inhibition zones of 12 mm and 13 mm.
Mormodica charantia Linn. A Potential Antibiotic and Anti-Fungal Druginventionjournals
Resistant or multi resistant strains are continuously appearing in the treatment of ailments and this necessitates the synthesis of new drugs especially from naturally occurring plants. Momordica charantia is a very common indigenous plant of tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. Phytochemical screening, antimicrobial analysis were conducted using recommended procedures. Ethanol and water were used for the extraction and Ultraviolet Visible and Infrared Spectroscope were used to identify the functional groups. Alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, anthraquinones were all present in both the ethanolic and aqueous extracts, terpenoids was only present in aqueous extract while cardiac glycosides was not present in both extracts. Concentration (200mg/ml) revealed the highest clear zone of inhibition in both aqueous and ethanol extracts. The zone of inhibition increases with increase in concentration of sample. The ethanol extract shows the higher clear zone of inhibition when compared to aqueous extract with a diameter of zones of inhibition of 28, 26, 24, 26, 26 and 24mm for Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginesa, Salmonella typhi and Klebsiella pneumoniae respectively. The aqueous extract has no effect at concentration (6.25mg/ml) because no clear zone of inhibition was measured. The antimicrobial activity for aqueous extract was lower than and not as effective as ethanol extract because ethanol is a phenolic compound and non-polar solvent when compared with water that is a polar solvent. Infrared spectra showed OH stretch due to phenol was observed at 3702 cm-1 , - C - H stretch (alkane) at 2972cm-1 , C - H bending vibration (alkane) at 1381cm-1 , - C - N and – C = N at 2077cm-1 , NH stretching at 3375cm-1 . The results indicate that it contained a phenolic, amine and amide substitute. Therapeutic drugs with antibiotic and antifungal activities can be synthesized from Mormodica charantia.
ANTI - INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF LEAVES OF JATROPHA GOSSYPIFOLIA L.Raju Sanghvi
BY HRBC MEMBRANE STABILIZATION METHOD, Introduction, Preparation of extracts, Chemicals and instruments, In vitro anti – inflammatory activity, Acute oral toxicity study, Discussion
Preliminary Study of Phytochemical Constituents and Acute Toxicity of Hibiscu...ijtsrd
This study was done to assess the phytochemical constituents and acute toxicity of Hibiscus sabdariffa calyx and leaf extract. The crude extract of the plant parts were obtained after solvent percolation and drying. Then, the presence of tannins, saponin, flavonoids, alkaloids and phenol were assessed qualitatively. Also, albino rats Rattus norvegicus were used to assess the toxicity level of the plant materials, haematological and biochemical parameters of the test animal blood were also assessed. The results revealed that the two plant parts contained alkaloids, tannins, saponin, phenol and flavonoids. Also, In the acute toxicity assay, the oral lethal dose LD50 of 5000 mg kg bw and 2236.07 mg kg bw were recorded respectively for the calyx and leaf extract of the plant. The plant calyx and leaf extracts showed no significant p 0.05 effect on the levels of red blood cells RBC , white blood cells WBC , packed cell volume PCV , and haemoglobin concentration Hb albeit, the plant extracts had a significant increase effect on the platelet count of the rats. there was a significant increase in the alkaline phosphatase ALP , Alanine amino transaminase ALT and Aspartate amino transaminase AST in the group treated with the leaf extract compared with the control whereas the group treated with the calyx extract had comparable level of these enzymes with that of the control. These results has lent credence to the medicinal claim of the plant parts however, the leaf of the plant should be used in moderation. Dada, I. B. O. | Bada, S. O. "Preliminary Study of Phytochemical Constituents and Acute Toxicity of Hibiscus Sabdariffa Extracts" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29288.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/other/29288/preliminary-study-of-phytochemical-constituents-and-acute-toxicity-of-hibiscus-sabdariffa-extracts/dada-i-b-o
Phytochemical Analysis and Antibacterial Activity of Psidium Guajava against ...ijtsrd
The some plants have been good source of drugs for microbial resistance. The research for newer source of antibiotics is a global challenges in pharmaceutical companies. Present time plants are being extensively explored for harboring medicinal properties. Phytochemical are naturally occurring compounds present in the medicinal plants such as flavonoids, steroids, alkaloids and phenolic compounds. Psidium guajava is a phototherapeutic plant used in folk medicine and is believed to have active components that helps in treatment and management of various disease such as wounds, ulcers, etc. Guava extract has exhibited remarkable antimicrobial activity against microorganisms. This study investigates the phytochemical and antibacterial properties of Psidium guajava leaf extracts. Antibacterial activity at the plant extract were determined against K. pneumoniae, S. aureus, E. coli. Psidium guajava leaf extracts provided scientific evidence for the rational use of P. juajava leaves in prevention of disorders due to Presence of some useful phytochemicals and in the treatment of disease caused by some bacterial pathogens such as S. aureus, B. cereus, K. pneumonae, E. coli. The present work demonstrates the antimicrobial potential of Psidium guajava leaves extracts by using various solvents. Pooja Soudawat | Anand Verma "Phytochemical Analysis and Antibacterial Activity of Psidium Guajava against Some Clinical Pathogens" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29134.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/29134/phytochemical-analysis-and-antibacterial-activity-of-psidium-guajava-against-some-clinical-pathogens/pooja-soudawat
Antimicrobial activity of herbal productionkarimbscdu
The use of plants in treatment of burns, dermatophytes and infectious diseases is common in traditional medicine. The development of new antimicrobial agents against resistant pathogens is increasing interest. Therefore, the methanolic extracts from different parts of four medicinal plants used locally in folk medicine were evaluated for antimicrobial activity. It was found that most plant extracts studied had antibacterial and antifungal activities. The methanolic extract of leaf of the plant Azadiracta indica, Acacia nilotica and Witania somnifera showed significant antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Escherchia coli, stphaylocuccus aureus and pseudomonas fluorescence. Azadiracta indica and A.tinolica showed significant antifungal activity against A. flavus, Ziziphus mauritiana. The rhizome extract of curcuma longa showed significant activity against all tested bacteria and showed higher anti fungal activity against Fusarium verticillioides
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Antifungal Activities and Phytochemical Screening of Xanthium strumariumDheeraj Vasu
ABSTRACT: Antifungal activities and phytochemical screening of Xanthium strumarium (Asteraceae) was carried out in laboratory. Distilled water and methanol extracts of the leaves of plant was prepared. Five phytopathogenic fungi: Alternaria brassicae, Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium oxysporum, Phytophthora capsici and Sclerotium rolfsii were tested at different concentrations (50 mg/ml, 100 mg/ml, 150 mg/ml, 200 mg/ml, 250 mg/ml) of selected plant extracts. The phytochemical screening depicted the presence of terpenoids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins and alkaloids. The antifungal activity of extracts was determined by poisoned food technique; and linear mycelium growth reduction (LMGR) percentage was calculated. The distilled water extracts inhibited the growth of fungal mycelium while methanolic extracts completely inhibited (100%) the growth of some selected fungi at higher concentrations. Fusarium oxysporum was the most susceptible fungus while A. brassicae and B. cinerea were the most resistant fungi.
