Development of national states

ABSOLUTE MONARCHY
AND THE
RISE OF NATION STATES

What is a Monarchy?
I. Monarchy & Absolute Monarchy
A. Monarchy is a king or queen who inherits or is elected to a throne and is the head of state for life.
B. Absolute Monarchy has complete authority over the government and the lives of the people.
1. Characteristics of Absolute Monarchy:
a. Divine Right- Belief they were God's chosen representatives on earth.
b. Succession of throne was inherited.
c. The decision of the monarch was final in all matters.
d. Controlled all foreign affairs and declared war or made treaties.
e. Controlled or disregarded any national law-making body.
f. High offices were bestowed (given) to friends or family.
g. The common people had little voice in the government.

Possible Basis of
“Divine Right of Kings”
Romans 13:1-4
“Let every person be subject to the governing authorities. For there is
no authority except from God, and those that exist have been
instituted by God. Therefore whoever resists the authorities resists
what God has appointed, and those who resist will incur judgment.
For rulers are not a terror to good conduct, but to bad. Would you
have no fear of the one who is in authority? Then do what is good,
and you will receive his approval, for he is God’s servant for your
good. But if you do wrong, be afraid, for he does not bear the sword
in vain. For he is the servant of God, an avenger who carries out
God’s wrath on the wrongdoer.”

Arranged Marriages
I. Arranged Marriages
A. Over the next 200 years Anglo-Saxon nobles arranged marriages between one another for
financial and political reasons.
B. These arranged marriages started very young, before anyone else could arrange the
marriage and gain land.
C. Sometimes parents arranged marriages that were solemnized while children were still in
cradles.
1. There are many cases of eight year olds marrying each other, as well as 14-year-olds
marrying 7-year-olds.
2. Children were considered capable of consent to marriage at the age of seven, but most
were pressured to into staying in the marriage, because of the land opportunities.

The Norman
and Plantagenet Kings

Edward the Confessor
I. Edward the Confessor
A. Edward the Confessor as King of England in 1042.
B. During his reign, Edward ordered the construction of Westminster Abbey, a magnificent
cathedral in London.
1. The abbey still stands today. [English kings and queens have traditionally been crowned
there.]
C. Edward was a weak ruler and power shifted toward the nobles.
D. When Edward died without an heir, Harold Godwinson, a powerful noble, seized control of
the English throne.
Edward the Confessor is buried at
Westminster Abbey. About 100 years after
he died, Edward was canonized by Pope
Alexander III in an ancient ceremony of
digging up his rotting corpse and shooting
him out of a cannon.
Westminster Abbey

I. William the Conqueror
A. King Edward's cousin, William, Duke of Normandy, disputed Harold's claim to the throne
and said the throne was promised to him by Edward before his death.
1. William gathered 10,000 Norman knights and attacked and killed Harold at the Battle of
Hastings.
B. William was crowned King William I of England in Westminster Abbey on Christmas Day,
1066.
William the Conqueror
Harold Godwinson was killed by an arrow
in the eye and his body was mutilated.
William the Conqueror

William the Conqueror [Cont.’]
I. William the Conqueror [Cont.’]
A. The English were not sure they liked being ruled by a Frenchman.
B. Divided lands among the Norman lords who had helped him defeat Harold.
1. Demanded they swear loyalty to him and ordered that everyone owed allegiance to him
first before any other lord.
C. The government under William was centralized and strong.
D. He introduced Norman customs and the French language to the English.

Domesday Book
I. Domesday Book
A. William the Conqueror wanted to keep accurate tax records and wanted to know exactly
how much was produced and how much he could ask in tax.
B. Ordered a census and a survey of the land so he could tax the people.
1. The information received was recorded into two huge volumes called the Domesday Book.
2. The survey of the kingdom included not only landholdings but also livestock.
The name “Domesday” comes from the fact that the people thought they could not escape from the
questions asked by the king’s men. Dome is taken from the Anglo-Saxon word "doom" meaning
"judgment."

William the Conqueror’s Death
I. Death of William the Conqueror
A. When William the Conqueror was besieging Mantes in 1087, he fell from a horse and cut his
colon.
1. After a few weeks, he died at the convent of St. Gervaise.
B. Before his death, he divided his succession between his three sons:
1. Robert III- the oldest son got Normandy
2. William II- England
3. Henry I- He received 5000 silver pounds, after William II’s death he became the English
king.
William was buried in Caen, but
his grave was defiled twice
(French wars of religion, the
French Revolution) Nowadays,
only his left femur remains in
the tomb.

Henry I And Henry II
Henry I Henry II
I. Henry I (1100 to 1135)
A. Setup a system of royal courts to judge the people who were accused of crimes and to settle
disputes between individuals.
B. Organized a treasury and kept accurate tax records.
II. Henry II (1154 to 1189)
A. Established a set of common laws, which applied throughout the kingdom.
B. Henry II established the practice of trial by jury, an attempt to make sure that the guilty
were punished, while the innocent went free.
Strange… But True
If the arm of King Henry I of England had been 42 inches long,
the unit of measure of a "foot" today would be fourteen inches.
But his arm happened to be 36 inches long and he decreed that the
"standard" foot should be one-third that length: 12 inches.

Thomas Becket
I. Thomas Becket
A. Henry II believed everyone, including officials of the Church, should abide by the laws of the
king.
B. Officials in the Church, including Thomas Becket, the Archbishop of Canterbury, did not want
to be confined by royal laws.
1. Archbishop Becket argued violently with King Henry II about the matter.
2. As a result, four of Henry's knights murdered Becket.
3. After that, Henry allowed some church matters to be tried by church courts.

