1. The Crimean War weakened Russia and destroyed the Concert of Europe, allowing for national unification in Germany and Italy in the late 19th century. 2. Italian unification was led by the Kingdom of Piedmont and figures like Cavour and Garibaldi, culminating in the capture of Rome and making it Italy's capital in 1871. 3. German unification was driven by Prussia and Otto von Bismarck through military victories over Austria and France, forming the German Empire under Prussian leadership in 1871.

1. Chapter 12 Section 3
National Unification and the
National State

2. I. Breakdown of the Concert of Europe.
A. By 1871 both Germany and Italy were
unified, a change caused by the Crimean
War.
B. The Crimean was a conflict between
Russia and the Ottoman Empire.
1. Russia wanted to expand its territory into the
Mediterranean so it could build its navy.
2. Russia invaded Moldavia and Walachia,
causing the Ottomans to declare war on Russia.
a. G.B. and France will align with the Ottomans.

3. C. Heavy losses caused the Russians to seek
peace.
1. Treat of Paris 1856.
a. Moldavia and Walachia placed under the protection
of all the Great Powers.
D. Crimean War destroyed the Concert of
Europe.
1. Russia will withdraw from European affairs for
the next 20 years.
2. Germany and Italy now could unify.

4. II. Italian Unification
A. In 1850 Austria dominated the Italian
Peninsula.
1. Piedmont will lead the fight for
unification.
B. King of Piedmont named Cavour
prime minister.
1. Cavour supported economic expansion,
which will enable the government to
support an army.
2. Aligned himself with France.
3. Austrians will invade in 1859.

6. C. This conflict will result in a peace
settlement that made Piedmont an
independent state.
1. Nationalists in other northern Italian states
will begin to overthrow their governments
and join Piedmont.
D. Giuseppe Garibaldi S. Italy leader for
unification.
1. 1,000 volunteers called Red Shirts.

7. E. Sicily and Naples will revolt from
France and will be controlled by
Piedmont.
1. In 1861 King Victor Emmanuel II king of
Piedmont was crowned ruler.
F. French troops will withdraw from Rome
in 1870.
1. The Italian army annexed Rome that
same year, and Rome became the capital
of the united Italy.

8. III. German Unification
A. Germans looked to Prussia for
leadership in unification.
1. King William I appointed Otto von
Bismarck.
B. Bismarck collected taxes and
strengthened the army.
1. Friction with Austria will cause a war in
1866.
2. Prussians will defeat the Austrians in
less than a month.

10. C. Prussia organized northern German
states into a Confederation.
1. Problems with France developed rapidly.
2. France feared a strong German state.
D. Franco-Prussian War- 1870
1. Began as a misunderstanding between
France and Prussia.
2. Prussia was able to handily defeat the
French.
3. Prussia captured Napoleon III and his
whole army.

11. E. Paris surrendered in 1871
1. Paid 5 billion francs.
2. Gave up Alsace and Lorraine to the New
German state.
F. Southern states will join Northern
states to unify Germany.

13. IV. Nationalism and Reform in Europe.
A. G.B will avoid the revolutionary
upheavals of the first half of the 19th
century.
1. 1815 Aristocratic classes dominated
Parliament.
2. 1832 voting rights extended to industrial
middle class.
B. Following 1850 the industrial middle
class was prosperous and wages
were beginning to climb.

14. C. Queen Victoria reigned from 1837-
1901. Longest in English History.
1. Her era is known as the Victorian Age.
D. After 1848 France moves towards
restoring the monarchy.
1. In 1852 plebiscite, or popular vote, 97
percent voted to restore the empire.
2. Louis-Napoleon became Napoleon III,
2nd emperor of France.

15. E. Napoleon’s government was authoritarian.
1. He limited civil liberties.
F. Napoleon also built Paris into a modern City.
1. Underground sewers, public water supply,
and gaslights.
G. Opposition to the emperor arose in the
1860s.
1. Napoleon III liberalized his regime, giving
the legislature more power, for more
power.
2. After the Prussians defeated the French
the second empire fell.

16. H. At the beginning of the 19th century, Russia
was highly rural, with a divine-right monarch
with absolute power.
1. In 1856 Russia was defeated in the Crimean
War.
2. Russia was falling behind Western Europe and
needed to modernize.

17. I. Czar Alexander II made reforms.
1. Freed the serfs with an emancipation
edict.
i. They could now own property and
marry as they wished.
2. The government bought land from the
landlords and provided it to the peasants.
i. Landlords often kept the best lands for
themselves.
ii. Emancipation led to many unhappy,
land starved peasants.
J. Radicals assassinated Alexander II in 1881.
1. His son and successor turned against
reforms.

18. V. Nationalism in the United States.
A. The Constitution committed to both
nationalism and liberalism.
B. Federalists and Republicans fought over
the division of powers.
1. Feds wanted a strong central government.
2. Reps wanted a strong state government.
C. War of 1812 will create a national feeling
that will cover up divisions.
1. Andrew Jackson opened a more democratic era
in U.S.
i. Voting rights was extended to all white males.

19. D. By 1850 American unity was threatened by
slavery.
1. South’s economy was based on growing
cotton using slave labor.
2. Abolitionism- movement to end slavery.
E. 1860 Abraham Lincoln elected president.
• Seven southern states will secede.
F. Civil War, 600,000 soldiers died.
1. National unity prevailed in the U.S.

20. VI. The Emergence of a Canadian
Nation.
A. By 1800 most Canadians favored
more independence from British rule.
B. Problems in the Canadian colonies.
1. Upper Canada- English speaking.
2. Lower Canada- French speaking.

21. C. John Macdonald, head of the Upper
Canada’s Conservative party, was a strong
voice for self-rule.
1. Britain gave in, fearing America.
2. British North American Act- established the new
nation.
D. John Macdonald was the 1st prime minister
of the new Dominion.
1. Canada has a parliamentary system and ruled
itself.
2. The British government handled their foreign
affairs.