Key words: Antifungal activities, phytochemical screening, Xanthium strumarium, Linear Mycelium Growth Reduction (LMGR)
Evaluation of antibacterial activity of some medicinal plants used by Sugali ...researchplantsciences
In the present work an attempt has been made to carry out screening for the preliminary antibacterial activity of different plants used by Sugali tribes of Yerramalis forest. Fifteen plants were selected for preliminary screening for their antibacterial potentiality, The antibacterial activity was done against four bacterial strains, viz., Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli,.The preliminary screening experiment revealed that methanol extracts were more potent than the aqueous extracts. The most susceptible bacteria were K. pneumoniae and the most resistant bacteria were E. coli. Bauhinia racemosa L. exhibited remarkable antibacterial activity.
Article Citation:
Khaleel Basha S, Sudarsanam G, Hari Babu Rao D, Niaz Parveen.
Evaluation of antibacterial activity of some medicinal plants used by Sugali tribe of Yerramalais forest of Andhra Pradesh, India.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2011) 1(1): 027-031.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0003.pdf
Indian medicinal plants have a traditional
background that they have potential to use as antimicrobial agents.
Pedalium murex showed broad spectrum antimicrobial activity
against three fungal strains Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus,
Candida albicans and five bacterial strains Escherichia coli,
Staphylococus epidermis, Klebseilla pneumonia,Citrobactor
diverses, Enterococus faecalis.The Ethanolic extracts were tested
against selected test bacteria and fungi through disc diffusion assay
where amoxicillin was used as standard. The results showed that
alcoholic extract possess good antimicrobial activity against selected
test bacteria and fungi. The present results therefore offer a
scientific basis for traditional use of the various extract of Pedalium
murex
In Vitro Antibacterial Activities of Cochlospermum planchonii Roots Crude Ext...iosrjce
The antibacterial activities of the methanolic, hot water, chloroform and petroleum ether of
Cochlospermum planchonii root extracts on some clinical bacterial isolates and reference organisms were
investigated using conventional microbiological and microdilution indicator technique. Phytochemical
screenings were also carried on the extracts. The root extracts of the plant exhibited antibacterial activities
against reference strains and clinical isolates of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus
aureus, Shigella flexneri, and Salmonella typhii. However, the susceptibility pattern of the bacteria did not
differ significantly from each other (p>0.05). The methanolic root extracts exhibited the highest antibacterial
activity, its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranging between 1.25 mg/ml and 5.00mg/ml; and its zones
of inhibition diameter on the various test microorganisms ranging between 8mm and 12mm. The petroleum
ether extracts had the weakest antibacterial activity, with minimum inhibitory concentration of 5.00mg/ml and
its zones of inhibition diameter ranging between 4mm and 7mm. The bioactive constituents in the plant were
alkaloids, tannins, saponins, cardiac glycosides, and sterols. The methanolic extracts of root appeared to be
more biologically active than other extracts and may be more useful in treating human infections caused by
these pathogens.
Antibacterial activity of naturally obtained plant that gives a antibacterial activity and some anti malarial activity functions also.This plant majorly seen in hills areas.
ABSTRACT- The present study was planned to study the antimicrobial activity of different plant extract against selected microorganisms. The plants used in the present study were Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi), Withania somnifera (Ashwgandha), Santalum album (Chandan), Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis), and shatavari (Asparagus racemosus). The extract from the leaves of these plants (are) used in malaria, bronchitis, gastric disorders, cough, cold etc. To test efficiency of some common plants extract against E. coli, Salmonella typhi, Proteus vulgaris, Staphylococcus aureus. Contrary to the synthetic drugs, antimicrobials of plant origin are not associated with many side effects and have an enormous therapeutic potential to heal many infectious diseases. The present investigation is therefore, undertaken to test the efficiency of some of the common plant extracts against some plants and human pathogens, i.e. E. coli and S. aureus. In this project work, we studied the different parts of medicinal plants of Latur, Osmanabad region used for curing different type of diseases specially skin diseases. Some plants have active components which show antimicrobial activity. These Herbal plants are beneficial to human being in therapeutic practice. Skin diseases are difficult conditions to live with, to save the very least. Though some skin diseases may cause minimal discomfort, the visual effects of the conditions can cause significant self esteem and confidence issues. The majority of skin diseases cause scarring or disfigurement. Skin diseases run the gambit from barely noticeable to fatal.
Key-words- Medicinal plants, Antimicrobial activity, Antifungal activity
PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF VARIOUS SOLVENT EXTRAC...IJSIT Editor
The leaves of the plant Annonareticulata were collected and extracted using different ranges of polar
organic solvents like low (Ethyl acetate), medium (Butanol) and high (Methanol). Qualitative analysis and
antimicrobial activity was investigated. The phytochemical screening of the leaf extract revealed that the
presence of alkaloids, tannins, steroids, terpenoids and coumarins. The Ethyl acetate and Methanol extracts
showed better antibacterial activity, the significant inhibitory effect against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas
putida and Lactobacillus acidophilus, and thus displayed highest inhibitory zone of 19.5mm, 19mm and 19mm
when compared to Butanol. FT-IR spectroscopic analysis of the Ethyl acetate, Butanol and Methanol extract of
A.reticulata revealed the presence of -CH, -OH, CH-OH and –NH2 bond stretching. The clinical isolates were
collected from patients suffered from different microbial infections. The antibacterial and antifungal activity
was determined by using leaf extracts.
Multi-Element Determination of Cu, Mn, and Se using Electrothermal Atomic Abs...IOSR Journals
Simultaneous multi-element graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometer (SIMAA 6000) is used to get a new multi-element determinations methodology for Cu, Mn, and Se. Firstly, the optimum conditions for single-element mode are determined (which include: pyrolysis and atomization temperatures). Secondly, the optimum conditions for multi-element mode are also determined. The conditions in the two modes have been compared in terms of the characteristic masses, detection limits and pyrolysis and atomization temperatures. The effect of the matrix on the determination has been studied using urine standard sample from Seronorm (LOT 0511545). The accuracy of the developing methods has been confirmed by analysis different biological reference materials. Simultaneous multi-element GF-AAS offers a rapid, low cost and sensitive method for the analysis of trace elements
Stable endemic malaria in a rainforest community of Southeastern NigeriaIOSR Journals
Malaria infections in a stable endemic malaria community of Abagana, a rainforest community in
southeastern Nigeria was studied between April and August 2012. Advocacy visits to the traditional ruler and
opinion leaders of the community and proper explanations of the project were used to obtain permission to
carry out the study. The community was mobilized through public announcements in the churches, schools,
markets and group meetings. Thick and thin blood films were used to concentrate, and identify malaria
parasites using oil immersion lense of bright field light microscope. Estimates of parasite intensity per person
was made on each positive slide by parasite count in the microscope fields. Participants were grouped into
sexes, age, education and occupation. A total of 141 participants made up of 59(41.84%) males and 82(58.16%)
females were involved in the study. Of the 141 participants, 76(53.90%) were positive with malaria parasites,
among whom 32(42.11%) were males and 44(57.89%) were females. Of the positive malaria cases, malaria
intensity among the participants were light 32(42.11%), moderate 35(46.05%) and heavy 9(11.84%) and was
spread across all the groups and villages. These results revealed holoendemicity of malaria in the community.