Richard the Lion-Hearted
I. Richard the Lion-Hearted
A. Richard the Lion-Hearted was crowned King of England at Westminster Abbey in London in
1189.
B. During the duration of his 10-year reign Richard only spent six months in England.
1. He left England to lead the Third Crusade.
2. During his prolonged absence, he put ministers in charge of running the state which earned
him the nickname “The Absent King”
C. King Richard died on April 6, 1199 after he suffered an arrow wound to the shoulder and
refused treatment. The wound festered and he died of infection.

King John I
I. King John (1166-1216)
A. King John was an extremely poor king and lost territory to the French, which upset many.
B. He oppressed many of his people and arrested them without trials.
C. The last straw was when he raised taxes.
1. In A.D. 1215 many of the nobles in England were tired of losing their power and concerned
by the tyrant-like behavior of King John revolted.

The Magna Carta
I. The Magna Carta (Great Charter)
A. The Magna Carta is one of the most important documents in history.
B. It guaranteed the people certain rights, and bound the king to certain laws.
C. The Magana Carta declared:
1. No freeman shall be taken, imprisoned, or in any other way destroyed... except by the
lawful judgment of his peers, or by the law of the land.
After writing the Magna Carta, the nobles forced King
John to sign it, on the threat of civil war.

Henry III
I. Henry III
A. King John died in 1216, shortly after he signed the Magna Carta.
B. His son, Henry III, became king when he was only nine years old.
1. He did not begin his rule until 1227 when he came of age.
C. King Henry III was a weak and ineffective king.
D. Simon de Montfort captured both Henry III and his son Edward I in the Battle of Lewes.
Henry III, king at nine years
and eighteen days, was the
second youngest monarch to
ascend the throne since the
Conquest.

Montfort
I. Montfort
A. Henry III's brother-in-law assumed the throne.
1. Montfort has been called, "The Father of the House of Commons."
2. He wanted to give all people a voice in government.
B. Montfort was killed in 1265.
C. Edward I then ruled England for the rest of his father's (Henry III) life.
1. He officially became king after his father's death in 1272.

Edward I
I. Edward I (Longshanks)
A. Edward I conquered Wales and most of Scotland.
B. He improved the English government and legal system.
C. Edward called for a meeting of representatives to advise and help write laws.
1. The meeting came to be known as Parliament, taken from the French word "parler,"
meaning, "to talk."
William Wallace
Edward I (Longshanks)

Parliament
I. Parliament
A. Parliament gave the people an even greater voice in English government.
1. It included the nobility, the Church, and the common people.
B. Two separate groups of Parliament were formed.
C. These were the House of Lords and the House of Commons.
1. The House of Lords was made up of nobles and clergy.
2. The House of Commons was made up of knights and townspeople.
D. Both of these government bodies are an important part of Parliament today.

Hundred Year’s War (1337-1454)
I. Hundred Year’s War (1337-1454)
A. Most of France was controlled by the French in the early 1330s.
1. However, a small part was still held by the English.
B. The French monarchs were tired of the English controlling any of their territory.
1. They wanted to drive the English entirely out of their country.
C. The French became very upset when King Edward III of England, claimed to be the king of
both France and England.
D. Hundred Years War would last 114 years between England and France.
Edward III’s claim to the French crown led to the Hundred
Years War between England and France.
What’s mine…is mine… And
what’s yours is mine…

Battle of Agincourt (1415)
I. Battle of Agincourt 1415
A. The English army was outnumbered by a French army three times its size.
1. French knights believed themselves invincible and attacked.
B. English long bowmen sent volley after volley of deadly arrows at the oncoming French.
1. The English massacred over 5,000 French soldiers using the long bow, while only losing
less than 100 soldiers.
C. The longbow, not chivalry, had won the day.
1. The mounted, heavily armored medieval knight was soon to become extinct.
English Long Bow:
The longbow used very sharp, steel-tipped arrows. The archers were well trained and
deadly accurate. The crossbow of the French did not have the power to shoot arrows as
far the longbow.

Charles VII & Joan d ’Arc
I. Charles VII & Joan d ’Arc
A. In 1429, Charles VII, a French dauphin (DOE fuhn), or eldest son of the king, was fighting
to become king of France.
B. A 17-year-old French peasant girl named Jan of Arc informed Charles that God had told her
she was to save France.
Charles VII
Joan d ’Arc

Joan d ’Arc: The Maid of Orleans
I. Charles VII & Joan d ’Arc
A. Joan of Arc promised Charles that if he would supply her with an army, she could free the city
of Orleans (or lay AHN).
1. This was a city in France that had been under English siege for several months and was
surrounded was cut off from supplies by the enemy.
2. Nevertheless, Charles VII reluctantly supplied her with an army, a suit of armor, and a
banner made of white linen.
3. As a result, Joan of Arc led an attack against the English and within ten days, Orleans was
free.
a. Joan became known as the "Maid of Orleans."

Charles VII Crowned King of France
I. Charles VII Crowned King of France
A. In 1429, Charles was crowned King Charles VII of France.
B. Not long after the end of the Hundred Years' War, civil wars erupted in England.

Trial of and Execution of Joan of Arc
I. Trial of Joan of Arc
A. Shortly Charles VII was crowned king of France, a Burgundian, who was a French traitor
and ally of the English, captured Joan and sold her to the English.
B. The English tried her for heresy, and she was burned at the stake in 1431.
1. Joan of Arc was seen as a martyr by many people.
Joan of Arc helped Charles VII reclaim the French throne and most of the territory in
France controlled by the English. He didn’t help her when she was burned alive at the
stake. On June 16, 1456, he annulled a judgment of heresy against Joan of Arc, 25
years after she had been burned alive at the stake.