Intervention efforts including massive educational campaigns were suggested
Preliminary Study of Phytochemical Constituents and Acute Toxicity of Hibiscu...ijtsrd
This study was done to assess the phytochemical constituents and acute toxicity of Hibiscus sabdariffa calyx and leaf extract. The crude extract of the plant parts were obtained after solvent percolation and drying. Then, the presence of tannins, saponin, flavonoids, alkaloids and phenol were assessed qualitatively. Also, albino rats Rattus norvegicus were used to assess the toxicity level of the plant materials, haematological and biochemical parameters of the test animal blood were also assessed. The results revealed that the two plant parts contained alkaloids, tannins, saponin, phenol and flavonoids. Also, In the acute toxicity assay, the oral lethal dose LD50 of 5000 mg kg bw and 2236.07 mg kg bw were recorded respectively for the calyx and leaf extract of the plant. The plant calyx and leaf extracts showed no significant p 0.05 effect on the levels of red blood cells RBC , white blood cells WBC , packed cell volume PCV , and haemoglobin concentration Hb albeit, the plant extracts had a significant increase effect on the platelet count of the rats. there was a significant increase in the alkaline phosphatase ALP , Alanine amino transaminase ALT and Aspartate amino transaminase AST in the group treated with the leaf extract compared with the control whereas the group treated with the calyx extract had comparable level of these enzymes with that of the control. These results has lent credence to the medicinal claim of the plant parts however, the leaf of the plant should be used in moderation. Dada, I. B. O. | Bada, S. O. "Preliminary Study of Phytochemical Constituents and Acute Toxicity of Hibiscus Sabdariffa Extracts" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29288.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/other/29288/preliminary-study-of-phytochemical-constituents-and-acute-toxicity-of-hibiscus-sabdariffa-extracts/dada-i-b-o
Phytochemical Analysis and Antibacterial Activity of Psidium Guajava against ...ijtsrd
The some plants have been good source of drugs for microbial resistance. The research for newer source of antibiotics is a global challenges in pharmaceutical companies. Present time plants are being extensively explored for harboring medicinal properties. Phytochemical are naturally occurring compounds present in the medicinal plants such as flavonoids, steroids, alkaloids and phenolic compounds. Psidium guajava is a phototherapeutic plant used in folk medicine and is believed to have active components that helps in treatment and management of various disease such as wounds, ulcers, etc. Guava extract has exhibited remarkable antimicrobial activity against microorganisms. This study investigates the phytochemical and antibacterial properties of Psidium guajava leaf extracts. Antibacterial activity at the plant extract were determined against K. pneumoniae, S. aureus, E. coli. Psidium guajava leaf extracts provided scientific evidence for the rational use of P. juajava leaves in prevention of disorders due to Presence of some useful phytochemicals and in the treatment of disease caused by some bacterial pathogens such as S. aureus, B. cereus, K. pneumonae, E. coli. The present work demonstrates the antimicrobial potential of Psidium guajava leaves extracts by using various solvents. Pooja Soudawat | Anand Verma "Phytochemical Analysis and Antibacterial Activity of Psidium Guajava against Some Clinical Pathogens" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29134.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/29134/phytochemical-analysis-and-antibacterial-activity-of-psidium-guajava-against-some-clinical-pathogens/pooja-soudawat
Antimicrobial activity of herbal productionkarimbscdu
The use of plants in treatment of burns, dermatophytes and infectious diseases is common in traditional medicine. The development of new antimicrobial agents against resistant pathogens is increasing interest. Therefore, the methanolic extracts from different parts of four medicinal plants used locally in folk medicine were evaluated for antimicrobial activity. It was found that most plant extracts studied had antibacterial and antifungal activities. The methanolic extract of leaf of the plant Azadiracta indica, Acacia nilotica and Witania somnifera showed significant antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Escherchia coli, stphaylocuccus aureus and pseudomonas fluorescence. Azadiracta indica and A.tinolica showed significant antifungal activity against A. flavus, Ziziphus mauritiana. The rhizome extract of curcuma longa showed significant activity against all tested bacteria and showed higher anti fungal activity against Fusarium verticillioides
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Antifungal Activities and Phytochemical Screening of Xanthium strumariumDheeraj Vasu
ABSTRACT: Antifungal activities and phytochemical screening of Xanthium strumarium (Asteraceae) was carried out in laboratory. Distilled water and methanol extracts of the leaves of plant was prepared. Five phytopathogenic fungi: Alternaria brassicae, Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium oxysporum, Phytophthora capsici and Sclerotium rolfsii were tested at different concentrations (50 mg/ml, 100 mg/ml, 150 mg/ml, 200 mg/ml, 250 mg/ml) of selected plant extracts. The phytochemical screening depicted the presence of terpenoids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins and alkaloids. The antifungal activity of extracts was determined by poisoned food technique; and linear mycelium growth reduction (LMGR) percentage was calculated. The distilled water extracts inhibited the growth of fungal mycelium while methanolic extracts completely inhibited (100%) the growth of some selected fungi at higher concentrations. Fusarium oxysporum was the most susceptible fungus while A. brassicae and B. cinerea were the most resistant fungi.
Key words: Antifungal activities, phytochemical screening, Xanthium strumarium, Linear Mycelium Growth Reduction (LMGR)
Evaluation of antibacterial activity of some medicinal plants used by Sugali ...researchplantsciences
In the present work an attempt has been made to carry out screening for the preliminary antibacterial activity of different plants used by Sugali tribes of Yerramalis forest. Fifteen plants were selected for preliminary screening for their antibacterial potentiality, The antibacterial activity was done against four bacterial strains, viz., Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli,.The preliminary screening experiment revealed that methanol extracts were more potent than the aqueous extracts. The most susceptible bacteria were K. pneumoniae and the most resistant bacteria were E. coli. Bauhinia racemosa L. exhibited remarkable antibacterial activity.
Article Citation:
Khaleel Basha S, Sudarsanam G, Hari Babu Rao D, Niaz Parveen.
Evaluation of antibacterial activity of some medicinal plants used by Sugali tribe of Yerramalais forest of Andhra Pradesh, India.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2011) 1(1): 027-031.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0003.pdf
Indian medicinal plants have a traditional
background that they have potential to use as antimicrobial agents.
Pedalium murex showed broad spectrum antimicrobial activity
against three fungal strains Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus,
Candida albicans and five bacterial strains Escherichia coli,
Staphylococus epidermis, Klebseilla pneumonia,Citrobactor
diverses, Enterococus faecalis.The Ethanolic extracts were tested
against selected test bacteria and fungi through disc diffusion assay
where amoxicillin was used as standard. The results showed that
alcoholic extract possess good antimicrobial activity against selected
test bacteria and fungi. The present results therefore offer a
scientific basis for traditional use of the various extract of Pedalium
murex
In Vitro Antibacterial Activities of Cochlospermum planchonii Roots Crude Ext...iosrjce
The antibacterial activities of the methanolic, hot water, chloroform and petroleum ether of
Cochlospermum planchonii root extracts on some clinical bacterial isolates and reference organisms were
investigated using conventional microbiological and microdilution indicator technique. Phytochemical
screenings were also carried on the extracts. The root extracts of the plant exhibited antibacterial activities
against reference strains and clinical isolates of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus
aureus, Shigella flexneri, and Salmonella typhii. However, the susceptibility pattern of the bacteria did not
differ significantly from each other (p>0.05). The methanolic root extracts exhibited the highest antibacterial
activity, its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranging between 1.25 mg/ml and 5.00mg/ml; and its zones
of inhibition diameter on the various test microorganisms ranging between 8mm and 12mm. The petroleum
ether extracts had the weakest antibacterial activity, with minimum inhibitory concentration of 5.00mg/ml and
its zones of inhibition diameter ranging between 4mm and 7mm. The bioactive constituents in the plant were
alkaloids, tannins, saponins, cardiac glycosides, and sterols. The methanolic extracts of root appeared to be
more biologically active than other extracts and may be more useful in treating human infections caused by
these pathogens.
Antibacterial activity of naturally obtained plant that gives a antibacterial activity and some anti malarial activity functions also.This plant majorly seen in hills areas.
ABSTRACT- The present study was planned to study the antimicrobial activity of different plant extract against selected microorganisms. The plants used in the present study were Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi), Withania somnifera (Ashwgandha), Santalum album (Chandan), Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis), and shatavari (Asparagus racemosus). The extract from the leaves of these plants (are) used in malaria, bronchitis, gastric disorders, cough, cold etc. To test efficiency of some common plants extract against E. coli, Salmonella typhi, Proteus vulgaris, Staphylococcus aureus. Contrary to the synthetic drugs, antimicrobials of plant origin are not associated with many side effects and have an enormous therapeutic potential to heal many infectious diseases. The present investigation is therefore, undertaken to test the efficiency of some of the common plant extracts against some plants and human pathogens, i.e. E. coli and S. aureus. In this project work, we studied the different parts of medicinal plants of Latur, Osmanabad region used for curing different type of diseases specially skin diseases. Some plants have active components which show antimicrobial activity. These Herbal plants are beneficial to human being in therapeutic practice. Skin diseases are difficult conditions to live with, to save the very least. Though some skin diseases may cause minimal discomfort, the visual effects of the conditions can cause significant self esteem and confidence issues. The majority of skin diseases cause scarring or disfigurement. Skin diseases run the gambit from barely noticeable to fatal.
Key-words- Medicinal plants, Antimicrobial activity, Antifungal activity
PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF VARIOUS SOLVENT EXTRAC...IJSIT Editor
The leaves of the plant Annonareticulata were collected and extracted using different ranges of polar
organic solvents like low (Ethyl acetate), medium (Butanol) and high (Methanol). Qualitative analysis and
antimicrobial activity was investigated. The phytochemical screening of the leaf extract revealed that the
presence of alkaloids, tannins, steroids, terpenoids and coumarins. The Ethyl acetate and Methanol extracts
showed better antibacterial activity, the significant inhibitory effect against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas
putida and Lactobacillus acidophilus, and thus displayed highest inhibitory zone of 19.5mm, 19mm and 19mm
when compared to Butanol. FT-IR spectroscopic analysis of the Ethyl acetate, Butanol and Methanol extract of
A.reticulata revealed the presence of -CH, -OH, CH-OH and –NH2 bond stretching. The clinical isolates were
collected from patients suffered from different microbial infections. The antibacterial and antifungal activity
was determined by using leaf extracts.
Multi-Element Determination of Cu, Mn, and Se using Electrothermal Atomic Abs...IOSR Journals
Simultaneous multi-element graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometer (SIMAA 6000) is used to get a new multi-element determinations methodology for Cu, Mn, and Se. Firstly, the optimum conditions for single-element mode are determined (which include: pyrolysis and atomization temperatures). Secondly, the optimum conditions for multi-element mode are also determined. The conditions in the two modes have been compared in terms of the characteristic masses, detection limits and pyrolysis and atomization temperatures. The effect of the matrix on the determination has been studied using urine standard sample from Seronorm (LOT 0511545). The accuracy of the developing methods has been confirmed by analysis different biological reference materials. Simultaneous multi-element GF-AAS offers a rapid, low cost and sensitive method for the analysis of trace elements
Stable endemic malaria in a rainforest community of Southeastern NigeriaIOSR Journals
Malaria infections in a stable endemic malaria community of Abagana, a rainforest community in
southeastern Nigeria was studied between April and August 2012. Advocacy visits to the traditional ruler and
opinion leaders of the community and proper explanations of the project were used to obtain permission to
carry out the study. The community was mobilized through public announcements in the churches, schools,
markets and group meetings. Thick and thin blood films were used to concentrate, and identify malaria
parasites using oil immersion lense of bright field light microscope. Estimates of parasite intensity per person
was made on each positive slide by parasite count in the microscope fields. Participants were grouped into
sexes, age, education and occupation. A total of 141 participants made up of 59(41.84%) males and 82(58.16%)
females were involved in the study. Of the 141 participants, 76(53.90%) were positive with malaria parasites,
among whom 32(42.11%) were males and 44(57.89%) were females. Of the positive malaria cases, malaria
intensity among the participants were light 32(42.11%), moderate 35(46.05%) and heavy 9(11.84%) and was
spread across all the groups and villages. These results revealed holoendemicity of malaria in the community.
Intervention efforts including massive educational campaigns were suggested
On The Use of Transportation Techniques to Determine the Cost of Transporting...IOSR Journals
This paper aims at identifying an effective and appropriate method of calculating the cost of transporting goods from several supply centers to several demand centers out of many available methods. Transportation algorithms of North-West corner method (NWCM), Least Cost Method (LCM), Vogel’s Approximation Method (VAM) and Optimality Test were carried out to estimate the cost of transporting produced newspaper from production center to ware-houses using Statistical software called TORA. The results revealed that: NWCM = 36,689,050.00, LCM = 55,250,034.00, VAM = 29,097,700.00 and Optimal solution = 19,566,332.00. It was discovered that Vogel’s Approximation method gives the transportation cost that closer to optimal solution. Also, the study revealed that a production center should be created at northern part of Nigeria to replace the dummy supply center used in the analysis, so as to make production capacity equal to requirement.
Comparative Analysis of the Different Brassica OleraceaVarieties Grown on Jos...IOSR Journals
This study was carried out to determine and compare the phytochemical, anti-nutrients, proximate composition and the effects of Brassica oleracea varieties on hepatic and erythropoietic parameters such as liver enzymes and packed cell volume (PCV) respectively. Fresh samples of the different varieties of Brassica oleracea namely: Brassica oleracearepa(Chinese cabbage), Brassica oleracearupetris(red cabbage) and Brassica oleraceapeviridis(green cabbage) were collected from Kasa in Plateau state, Nigeria, and were identified. After the authentication of these samples, the effect of gastric inturbation (oral administration) of the aqueous extracts on Male White Albino rats was observed for 14days. Each of the three (3) varieties were analysed for proximate composition, phytochemicals and anti-nutrients. It was observed that Brassica olereceais an important source of nutrients, particularly minerals. However, the high content of anti-nutritional factors such as cyanides, tannins, oxalates and phytic acids make these minerals bio-unavailable due to the process of chelation. It was also observed that the 3 varieties could have possible effects in the reduction of packed cell volume (PCV)/ Haemoglobin (Hb) levels and in the elevation of liver enzymes activity (Alkaline phosphate, ALT and AST). One could therefore conclude that there is a change in PCV/Hb levels and liver enzymes activity of extract-fed subjects from Brassica oleraceavarieties to the control subjects from normal diet
A Study on the Relationship between Nutrition Status and Physical Fitness of ...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Nutritional status during school age is a major determinant of nutritional and health status in adult
life. Many studies showed that under nutrition and anaemia had an adverse impact on performance and
consequently led to reduction in wages for persons employed in manual labour.