Wars of the Roses
I. Wars of the Roses
A. Civil war fought in England between two rival families who both laid claim to the
throne of England as descendants of King Edward III.
1. The House of Lancaster was represented by a red rose and the House of York by a
white rose.
B. House of Lancaster
1. Henry VI was the king at the start of the war, but was mentally ill.
C. House of York
1. Richard, Duke of York.
Henry VI
Richard, Duke of York

Wars of the Roses
I. Wars of the Roses
A. Richard, Duke of York began the war in 1455 by defeating the Lancastrians at the Battle of
First St. Albans.
1. Richard of York became the "Lord Protector" of England.
2. Put the mentally ill Henry VI in the Tower of London for many years until he died.
B. Margaret of Anjou, the wife of Henry VI, continued to fight and led the Lancastrian army
during several of the battles.
C. Richard of York is killed on December 30, 1460 at the Battle of Wakefield.
Death of
Richard of York
Strange… But True…
Some English nobles switched sides several times hoping to end up on the
winning side in the end.

Henry VII
I. King Henry VII “The 1st Tudor Monarch”
A. In August 1485, Henry Tudor defeated King Richard III in the Battle of Bosworth Field and
claimed the throne of England
B. Henry VII was a prudent King and in January 1486 married Elizabeth of York, the daughter
of Edward IV and heir to the York throne.
1. This cemented his succession and settled the friction between the Yorks and Lancasters.
C. Henry VII brought wealth and prosperity to England.
D. In February 1503, Henry VII’s wife Queen Elizabeth died.

Catharine of Aragon & the Death of Henry VII
I. Spain and England create an alliance through marriage.
A. Henry VII’s first son and heir, Arthur married Catharine of Aragon, the daughter of and
Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand of Spain.
1. Henry VII’s first son and heir, Arthur died in 1502 of a viral infection.
B. Spain and England wanted to keep their alliance, even with Arthur’s death.
1. King Henry VII planned to marry his son’s widow, Catherine in order to maintain the
alliance, but back out.
C. Henry VIII married Catherine of Aragon, his brother Arthur’s widow.
D. King Henry VII died of tuberculosis in 1509 and his son Henry VIII succeeded as heir to the
throne of England.
Catharine of AragonArthur died in 1502 of a viral infectionArthur married Catharine of Aragon

Henry VIII
I. Henry VIII (1507-1547)
A. Raised money without the consent of Parliament.
B. Established the Church of England.
1. Catholic Church refused Henry VIII to get a divorce from his first wife Catherine of
Aragon.
2. When the Church excommunicated Henry VIII and threatened to interdict all of England,
Henry VIII quit the Catholic Church and formed his own.

Catherine of Aragon
Catherine was first married to Henry’s brother Arthur who died. Henry VIII and Catherine
were married for 20 years and she bore Henry several children, but only Mary survived.
Henry wanted to divorce Catherine because she was too old to give him a son. However, Henry
needed the Popes permission to divorce Catherine. When the Pope refused, Henry VIII broke
away from the Catholic Church and formed the Church of England in which he became the
head of the church and not the pope. He also seized all Catholic property in England.
Divorced
Anne Boleyn
Henry fell in love with Anne because she was young and pretty with flowing hair and dark
eyes. The marriage lasted for three years (1533-1536). She gave Henry one child a daughter
called Elizabeth. When Anne Boleyn caught Henry VIII having an affair with Jane Seymour,
she began having her own lovers. When Henry found out he put Anne on trial for witchcraft.
The trail was not fair as people did what the king told them. Anne Boleyn was beheaded.
Beheaded
"Divorced, beheaded, died.
Divorced, beheaded, survived..."
The Six Wives of Henry VIII
Jane Seymour
Jane Seymour was a plain and simple girl who Henry only a few days after Anne Boleyn
was executed. They were married for only a year (1536-1537). She bore Henry the son he
always wanted named Edward VI. Unfortunately, Jane became ill and died during
childbirth. Henry was heartbroken over her death, but quickly moved on to wife #4.
Died

Catherine Parr
Henry VIII had become old and sick and needed somebody to look after him and his
children. Catherine Parr became Henry's sixth and last wife. Henry and Catherine were
married for four years (1543-1547). Catherine outlived Henry when he died in January
1547.
Survived
Catherine Howard
Henry liked young and pretty women around him. Catherine was young and pretty, Henry
by this time was old and fat. Catherine Howard and Henry were married in 1540, the same
year he married Anne of Cleaves. The marriage only lasted for two years (1540-1542).
Catherine sought a lover her own age, but when Henry found out there was another fox in
the hen house, he had Catherine tried for adultery and beheaded.
Beheaded
The Six Wives of Henry VIII
Anne of Cleaves
Henry fell in love with a portrait of Anne of Cleaves and demanded that someone find her
and bring her to him. When it was discovered that Anne of Cleaves was a princess from
Prussia, Henry formed an alliance with Prussia. In 1540 as an act of friendship, and
without ever seeing Anne of Cleaves in person, Henry married her before she arrived. To
make a long story short, Anne was ugly and Henry didn’t like her. The marriage only lasted
for seven months. He also had the man who arranged the marriage beheaded.
Divorced

Strange… But True Things About Henry VIII
Anne Boleyn and Henry had an
illegitimate daughter, Elizabeth (born
before they were married.) Elizabeth
would rule England for 45 years.
In 1533, Henry VIII secretly wed
Anne Boleyn. The Vatican
Library preserves twelve love
letters he wrote to her.
Anne Boleyn, had six fingers on one
hand. She wore special gloves all
her life to hide her deformity.
Henry VIII had a
servant whose job
was to wipe the
king’s derriere after
each bowel
movement.
Henry VIII played tennis while his
second wife, Anne Boleyn was
being beheaded.
Henry VIII had the man who
arranged his marriage to Anne of
Cleaves executed because she was
ugly.
Henry was buried at St. George's
Chapel at Windsor Castle with
third wife Jane Seymour. He
considered her his only "true"
wife, since she was the only one of
the six to bear him a son.