The past three decades have witnessed the emergence of over nutrition as a problem in school-age children in
developed countries and in affluent urban segments in developing countries. The main determinants of
performance are physical fitness and skill. Longitudinal studies have shown that the lifestyle and physical
fitness during childhood and adolescence were major determinants of lifestyle, physical fitness and freedom
from non-communicable diseases in adult life.
Simulation of the Linear Boltzmann Transport Equation in Modelling Of Photon ...IOSR Journals
A beam data modelling algorithm was developed by solving the linear Boltzmann Transport Equation (BTE). The Linear Boltzmann Transport Equation (LBTE) is a form of the Boltzmann transport equation that assumes that radiation particles only interact with the matter as they are passing through matter and not with each other. This condition is only valid when there is no external magnetic field. The numerical method proposed by Lewis et al., [9] was used to solve the LBTE. A programming code was computed for the LBTE and run on CMS XiO treatment planning system to generate beam data, the generated beam data were compared to experimentally determined data. The calculated percentage depth dose (PDD) completely overlap the measured PDDs for the small field sizes while there is a shift in the PDD tail for large field size. However the shift is negligible. For the wedge PDDs, the shift between the measured PDDs and the calculated occurs at the Dmax region and it increases with increase in field size. The calculated wedge profiles have a slight shift at the shoulder compared to the measured ones and this decreases with increase in field size, unlike the PDDs. There is also a slight shift between calculated in-plane profiles and measured ones. There is a good agreement between the measured beam data and the calculated ones using the algorithm. This algorithm can be implemented as an in-house algorithm for beam data modelling and also as an independent quality assurance tool for checking the accuracy of clinical TPS algorithms with regards to beam data modelling during quality assurance and TPS commissioning tests.
Exact Solutions of Axially Symmetric Bianchi Type-I Cosmological Model in Lyr...IOSR Journals
In this paper we have obtained axially symmetric Bianchi type-I cosmological models for perfect
fluid distribution in the context of Lyra’s manifold. Exact solutions of the field equations are obtained by
assuming the expansion in the model is proportional to the shear . This leads to the condition
A Bn
where A and B are scale factors and n( 0) is a constant. Some kinematical and physical parameters of the
model have been discussed. The solutions are compatible with recent observations.
Properties of CdS Chemically Deposited thin films on the Effect of Ammonia Co...IOSR Journals
The effect of ammonia concentration on electrical properties, optical properties and structural properties of chemical bath deposited (CBD) Cadmium sulphide (CdS) thin films has been revealed. The films were prepared by using cadmium acetate as cadmium ion (Cd2+) source, thiourea as sulphur ion (S2-) source and ammonia as the complexing agent. Ammonia concentration was changed from 0.1 M – 3.0 M. Ammonia concentration at 2.0 M uniform, dense and continuously coated films were obtained. Not only typical cadmium-pure but also unusual sulphur deficiency phenomena were observed for CBD CdS thin films. In the present investigation, the carrier concentration varied form 1.831X106cm-3 to 1.026X106cm-3 when ammonia concentration is changed from 0.5M to 2.5 M. The direct band gap energy at 0.5M is 1.92eV while at 2.5M is 2.65eV. The surface morphology of as deposited thin films is almost smooth and no grains were observed clearly at low molar concentration and predominant grains at the concentration of ammonia is 2.0M. By estimated Cd:S ratio value is found to be 1.04 by using EDAX. The thin film deposited at 2.0M concentration shows the highest degree crystallinity. The formation mechanism of the films with various ammonia concentrations is discussed.
Mormodica charantia Linn. A Potential Antibiotic and Anti-Fungal Druginventionjournals
Resistant or multi resistant strains are continuously appearing in the treatment of ailments and this necessitates the synthesis of new drugs especially from naturally occurring plants. Momordica charantia is a very common indigenous plant of tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. Phytochemical screening, antimicrobial analysis were conducted using recommended procedures. Ethanol and water were used for the extraction and Ultraviolet Visible and Infrared Spectroscope were used to identify the functional groups. Alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, anthraquinones were all present in both the ethanolic and aqueous extracts, terpenoids was only present in aqueous extract while cardiac glycosides was not present in both extracts. Concentration (200mg/ml) revealed the highest clear zone of inhibition in both aqueous and ethanol extracts. The zone of inhibition increases with increase in concentration of sample. The ethanol extract shows the higher clear zone of inhibition when compared to aqueous extract with a diameter of zones of inhibition of 28, 26, 24, 26, 26 and 24mm for Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginesa, Salmonella typhi and Klebsiella pneumoniae respectively. The aqueous extract has no effect at concentration (6.25mg/ml) because no clear zone of inhibition was measured. The antimicrobial activity for aqueous extract was lower than and not as effective as ethanol extract because ethanol is a phenolic compound and non-polar solvent when compared with water that is a polar solvent. Infrared spectra showed OH stretch due to phenol was observed at 3702 cm-1 , - C - H stretch (alkane) at 2972cm-1 , C - H bending vibration (alkane) at 1381cm-1 , - C - N and – C = N at 2077cm-1 , NH stretching at 3375cm-1 . The results indicate that it contained a phenolic, amine and amide substitute. Therapeutic drugs with antibiotic and antifungal activities can be synthesized from Mormodica charantia
Antimicrobial Drug Synthesis from Submerge Cultures of Pleurotus florida in D...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Pharmacognostic, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of fractions of the l...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Anti Microbial Activities and Phytochemical Screening of the Premna Odorata B...ijtsrd
The researcher focused mainly to determine the antimicrobial properties and phytochemical screening of the Alagaw leaf extract. Specifically, this study was conducted to determine the percent yield, antimicrobial activities and the secondary metabolites of Alagaw leaf extract which was analyzed and it include alkaloid, anthraquinone, saponins and steroid. Findings of the study showed that the Alagaw leaf extract has a percent yield of 11.5 . Anti Microbial Activity was tested by petri disk on a plate Nutrient Agar streaked with the E. coli bacteria, the plates were incubated for 24hrs and 37oC. Results were observed for the presence of zone inhibition clear area around the test disk. Results from this study showed that the antimicrobial activity on E. coli as indicated as negative by the presence of Alagaw leaf extract. Furthermore, the result suggests that the Alagaw leaf extract did not suppress the growth of the E. coli bacteria, hence it indicates that it has no anti microbial effect to the test organism. While the secondary metabolites such as alkaloid, anthraquinone, saponins and steroid is found negative. It is therefore recommended that further study of the chemical properties of alagaw leaf extract, barks and roots should be conducted Bernadette C. Mollejon | Charito V. Mollejon ""Anti-Microbial Activities and Phytochemical Screening of the Premna Odorata Blanco (Alagaw) Leaf Extract"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23751.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/23751/anti-microbial-activities-and-phytochemical-screening-of-the-premna-odorata-blanco-alagaw-leaf-extract/bernadette-c-mollejon
Phytochemical characterization & antimicrobial assay of some indigenous ...PRITAM AON
Phytochemical screening refers to the extraction, screening and identification of the medicinally active substances found in plants. Some of the bioactive substances that can be derived from plants are flavonoids, alkaloids, carotenoids, tannin, antioxidants and phenolic compounds.