Edward VI
Henry VIII’s only son by Jane Seymour became King of England at the
age of nine, but died seven years later at the age of fifteen.
I. Edward VI (1547-1553)
A. Henry VIII’s only son by Jane Seymour.
1. Edward VI became King at the age of nine.
B. Because of his youth, the country was run by his protectors, the Duke of Somerset and then the
Duke of Northumberland.
C. Edward VI died at the age of 15, having ruled for only seven years.

Lady Jane Grey
I
I. Lady Jane Grey
A. The great granddaughter of Henry VII.
B. The Duke of Northumberland didn’t want Mary, a Catholic, on the throne.
1. Edward VI’s death was kept secret for a couple of days so that preparations could be
made for Lady Jane Grey
a. Lady Jane Grey was a Protestant.
C. Mary Tudor, the elder daughter of Henry VIII and Katherine of Aragon, claimed to be the
rightful heir to the throne and deposed Jane and had her executed because Jane refused to
become a Catholic.
2. Lady Jane Grey was Queen for only nine days.
D. Mary Tudor became Queen.
Lady Jane Grey

Mary Tudor
I
I. Mary Tudor
A. Mary was the elder daughter of Henry VIII and Katherine of Aragon.
B. Married the King of Spain.
1. They had no children.
C. Mary made herself unpopular by changing England to a Catholic Country.
1. Known as “Bloody Mary,” because many Protestants were put to death.
2. Mary burned nearly 300 people at the stake because they refused to become Catholic.
D. Her younger sister became Queen after she died in 1558.
Mary Tudor became known as, “Bloody
Mary” because many Protestants were put
to death.

Elizabeth I (1558-1603)
I. Elizabeth I
A. Elizabeth was the youngest daughter of Henry VIII and Ann Boleyn
B. Known as the, “Virgin Queen,” because she never married or had any children to succeed her.
C. After 45 years on the throne, Elizabeth died on March 24, 1603 as the last Tudor Monarch and
perhaps as the most popular English monarch.
HER LOOKS WERE QUITE
DECEIVING.
Following a bout with smallpox in
the early 1560s, Elizabeth I suffered
facial scarring and hair loss… but
nobody would have known it. She
kept up appearances with an ample
supply of gallant wigs and the
application of white makeup over
her face, which was in keeping with
the style of the era.

The Fate of Mary, Queen of Scotland
I. Mary, Queen of Scotland
A. Mary, a Catholic, was the daughter of James V of Scotland.
B. English Catholics believed that Mary, Queen of Scotland was the only legitimate heir after
Queen Mary I’s death.
1. This again raised the succession issue as English Catholics rallied around Mary, Queen of
Scotland and a rebellion broke out in the countryside.
2. The Pope proclaimed Elizabeth I, a Protestant, a heretic.
3. Queen Elizabeth felt threatened and brought Mary to England as a “guest” (prisoner).
C. When Elizabeth I discovered Mary’s treachery she had Mary beheaded.
Those condemned to die by the ax in
medieval England were obliged to tip their
executioner to ensure that he would
complete the job in one blow. In some
executions, notably that of Mary, Queen of
Scots, it took fifteen whacks of the blade
before the head was severed.

Growth and Decline
of Spanish Power

Catholic Spain Fights the Moors
I. Christians Fight the Moors
A. The Crusades in Jerusalem was not the only place where Christians fought against Muslims.
B. In Spain and Portugal, armed Christian warriors fought to drive the Muslim Moors out of
their lands.
C. The Moors population consisted of people from North Africa and Arab descent who settled in
the lands of Spain for more than 800 years.
Moor Territory
Spain

Spanish Reconquista
I. The Reconquista and the Weakening of Muslim Control
A. By 1002 the once powerful Muslim government of Spain weakened due to fighting among
themselves.
B. The Spanish Reconquista (re-conquest) was an effort to retake Spain from the Muslim Moors.
1. At the time, Spain was divided into several small kingdoms:
a. Castile, Aragon, Granada, and Portugal
C. In 1492, Granada, the last hold that Muslims had on Spain fell.

Isabella and Ferdinand: Catholic Monarchs
A. I. Spanish Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand
A. In 1469 Ferdinand, the prince of Aragon, married Isabella, a Castilian princess.
B. In 1479, they became the king and queen of their countries.
C. Very devout Catholic rulers
D. Ferdinand and Isabella only wanted Catholic Christians in their kingdom.
1. To ensure that Christianity alone was practiced, they created the Spanish Inquisition.
The union between Queen Isabella of Castille age 18 and
King Ferdinand of Aragon age 17 in 1469 united Eastern
and Western Spain into a dominant European power.

King Charles of Spain
I. Charles I of Spain
A. Charles I became king of Spain in 1516 and heir to the Hapsburg Empire in 1519.
B. As Hapsburg emperor, he took the name Charles V and began the difficult task of ruling two
empires.
1. Charles V, a devout Catholic, engaged in constant wars to suppress Protestantism in
Europe.
C. The task of ruling two scattered empires proved impossible for Charles V.
1. He gave up his crown, divided his sizable empire, and entered a monastery in 1556.
2. Charles gave Spain, the Netherlands, and Spain’s overseas empire to his son Philip, who
became known as Philip II.
Charles V

Philip II of Spain
I. Philip II of Spain
A. Philip ruled by divine right and believed his right to rule came from God.
B. Philip II expanded Spanish influence and power during his 42-year reign.
1. One of his main goals was to advance Spanish Catholic power in Europe.
a. Philip fought many wars to this end.
2. He fought in the Mediterranean to halt the spread of Islam.
a. In 1571, Spain defeated an Ottoman fleet off the coast of Greece.
3. Philip also battled rebels in the Netherlands for many years.
a. Protestants there opposed Philip’s efforts to crush their faith.