Studies on the Crude Extract of Moringa Oleifera Leaf for Preliminary Identif...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Characterization of the Volatile Components of the Leaf of Starchytarpheta ca...Premier Publishers
The GC/MS analysis, phytochemical and antimicrobial properties of the leaf extract of Stachytarpheta cayennesis was carried out in the laboratory as a part of our probe into the usefulness of the plant in medicinal applications. GC-MS analysis was obtained by the use of SHIMADZU Japan Gas Chromatography 5890-11 with a fused GC column OV 101 coated with polymethyl silicon (0.25 mm x 50 m). Results obtained revealed 13 absorption peaks; Peak 1 occurred at m/z 128 which corresponds to the molecular formula C10H8 and is identified as Azulene.Similarly Peak 2, 3, 4, 5 ,6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, occurred at m/z 220, 200,242, 240, 268, 270, 256 ,296 ,296, 282, 281, 252 respectively corresponding to molecular formulas; C15H24O, C12H24O2, C15H30O2, C17H36, C19H40, C17H34O2, C16H32O2, C19H36O2, C20H40O C18H34O2, and C18H35NO. They were identified as Butylated Hydroxytoluene, Dodecanoic acid, Methyl tetradecanoate, Heptadecane, Nonadecane, Hexadecanoic acid methyl ester, n-Hexadecanoic acid, 9-octadecanoic acid methyl ester, Phytol, Octadec-9-enoic acid, 9-octadecenamide, and 11-tetradecyl-1-ol acetate respectively. At concentrations of 100mg/cm3 the extract showed inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus, 8mm, Klesiella spp 9mm, Proteus mirabilis 5mm and Pseudomonas aureginosa 5mm. The minimum inhibition concentrations are 25mm/cm3 for Staphylococcus aureus, 12.5mg/cm3 for Klebsiella spp, 25mg/cm3 for Proteus mirabilis and 12.5mg/cm3 for Pseudomonas aureginosa. These result are very close to those obtained when standard antibiotics levofloxacin and streptomycin.
The phytochemical analysis of the aqueous extract of Anacardium occidentale (Family: Anacardiaceae) (ANO) revealed the presence of sterols, polyterpenes, polyphenols, saponins, flavonoids, catechin, gallic tannins, quinones and alkaloids. The presence of all these phyto-chemicals could be responsible for the different therapeutic properties attributed to this herb. At doses between 3.7x10-3 and 6.2x10-2 g / kg bw, this aqueous extract induces sustained hypotension (dose-dependent) similar to that induced by acetylcholine (Ach) at 5.6x10-7 g / kg bw and 5.5x10-4 g / kg bw. It strongly reduced the pressure induced by adrenaline (Adr) at 2.5x10-5 g / kg bw. These results indicated that the aqueous extract of Anacardium occidentale is hypotensive. The traditional use of this plant to treat high blood pressure was justified. The study of interaction between ANO and atropine (a competitive antagonist of muscarinic cholinergic receptor) showed that this reference molecule does not inhibit the hypotensive effects of this extract. Furthermore, inhibition and hypotensive properties of the extract of Anacardium occidentale by chlorpromazine an antipsychotic drug, suggested a central ANO action similar to that of clonidine and alpha-métyldopa. Thus, the aqueous extract of Anacardium occidentale contained non- cholinomimetics and hypotensive substances that may have central effects.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Curative Effect of Parinari curatellifolia Leaf Extract on Epiglottitis
1. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (IOSR-JPBS)
e-ISSN: 2278-3008.Volume 5, Issue 6 (Mar. – Apr. 2013), PP 46-51
www.iosrjournals.org
www.iosrjournals.org 46 | Page
Curative Effect of Parinari curatellifolia Leaf Extract on
Epiglottitis
Eze, Henry Tochukwu1
and Wurochekke, Abdullahi Usman2
.
Department of Biochemistry, Modibbo Adama University of Technology, Yola,
PMB 2076, Yola, Adamawa State, Nigeria.
Abstract: The curative effect of Parinari curatellifolia leaf extract on epiglottitis was investigated. The air
dried leaf of Parinari curatellifolia was extracted using the soxhlet extractor. Crude extract of the plant was
found to be rich in phytochemicals of medicinal importance such as alkaloids, tannins, saponins, flavonoids,
steroids, and cardiac glycosides. Acetic acid extract had the highest antimicrobial activity with zones of
inhibition ranging from 20.0 ± 0.6 to 28.3 ± 0.3 against the test organisms. This activity was not significantly
(P<0.05) different from leofloxacin with zones of inhibition ranging from 25.0 ± 0.6 to 29.3 ± 0.3 which was the
highest activity among the standard drugs used. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extract was
found to be 5mg/ml against Pseudomonas sp and Staphylococcus aureus, indicating broad spectrum activity.
Results were discussed in respect to traditional treatment of epiglottitis.
Key words: Antimicrobial, medicinal plant, leofloxacin, crude leaf extract, epiglottits.
I. Introduction
Epiglottitis is the inflammation of the epiglottis-the flap tissue that sits at the base of the tongue, which
keeps food away from going into the trachea (windpipe) so that one does not cough or choke after swallowing.
Due to its place in the airway, swelling of the structure interferes with breathing and constitutes a medical
emergency. Infections can cause the epiglottis to either obstruct or completely close off the windpipe making the
condition life-threatening. The advent of Haemophilus influenza type b (Hib) vaccine has reduced the incidence
of epiglottitis but it has not been eliminated [1][2]
Epiglottitis involves bacterial infection of the epiglottis, most often caused by Haemophilus influenza
type b, although some cases are attributable to Streptococcus pneumonia, Streptococcus agalactiae,
Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Pseudomonas sp, mycobacterium tuberculosis, Klebsiella sp,
Viruses, local trauma. Streptococci sp are becoming the major pathogen in acute epiglottitis now [3]. Patients
with epiglottitis may present with any of the following; sore throat, muffled voice, drooling, fever, anterior neck
tenderness, cough, irritability, ear pain, cervical lymphadenopathy, odynophagia. The child often appears
acutely ill, anxious and has a very quiet shallow breathing with head held forward, insisting on sitting up in bed.
The early symptoms are insidious but rapidly progressive, and swelling of the throat may lead to cyanosis and
asphyxiation [4][5]. With more severe epiglottitis, dyspnoea, dysphagia, dysphonia, stridor (late finding
indicates airway obstruction), respiratory distress may occur.
Epiglottitis is life-threatening and usually occurs in both children and adults. The disease occurs at any
time, there is no one season that it is more prevalent. Death may occur rapidly if the condition is not recognized
and complete airway obstruction occurs [6].