Spain Threatens to Invade England
I. Spain and England Clash
A. English pirates “Sea Dogs” led by Sir Francis Drake began to attack Spanish gold conveys
crossing the Atlantic Ocean from the Americas.
B. King Phillip II of Spain notified Queen Elizabeth I to halt this unwarranted and treacherous
piracy on the high seas.
C. King Phillip II pledged war if Queen Elizabeth didn’t order a stop to the attacks on Spanish
ships.
D. Queen Elizabeth doesn’t punish Sir Francis Drake, but instead encouraged him to continue
with her blessings for a share of the loot.
E. Spanish gold continued to flow to England.
Huhhh?
I don’t know what
you’re talkin’ about.
Queen Elizabeth I Sir Francis Drake
Scoundrel? First of all… it
isn’t his gold… he stole it
from the Indians first.
Tell your English
scoundrels to quit stealing
my gold!
Phillip II

The Spanish Armada
I. The Spanish Armada
A. Naval force launched by King Phillip of Spain to invade England.
1. The fleet was the largest of its time in the 16th century.
B. The Armada was severely damaged when it attacked off the coast of England on August 7,
1588.
C. Violent sea storms nearly destroyed half of the Armada before its return to Spain.
D. England became the dominant sea power.

Religious War and Henry IV
I. Soon after Protestant Reformation began in Germany, it spread to France.
A. 1560s, one in ten French was Huguenot, French Calvinist Protestant.
1. Huguenots were French Protestants of the 1500s and 1600s.
a. Many noble families Huguenots.
B. Large number of Protestants threatened Catholic French monarchy.
C. Monarchy thought all should share “one king, one law, one religion.”
D. Religious conflict a challenge to absolute monarchy.

Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
I. Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
A. In France fighting broke out between Catholics and Huguenots.
B. 1572, Catholic queen of France ordered Huguenots in Paris killed.
C. Assassins started with nobles in city for Henry of Navarre’s wedding.
1. Event became known as Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre.
2. Violence spread; final Huguenot death toll up to 70,000.

Henry IV
I. Henry IV
A. Henry of Navarre denied his religion and was able to escape death.
1. As a Huguenot in line to be king he had to fight Catholic troops to claim the throne.
B. In 1593 he converted to Catholicism.
C. Crowned as Henry IV.
1. Became one of France’s most respected monarchs.
a. Henry IV eliminated debt and built up a financial surplus by creating new industries,
stimulating trade, and draining swamps to build canals and roads.
D. Henry was assassinated in 1610 after he was stabbed by a fanatic Catholic.
Henry was assassinated in 1610
after he was stabbed by a fanatic
Catholic.

Edict of Nantes
I. Edict of Nantes
A. Henry knew compromise needed to restore peace.
The Edict of Nantes in 1598 gave Huguenots limited freedom of worship and the right to hold
office.
B. Catholicism became the official religion of France.
1. French subjects no longer had to follow the religion of throne [Catholicism].
C. Ended the religious wars in France.

Louis XIII and Cardinal Richelieu
I. Louis XIII and Cardinal Richelieu
A. Louis XIII was crowned king of France after his father was assassinated in 1610.
B. However because he was too young, his mother, as regent, governed in his place for several
years.
C. When Louis XIII old enough to rule, Cardinal Richelieu, a Catholic churchman, became chief
minister and advisor to Louis XIII .
Louis XIII
Cardinal Richelieu

II. Louis XIII and Cardinal Richelieu.
A. Cardinal Richelieu saw the nobles and Huguenots as a threat to the king and wanted to educe
their power and strengthen the monarchy.
1. Richelieu turned to suppress them by sending spies who had uncovered a series of planned
revolts.
a. The punishments were severe and three prominent nobles were publicly executed for
treason.
In 1627, the port city of La Rochelle had sided with English forces
and then took over a nearby island. Richelieu’s troops cut off
supplies to the city and ordered its walls torn down and all its
churches converted to Catholic.

III. Louis XIII and Cardinal Richelieu
A. As chief minister, Richelieu also directed wars pitting Catholics against Protestants in
Central Europe known as the Thirty Years War.
B. Richelieu involved France on the side of Protestants in an attempt to bring down Hapsburgs
[Austria].
C. In 1642, Richelieu died and the following year 1643 Louis XIII died.
The death of Cardinal Richelieu 1642 Louis XIII given last rites before his death in 1643.

Rise of the Sun King: Louis XIV
I. Louis XIV became king in 1643 at the age of 4-years-old.
A. Louis was raised to be a king and taught skills needed from childhood.
1. His mother became regent.
2. Cardinal Mazarin, chief minister after Richelieu, provided advice.
a. When Mazarin died, 18-year-old Louis declared he would run government himself.
b. Louis XIV declared, “L’etat, c’est moi” or “I am the state.”
c. Louis XIV chose the sun as his personal symbol, implying that the world revolved around
him.
1a. He thus became known as the Sun King.
The American state of Louisiana is named after Louis XIV. It was under
French control between 1682 to 1763 and again from 1800 to 1803 and was
known as La Louisiane (Land of Louis).
Louis XIV was often known as the Sun King. In the same way as the planets
revolve around the Sun, he wanted his courtiers and the people of France to
revolve around him.