The use of herbal medicine by the traditional practioners for the treatment of diseases remains the main
stay of health care system and is gaining increasing popularity especially among the rural populace in
developing countries. Many of the herbal remedies used by herbal practioners are also employed therapeutically
in orthodox medicine after the crude extracts have been greatly improved upon. In recent times more research
programs have been going on to assay and improve the medicinal principles found in drugs for use in the
development of new pharmacotherapeutic agents in the management and cure of diseases[7]
Parinari curatellifolia is a valuable and cherished medicinal plant in which different parts of the plant are
widely used by the traditional herbalist in the treatment of diabetes and other disease conditions and has been
evaluated for its ant-diabetic activities [8]. The leaves of this plant as claimed by the traditional herbalist are
utilized in the treatment of epiglottitis. However, there is no existing scientific evidence about the efficacy of the
leaves of this plant. This work was therefore designed to investigate the pharmacological effects of the leaf
extract of this plant with emphasis on its effect on the causative agents of epiglottitis.
The research was aimed at, determining the Phytochemical components of the crude extract of the leaf
of Parinari curatellifolia, determining the antimicrobial activity of the crude extract of the leaf of Parinari
curatellifolia on some selected causative agents of epiglottitis and comparing the efficacy of the crude extract of
the leaf of Parinari curatellifolia with some selected antibiotics.
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II. Materials And Methods
Identification of the Plant Material
The plant was collected from Isu village in Eha-Amufu of Enugu State, Nigeria. It was identified and
authenticated by a staff of Botany Department, University of Nigeria Nsukka. The voucher specimen was
deposited at the biological science department of Modibbo Adama University of Technology, Yola.
Source of the Test Organism
The clinical isolates of Streptococcus sp, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas sp, and Klebsiella sp
were obtained from Federal Medical Centre Yola, Nigeria. Each test bacterial strain was re-identified using
standard bacteriological and biochemical methods. Stock cultures were maintained in nutrient agar slants at 4°C.
Preparation of the plant extract
The acetic acid, ethyl acetate, methanolic and aqueous extract of the leaf of the plant was prepared. The
plant samples collected was air dried and ground using a milling machine. The powdered material was
transferred into a Soxhlet apparatus and extracted separately in the Soxhlet extractor using ethyl acetate,
methanol, acetic acid, and water for 24hrs each [9][10]. The extracts were concentrated to dryness and the
residues obtained. The residues were transferred into pre-weighed sample containers, and stored at 4o
C until
when required for use.
Phytochemical Screening
The leaf extract of P. curatellifolia was analyzed for the presence of alkaloid, saponin, anthraquinone,
steroids, tannin, flavonoid, reducing sugars and cardiac glycosides according to standard
methods[11][10][9][12].
Screening for alkaloids
Three grams of the leaf extract was stirred with ethanol containing 3% tartaric acid. The filtrate was
shared into 3 beakers and tested for alkaloids as follows: into the first beaker, Hagar’s reagent was added, into
the second beaker, Mayer’s reagent was added and into the last beaker, Marquin’s reagent was added.
Precipitation in any of the 3 test indicated the presence of alkaloids.
Screening for saponin
About 0.5 g of the plant extract was shaken with water in a test tube. Frothing, which persist on
warming was taking as a preliminary evidence for the presence of saponin. Few drops of olive oil was added to
0.5 g of the extract and vigorously shaken. Formation of soluble emulsion in the extract indicated the presence
of Saponin [11][13].
Screening for tannin
About 0.5g of the extract was added to 10ml of freshly prepared potassium hydroxide (KOH) in a
beaker and shaken to dissolve. A dirty precipitate was observed indicating the presence of tannin.
Screening for steroids (Salkowski’s test)
About 100 mg of P. curatellifolia leaf extract was dissolved in 2ml of chloroform. Sulphuric acid was
carefully added to form a lower layer. A reddish brown color at the interface was an indicative of the presence
of steroidal ring [10].
Screening for flavonoid
About 2g of the powdered leaves were completely detained with acetone. The residue was extracted in
warm water after evaporating the acetone in a water bath. The mixture was filtered while, still hot. The filtrate
was cooled and used. 5ml of 20% NaOH was added to equal volume of the detained water extract. A yellow
solution indicated the presence of flavonoid.
Screening for anthraquinone (Borntrager’s test)
About 0.5 g of the extract was taken into a dry test tube and 5ml of chloroform added and shaken for 5
min. The extract was filtered and the filtrate was shaken with equal volume of 10% ammonia solution. A pink
violet or red color in the ammonical layer (lower layer) indicated the presence of anthraquinone.
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Screening for cardiac glycosides (Keller Killiani’s test)
About 100mg of extract was dissolved in 1ml of glacial acetic acid containing one drop of ferric
chloride solution. This was under layered with 1ml of concentrated Sulphuric acid. A brown ring obtained at the
interface indicated the presence of a de-oxy sugar characteristic of cardenolides.
Determination of Viable Cell
Serial dilutions of 24hour broth cultures were prepared. 1ml of suspension was inoculated into nutrient
agar plates labeled according to the dilutions used. They were incubated in an inverted position at 37o
C for
24hrs. After the incubation, plates with number of colonies ranging from 30-300 were counted. Plates with
spreaders were discarded. Numbers of viable cells were calculated as follows;
No of cells/ml = No of colonies
/Volume of sample X dilution factor [14]
Determination of Antimicrobial Activity of the Extract
The test for sensitivity of each organism was done by the disc diffusion technique [15]. A number of
sterile paper discs (diameter 5mm) were mixed completely with a reconstituted extract in a sterile 10ml glass
beaker. The discs were allowed to remain in contact with the extract for at least an hour to enable them absorbs
the extracts which became embedded in the discs. The discs were brought out and allowed to air dry. As control,
a number of sterile paper discs (diameter 5mm) were also mixed the solvents without the extract. Each organism
was cultured by the spread plate technique [16]. The test organisms were adjusted to 11 x 107
cells/ml. They
were spread evenly on the surface of the agar medium with a sterile glass hockey. Then using a flame needle,
the prepared sensitivity test discs were carefully picked and placed on top of the inoculated plate at some
distance from one another. The plates were allowed to stand for about 5 minutes and incubated at 37o
C in an
electronic incubator. They were observed for 24hours for growth and possible clear zone around the disc as a
mark of sensitivity to the test extract. The antimicrobial activity of the partially fractionated extract was also
determined using disc diffusion method.
Determination of the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of the Extract
The minimum inhibitory concentration was determined as the least concentration of the extract which
inhibits each test organism. 500mg of the extract was separately reconstituted in sterile distilled water and
diluted to concentrations of 50, 5, 0.5, 0.05, 0.005 mg/ml. The regenerated concentrations were used for the
sensitivity test. After incubation, the plates were observed for inhibition zones. The list concentration which
caused inhibition was taken to be the minimum inhibition concentration.
The efficacy of the plant extract was compared to that of cephalosporin (cefixime), leofloxacin,
augumentine, oflaxicin, nitrofurantoin, cefuroxime, gentamicin, cefazidime. Some of these antibiotics are
utilized in the management and treatment of the disease in the hospital.
Ethical Consent
All experiments were examined and approved by the appropriate ethics committee and were performed in
accordance with the ethical standards laid down in the 1964 declaration of Helsinki.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
The results were subjected to a statistical software SPSS (version 15.0) for analysis. Results were
expressed as Mean ± SEM. Significant differences were determined using the student’s t-test. Differences were
considered significant if p<0.05.
III. Results
Physical examination of the various leaf extracts of Parinari curatellifolia showed that the aqueous
extract is a brownish-solid; methanol and ethyl acetate extract are greenish-black solid, while the acetic acid
extract is a brownish-black solid. Out of 50g of the powdered leaf of Parinari curatellifolia, the percentage
extracts recovered were as follows; water extract 5.6%, methanol extract 12.14%, ethyl acetate 18.62%, and
acetic acid 21.12%
The Phytochemical screening of the plant revealed the presence of saponin, alkaloids, flavonoids,
steroids, tannins, cardiac glycosides (Table 1). The antimicrobial activity of the various extracts revealed that
there are zones of inhibition on the bacteria culture media, thus signifying the presence of antimicrobial activity
of the extract against the microbial isolate used. The acetic acid extract gave inhibition zones ranging from 20.0-
28.7mm that of ethyl acetate gave inhibition zones ranging from 14.7-15.3mm. The methanol extract gave an
inhibition zones ranging from 0.9-13.0mm, while that of water ranges from 11.7-13.0mm (Table 2).
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The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration(MIC) of the acetic acid extract which gave the highest zones
of inhibition against the microbial isolates used revealed that the MIC for Streptococcus pyogenes and
Pseudomonas sp is 5mg/ml while that for Klebsiella sp and Staphylococcus aureus is 50mg/ml (Table 3).
The efficacy of this plant extract was compared to that of some standard antibiotics. Among the
antibiotics used, leofloxacin (5µg) gave the highest inhibition zone of 29.3mm against Pseudomonas sp, while
the acetic acid extract gave 28.7mm against the same organism. There is no significant difference between the
two inhibition zones (P<0.05). However, other antibiotics as well as other solvent extracts gave some inhibition
zones (Table 4 and 2)
IV. Discussion
In the present study, crude extract of Parinari curatellifolia was found to be rich in some secondary
metabolites which include saponin, alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, tannins, and cardiac glycosides. The presence
of these secondary metabolites with different mechanism of antimicrobial activities suggests that this plant may
be a potential source of antibiotic.
Steroids have been reported to have antimicrobial properties. The correlation between membrane lipids
sensitivity indicates the mechanism in which steroids specifically associate with membrane lipids and exerts its
action causing leakages from liposomes [17]. Tannins were found to complex with protein through so called non
specific forces such as hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic effect as well as covalent bond formation [18][19].
Thus the mode of antimicrobial action of tannin may be related to their ability to inactivate microbial adhesion,
enzymes, cell envelop, transport proteins and metal ion complexation etc. They also complex with
polysaccharides [20]. There is also evidence that tannins directly inactivate microorganisms [21]. Many human
physiological activities such stimulation of phagocytic cells, host mediated tumor activities and a wide range of
ant-infective actions have been attributed to tannins [18].
While alkaloids intercalates intercalate into cell wall and/or DNA and therefore disrupt the activities of
the microorganism [22], saponins are found to complex with cholesterol to form pores in cell membrane
bilayers. This complexation leads to cell lysis [23]. Their amphipathic natures also make them act as surfactants
that can be used to enhance the penetration of macromolecules such as proteins through cell membranes [24].
Flavonoids are known to be synthesized by plants in response to microbial infection [25]. Flavonoids
have been found in vitro to be effective antimicrobial substances against a wide array of microorganisms. Their
activity is probably due to their ability to complex with extracellular and soluble proteins and to complex with
bacterial cell walls. More lipophilic flavonoids may also disrupt microbial membranes [26].
V. Conclusion
It is obvious that the in-vitro antimicrobial activity observed in this study may be attributed to any of
the secondary metabolites. It is also apparent that the active component responsible for the activity is highly
soluble in acetic acid than any other solvent. The actual component responsible for the observed activity,
whether single or compound remains to be elucidated.
Table 1. Results of the Phytochemical Screening of P.curatellifolia Leaf Extracts
______________________________________________________________________________
Extracting solvent SAP CG ALK FL ST TA AQ
_______________________________________________________________________________
Water + + + + + + -
Methanol + + + + + + -
Ethyl acetate + + + + + + -
Acetic acid + + + + + + -
_______________________________________________________________________________
Note: + = present - = absent, SAP = Saponin, CG = Cardiac glycosides, ALK = Alkaloids, FL = Flavonoids,
ST = Steroids, TA = Tannin, AQ = Anthraquinone
Table 2. Results of Antibacterial Activity of Leaf Extracts of P. curatellifolia.
______________________________________________________________________
Extracting solvent and inhibition zones (mm)
_____________________________________________________________
Microorganisms Water(mm) Methanol(mm) Ethyl acetate(mm) Acetic acid(mm)
______________________________________________________________________________________
Streptococcus pyogenes 11.7±1.2 09.0±0.6 14.7±0.9 20.0±0.6
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Staphylococcus aureus 13.7±1.3 10.0±0.6 16.3±0.9 28.3±0.3
Klebsiella sp 12.3±1.5 12.0±0.6 14.7±2.3 22.3±0.3
Pseudomonas sp 13.0±1.2 13.0±0.6 15.3±1.8 28.3±0.3
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Results are express as mean ± SEM
Table 3: Minimum inhibitory concentration of the acetic acid extract
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Extract concentration (mg/ml)
__________________________________________________
Microorganism 50mg/ml 5mg/ml 0.5mg/ml 0.05mg/ml 0.005mg/ml
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Streptococcus pyogenes - - + + +
Staphylococcus aureus - + + + +
Klebsiella sp - + + + +
Pseudomonas sp - - + + +
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Note: – indicates no growth, + indicates growth
Table 4. Results of antibacterial activities of some standard antibiotics.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Standard Antibiotics and Inhibition Zone (mm)
___________________________________________________________________
Microorganisms AUG GEN LEO CXM NIT OFL CRX CAZ
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Streptococcus pyogenes 6.0±0.6 13.6±1.6 29.0±0.3 11.3±0.9 8.0±0.6 14.0±0.6 - -
Staphylococcus aureus - 16.3±0.9 25.0±0.6 - 22.3±0.9 - - -
Pseudomonas sp - 14.7±0.3 29.3±0.9 24.0±0.6 15.7±1.2 24.7±0.9 10.3±0.9 -
Klebsiella sp. - 13.7±0.9 29.3±0.3 - 22.3±0.9 - - -
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Results are express as mean ± SEM
AUG = Augumentin, GEN = Gentamicin, LEO = Leofloxacin, CXM = Cefixime, NIT = Nitrofurantoin,
CRX = Cefuroxime, CAZ = Cefazidime, OFL= Oflaxicin
- indicates no inhibition zones
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Acknowledgement
The authors are very grateful to the Managing Director of Peace Specialist Hospital Yola, Dr. Niyi, for
given them the privilege to use his laboratory during the research periods. They are also grateful to the
laboratory management of Federal Medical Centre, Yola and Specialist Hospital, Yola for their assistance in
isolation and identification of the organisms used in this research. The authors are also indebted to the Chief
Laboratory Technologist, Biochemistry Department, Modibbo Adama University of Technology Yola, Mr Raji,
for his advice and assistance in the extraction process.