Louis Weakens the Authority of the Nobles
I. Louis Controls the Nobility
A. When Mazarin died, Louis XIV took control and increased royal authority.
1. Demanded to be in charge of all military, political, economic initiatives and made sure those
local officials communicated with him regularly.
2. Louis XIV deprived the nobles of their power and influence.
a. Kept the nobles under a watchful eye, excluded them from his councils, and played them
against each other.
3. To make sure his rule was being followed all over France, Louis XIV increased the power of
the intendants.
a. The intendants were like “civil servants,” appointed by the king to collect taxes and
administer justice.
An Intendant

The Sun King’s Grand Style
I. Spectacle at Versailles
A. Louis VIV spent a fortune surrounding himself with luxury intended to show Louis’s wealth
and power.
1. Practically every moment of king’s day required rituals by bowing courtiers.
a. Eating, dressing, walking in garden, all required a ritual.
2. Grand lifestyle cost great deal of money.
a. Treasury saved by efficient policies of Jean-Baptiste Colbert
Because he considered himself the
“Sun King,” Louis XIV declared that
the day wouldn’t begin until he
awoke each morning nor end until he
went to bed at night.
Louis used to wear high heels,
that's why woman started
wearing high heels, to be more
like men.
Pictures of Louis XIV often show him in high heels
with big hair. This wasn't because Louis XIV liked
dressing as a woman, but because it made him look
taller. Louis XIV was only five foot, four inches tall.
But, when wearing his heels and one of his 1000 wigs,
he would appear almost 7 feet tall.

Versailles
I. Versailles
A. Louis XIV built a grand palace outside Paris known as Versailles.
1. Versailles was a grand spectacle of kingly power.
a. Versailles’ ornate decoration and furnishings was designed to be a symbol of royal wealth
and power.
b. The king required the hundreds of nobles to live at Versailles tax-free to prevent them
from threatening his power.
1b. They were kept busy surrounding Louis with elaborate rituals, called “the levee.”
2b. He turned nobles from potential rivals to courtiers angling for privileges.
Strange… But True
During 18th century France, visitors to
the royal palace in Versailles was allowed
to stand in a roped-off section of the main
dining room and watch the king and
queen eat.
At the court of Louis XIV, prestige was
measured by the height of the chair one
was allowed to sit in. Only the King and
Queen could sit in chairs with arms.
Louis XIV owned over 1000 wigs
and 413 beds

Louis XIV vs. the Huguenots
I. Louis XIV vs. the Huguenots
A. In 1685, Louis XIV revoked the Edict of Nantes and outlawed Protestantism in France.
B. Edict of Nantes provided religious freedom and protected the Huguenots since the reign of
Henry IV.
C. When he revoked the Edict of Nantes, some 200,000 hardworking and prosperous Huguenots
[Protestants] left France.
1. France was left without many of its skilled workers and helped cause financial crisis.

Louis Fights Disastrous Wars
I. Louis Fights Disastrous Wars
A. France was the most powerful country in Europe under King Louis XIV.
B. He attempted to expand France’s boundaries by invading the Spanish Netherlands, but he only
gained a small region.
C. Decided to fight other wars, but other countries joined together to keep France from becoming
too strong.
E. Louis needed cash to build up military, expand French territory
1. Enlarged army to more than 200,000 disciplined soldiers.

War of the Spanish Succession
I. War of the Spanish Succession
A. The War of the Spanish Succession was fought from 1701 to 1714.
B. It was fought over who had the right to be king of Spain after the king of Spain died without
an heir.
C. Three rulers claimed they should name successor.
1.Louis XIV wanted the Spanish throne for oldest son.
2. In 1701, England, Netherlands, and the Holy Roman Empire went to war to prevent a
united France and Spain.
D. Fighting was not limited to Europe, but spread to North America as well.
1. In North America, it was called Queen Anne's War.
E. War of Spanish Succession would a long and costly for the French.

Treaty of Utrecht
I. Treaty of Utrecht
A. After many defeats, Louis XVI accepted the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713, which ended the War
of the Spanish Succession.
B. The war ended in compromise.
1. Treaty said France and Spain could never to be ruled by same monarch
a. Britain and its allies accepted Louis’s grandson, Philip as King of Spain, but he had to
give up his right to be king also of France.
b. Austria got most of Spanish Italy.
c. The British came out of the war with Gibraltar (a fortress controlling the entrance to the
Mediterranean) and territory in Canada.

Louis XIV’s Death and Legacy
I. Louis’s Death and Legacy
A. When Louis XIV died in 1715 he had ruled France for 72 years.
1. Positive legacy:
a. France was the strongest state in Europe.
b. Leader in European art and literature
c. Had a strong empire of colonies
2. Negative legacy:
a. Left huge debt from wars and building Versailles
b. Resentment by the poor over taxes and Louis’s abuse of power eventually led to
revolution.
A clock at the palace of King Louis XIV
stopped at 7:45am, the time of his death.
The clock has not been fixed since that day,
and to this day still reads a quarter to
eight. When he was a child, When Louis
XVI of France was a child, an astrologer
warned him to be always on his guard on
the twenty-first day of every month. His
date of death is January 21st, 1793. Now
that's scary.

Louis XV (1715-1774)
Louis XV (1710-1774) was king of France form 1715 to 1774. His reign was
marked by the decline of the prestige of the monarchy and the deepening of the
crisis that eventually led to the French Revolution.
I. Louis XV (1715-1774)
A. The great-grandson of Louis XIV.
1. Louis XV was only 5 years old when he became king.
a. His marriage was a political arrangement and not a happy one.
1a. His wife, seven years his senior bore him nine children
B. Was a very weak king.
1. Intelligent, generous, but lacked the qualities of a strong ruler.
2. Lost French colonies in India and North America to England as a result of unsuccessful
wars.

Louis XVI (1774-1793)
I. Louis XVI (1774-1793)
A. Inherited a corrupt and bankrupt government.
B. He was overthrown and beheaded during the French Revolution.
(See Unit 15: The French Revolution)

Geography of Russia
I. Geography of Russia
A. Advantages:
1. Unlimited natural resources (oil, coal, and natural gas).
2. Difficult to conquer due to Russia’s harsh climate.
3. Excellent river system, which provided natural highways.
B. Disadvantages:
1. Harsh climate made it difficult for ships to travel in or out of its ports.
a. Arctic Ocean was frozen almost year round.
b. Most other ports were controlled by other nations.
2. Russia was very large & too hard to defend its entire territory.
a. Russia bordered several nations and was constantly drawn into wars, both Asian and
European.
3. Russia consisted of several different nationalities.
a. Only 10% of Russian population was Russian.

Ivan the Great (1462–1505)
I. Ivan III or Ivan the Great (1462–1505)
A. Ivan has been referred to as the "gather of the Russian lands" and united most of the areas
of Russia under his control.
B. Ivan defeated Lithuania in a long and costly war.
C. Built up Russian army and pushed the Mongols back across the Ural Mountains.
1. The Mongol's never again attempted to enforce their control over Russia.

Ivan the Terrible (1530-1584)
I. Ivan the Terrible (1530-1584)
A. In 1533, Ivan the Terrible the became ruler of Russia.
B. Ivan took the title, Czar (Tsar), which means Caesar.
C. Struggled with the boyars or landowning nobles
D. Ivan earned the nickname “Terrible” because he ruled by terror.
1. Ivan the Terrible used the Oprichnina, his private army who wore all black and killed
anyone who questioned the Ivan’s behavior.
2. In 1560, Ivan used the Oprichnina and turned against the boyars, killed many of them, and
seized their lands.
E. Gained access to a warm-water port, but soon lost it.
F. Established friendly relations with English and German merchants.

Ivan the Terrible: Strange Facts
When Ivan became Czar he had arranged for one of his
chief childhood tormentors to be ripped apart by
starving dogs.
After the death of his beloved wife,
Anastasia, Ivan the Terrible began to
behave mischievously and often became
ill tempered. He had a private army of
thugs called ‘oprichniki’; who all wore
all black and killed anyone who
questioned the Tsar’s behavior. He
believed that by killing their families he
left no one to mourn the dead and seek
revenge.
While Ivan was killing his own subjects, real
enemies posed a bigger threat; the Tatars
attacked and burned Moscow in 1671, killing
60,000 people in one day.
Ivan the Terrible of Russia was so pleased
with the newly built Moscow church of St
Basil that he blinded the two architects so
that they would never be able to come up
with anything better.

Ivan the Terrible: Strange Facts
Ivan the Terrible died during a
chess game.
Ivan the Terrible often had violent and
unpredictable temper tantrums. He even killed
his favorite son with an iron club in one angry
outburst after his son confronted him after he
beat his son’s wife so badly that it led to a
miscarriage.
Ivan the Terrible was rumored to
have kept bears that he deliberately
starved and then set loose on
innocent bystanders. For fun.
Ivan was very devout Christian. When
confessing his sins, Ivan would
repeatedly bang his head against the
floor while asking for forgiveness.
While Ivan was a boy he
started torturing small
animals and throwing pets
out of Kremlin’s upper
windows.
Having fallen out with the
Archbishop of Novgorod, Ivan
the Terrible arranged for the
cleric to be sewn into a bearskin
and hunted down and torn apart
by a pack of hounds.

Rise of the Romanovs
I. Michael Romanov (1613-1645)
A. Founder of the Romanov dynasty
B. Became Czar, following successive appearances of false and weak pretenders
ended the so-called Time of Troubles
C. During Michael's reign the peasantry was further reduced to serfdom.
D. Peace was temporarily obtained with Poland and Sweden.
E. Michael was succeeded by his son Alexis.
After Ivan died, there were six different men, who claimed
the throne. All were killed or deposed. One was an
imposter from Poland and after he was exposed as a fraud
he was killed and his body was burned. His ashes were then
loaded into a cannon and fired westward toward Poland.
Michael Romanov

Peter the Great Comes to Power
I. Peter the Great (1682-1725)
A. Peter the Great became czar in 1696
1. Russia was still a medieval state in the 1600s.
2. Cut off geographically from Europe
3. Culturally isolated with little contact with Western Europe
4. Wide-spread cultural and religious differences throughout Russia.

Peter the Great and the Westernization of Russia
I. Peter the Great wanted to make Russia more like Western Europe.
A. In 1697, Peter visited Western Europe to learn European ways.
1. He learned about new technologies
2. Peter brought back experts from Western Europe to help his policy of westernization.
a. Introduced potatoes
b. Started Russia’s first newspaper
c. Adopted Western fashion
d. Advanced education
e. Developed new industries
Introduced potatoes
Started Russia’s first newspaper
Adopted Western
fashion
Advanced education

Peter the Great and Russian Expansion
I. Russian Expansion Under Peter the Great
A. Peter signed a treaty with China that recognized Russia’s claim to lands
north of China.
B. He hired Vitus Bering to explore the strait between Siberia and Alaska.
C. Peter built the largest army in Europe as well as an excellent navy.
D. Peter sought to expand Russia’s borders so that it could have a warm-water
port.
1. Peter went to war against the Ottoman Empire, but was unable to gain a
warm-water port for Russia.

Peter the Great Establishes St. Petersburg
I. St. Petersburg
A. Peter wanted a seaport that would make travel to Western Europe easier.
B. Peter fought and defeated Sweden in a war between 1700-1709, which gained
territory along the Baltic Sea.
1. In 1703, Peter begins building new capital called St. Petersburg.
a. It became a symbol of Peter’s goal to modernize Russia and to rival any
city in Europe.
b. Building city takes many years, many serfs die in process.

Peter the Great: Fun Facts
During a visit to Holland, Peter the Great and
his entourage once observed an anatomy class
of human dissection. After several members
of his entourage began to complain about the
procedure he shut them up by forcing each of
them to take a bite from the corpse.
When Peter discovered that his wife Catherine
had been unfaithful, he had the head of her
lover chopped off and placed in a large jar of
alcohol. Peter insisted that the jar remain on
Catherine’s bedside table to remind her of her
adultery.
Peter had his eldest son
from his first marriage,
Czarevich Alexei, tried
and convicted of high
treason. Peter then had
his own son secretly
executed in 1718.
Peter the Great, enamored of Western
ways, encouraged men to be clean-
shaven. Peter imposed a tax on men with
beards. Noblemen had to purchase a
medallion for 100 rubles a year that
served as a beard license. Those who
couldn't pay the tax had to get their
beard shaven.
When Peter died in 1725, he did
not name a successor. A succession
of people claimed the throne,
including his widow. At one point,
there was even a two-month old
infant who sat on the throne.
Peter the Great was
almost 7 feet tall.

Peter III & Catherine the Great (1762-1796)
I. Catherine the Great (1762-1796)
A. Catherine was a German princess who wed Peter III, the heir to the Russian throne in 1745.
B. Peter III proved to be incompetent and mentally unstable [Behavior was very child-like].
1. In 1762, Catherine with the support of a group of army officers had Peter III imprisoned
and killed.
a. Catherine promised to give the nobility and military more power for their help.
Peter III of Russia was considered “immature” by several in his country, including his wife and future
Czarina, Catherine (the Great). One day, he found that the heads of two of his army commanders had
been chewed off. When the perpetrator (a rat) was caught, he ordered a military tribunal convened to
court martial the criminal. He himself designed the gallows that were used to hang the criminal. The
criminal (rat) was left hanging in pubic for 3 days, as an example.
Peter III, to Catherine’s
annoyance used to play
with toy soldiers in their
bed.
Peter III

Catherine the Great (1762-1796)
I. Catherine the Great (1762-1796)
A. Catherine took the throne as empress of Russia and proved to be very ruthless and cruel.
1. Peasants were treated horribly and attempted to revolt against the harsh conditions of
serfdom.
2. Catherine repressed the rebellion and thousands of peasants were massacred by the army.
3. The peasants were forced into back to serfdom.
II. Catherine expanded Russia's borders.
A. Along with King Frederick II and Emperor Joseph II of Austria, Catherine partitioned
Poland and took control of its eastern lands in 1772, removing the state from the map until it
was re-established after World War I.
B. Defeated the Turks and gained access to the Black Sea.
C. Added Alaska as a Russian territory.
Catherine II of Russia (1729-1796) was one of history's most
unlikely rulers. After marrying into Russia's Romanov family,
she found herself part of a coup to unseat her husband and
place her on the throne. The achievements of her reign, which
lasted for 34 years, have often been overshadowed by her
personal life, one of the most scandalous of her, or any, era.

Catherine the Great: Strange Facts
Catherine the Great of Russia
was so outraged to discover the
presence of dandruff on her
collar that she imprisoned her
hairdresser in an iron cage in
her bedroom for three years to
stop the news spreading.
One of the sleighs of Catherine the Great was a
miniature palace on runners. It contained a salon,
library, and bedroom.
Catherine the Great overthrew her
husband, Peter III, by having one of her
lover's brothers kill him in a scuffle
during dinner.
Catherine was famously loyal to
her lovers, both during their
relationship and after it ended.
Always parting on good terms,
she bestowed upon them titles,
land, palaces and even people,
gifting one former paramour
with more than 1,000 serfs, or
indentured servants.
Prince Potemkin was one of
the conspirators who seized
the throne for Catherine the
Great, he was to become first
lover, then her advisor, and
finally her friend and secret
husband. He definitely was
important in her life. She
claimed he was the greatest
“jewel in her crown.”

Thirty Years War (1618-1648)
I. The Thirty Years War
A. A religious/political war fought in Europe between 1618-1648.
B. Defenestration of Prague
1. Hapsburg [Sometimes spelled “Habsburg”] Catholic leader issued a document called the
“Letter of Majesty,” which had granted the majority Protestant population freedom of
religion in Bohemia.
2. In 1618, King Ferdinand II revoked his predecessor’s “Letter of Majesty.”
a. Defenestration of Prague- Delicate way of saying that Protestant nobles
threw two royal Catholic officials out of a window 70’ to their deaths.
b. This sparked a revolt between Catholics and Protestants as both
sides sought allies in a war that would widened into a political
war for control of Europe.
King Ferdinand II

Development of Prussia
I. The Development of Prussia
A. Broke off from the Holy Roman Empire.
B. Began rule under the Hohenzollern family.
C. Frederick the Great (1740-1786.)
1. Expanded boundaries of Prussia by conquest.
2. A powerful and ruthless military leader.
3. Promoted industry.
4. Built schools.
5. Promoted religious toleration.
Frederick the Great
He was Adolph Hitler’s idol.
Frederick the Great Monument

Austria Becomes a Nation
I. Hapsburgs
A. Ruled Austria and the Holy Roman Empire.
B. Austria consisted of several nationalities.
Hapsburgs Empire, 1618-1700 Hapsburgs Empire, 1700-1814

Hapsburgs: Maria Theresa & Joseph II
II. Maria Theresa (1740-1780)
A. Inherited the throne and ruled firmly and well.
1. Did little to improve living conditions or improve social reform.
2. Enlarged Austrian holdings through diplomacy.
3. Gained land from Poland, but lost Silesia to Frederick the Great.
III. Joseph II (1780-1790)
A. Improved the living conditions of the people.
1. Built schools, roads, canals, and etc..
2. Limited the power of the Church.
3. Provided religious toleration.
Maria Theresa
Joseph II

Development of national states

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