this presentation deals with the formation, depletion, conservation of various sources of energy. it also includes the various advantages and disadvantages of the sources.
Energy generated by using wind, tides, solar, geothermal heat, and biomass including farm and animal waste is known as non-conventional energy. All these sources are renewable or inexhaustible and do not cause environmental pollution. More over they do not require heavy expenditure.
Natural resources that can be replaced and reused by nature are termed renewable. Natural resources that cannot be replaced are termed nonrenewable.
Renewable resources are replaced through natural processes at a rate that is equal to or greater than the rate at which they are used, and depletion is usually not a worry.
Nonrenewable resources are exhaustible and are extracted faster than the rate at which they formed. E.g. Fossil Fuels (coal, oil, natural gas).
this presentation deals with the formation, depletion, conservation of various sources of energy. it also includes the various advantages and disadvantages of the sources.
Energy generated by using wind, tides, solar, geothermal heat, and biomass including farm and animal waste is known as non-conventional energy. All these sources are renewable or inexhaustible and do not cause environmental pollution. More over they do not require heavy expenditure.
Natural resources that can be replaced and reused by nature are termed renewable. Natural resources that cannot be replaced are termed nonrenewable.
Renewable resources are replaced through natural processes at a rate that is equal to or greater than the rate at which they are used, and depletion is usually not a worry.
Nonrenewable resources are exhaustible and are extracted faster than the rate at which they formed. E.g. Fossil Fuels (coal, oil, natural gas).
Solar Energy.
Solar energy is the energy obtained by capturing heat and light from the Sun.
Solar Energy is energy (light or heat) that comes from the sun.
Solar Energy.
Solar energy is the energy obtained by capturing heat and light from the Sun.
Solar Energy is energy (light or heat) that comes from the sun.
Energy Sources, Origin of energy resources, Forms of energy, types of energy resources.
Farm Power, Farm Mechanization- introduction, benefits and advantages.
This was a ppt made by me.I have not made it by my own. I have taken full help of internet in it. But I have make sure that this ppt will be helpful to you
Renewable and Non renewable resources by Komal BhardwajKomal Bhardwaj
It contains natural resource classification as renewable and non-renewable resources differences between both. ViSUALS of renewable and non renewables as how they are in real. Advantages and disadvantages of both. FIGURES to show DATA about every resource. How India accomplishes its need of energy.
Genetic code, Deciphering of genetic code, properties of genetic code, Initiation & termination of codons, Gene Mutation, non sense codon, release factors, Transition , Trans versions
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
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Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
3. INTRODUCTION
Energy is an important input for development.
It aims to the natural resources, energy
resources are also renewable as well as non
renewable.
Renewable energy resources : Energy sources
that are easily replaced after being consumed.
Non-renewable energy resources : Energy
sources that are not replaced or replenished
after being used. (May take several years to
replace). 3
4. Sources of energy
Conventional sources Non-conventional sources
● Solar energy
● Wind energy
Commercial Non-commercial ● Tidal energy
● Coal ●Firewood ● Geothermal
●Oil & natural (Fuel wood) energy
gas ●Hydro power ● Biomass -
●Thermal power ●Nuclear power based energy
4
5. CONVENTIONAL ENERGY SOURCES
Energy that has been used from ancient times
(natural resources) is known as conventional
energy.
A conventional resources are the ones that are
commonly used. ( like pen or a pencil ).
These are available in limited amount and
develop over a longer period. As a result of
unlimited use, they are likely to be exhausted
one day.
5
6. 6
Thase are also known as a non-renewable (
or exhaustible ) energy sources.
7. Conventional energy sources have two type of
source like…
1) Commercial energy sources
2) Non-commercial energy sources
♣ Commercial energy sources: The sources of
energy that are usually available in costly to the
users are reffered to as Commercial energy
sources.
♣ Non-commercial energy sources : The sources of
energy that are usually availably free of cost to
the users are reffered to as non-commercial
energy sources. 7
8. 1) COMMERCIAL ENERGY SOURCES
i) Coal :
Coal releages large amounts of energy it is
borned because of the density of hydrocarbon
in the material.
Coalification : Coal is formed by dead plants
being put under significant pressure and
temparature for million of years.
There are four grades of coal :
lignite, subbituminous,
bituminous and anthracite. 8
9. 9
Lignite : A brownish-black coal of
low quality with inherent moisture
and volatile matter. Energy content
is lower 4000 Btu/lb.
Subbituminous : Black lignite is
dull black and generally content is
8,300 Btu/lb.
Bituminous : Most common coal is
dense & black. It’s moisture content
usually is less than 20 %. Energy
content about 10,500 Btu/lb.
Anthracite : A hard, black, lustrous
coal, often reffered to as hard coal.
Energy content of about 14,000
Btu/lb.
10. ii) Oil & Natural gas :
Sedimentary rocks containing plants, animals
remains about 10 to 20 crore year old are the
source of mineral oil.
Mineral oil is very unevenly distributed over
space like any other mineral.
There are six regions in the world which are rich
in mineral oil. USA, Mexico, former USSR and
West Asian region are the major oil reproducing
countries.
10
11. Natural gas is really a mixture of gases that
formed from the fossils remains of ancient plants
and animals buried deep in the earth.
● In india – gas is a natural gift.
The main ingredient in natural gas is methane.
Natural gas can be used both as energy source
and also an industrial raw material in
petrochemical industry. The gas is also used for
fertiliser plants.
11
12. Through pipe line, the gas from Bombay and
Gujarat gas fields is now taken to M.P.,
Rajasthan and U.P.
Hazira-Bijaipur-Jagdishpur (HBJ) gas pipe line is
1,730 km long carries 18 million cubic meters of
gas everyday.
It feeds six fertiliser and three power plants.
There are already 12 refineries in India.
The liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), also called
the cooking gas is now a very common
domestic fuel.
12
13. iii) Thermal power :
A thermal power station is a power station in
which heat energy converted to electric power.
Thermal power plants use coal, petroleum and
natural gas to produce thermal electricity.
These sources are of mineral origin and also
called fossil fuels.
They are exhaustible and polluting.
This is in great demand in industry, agriculture,
transport and domestic sectors. 13
14. 2) NON-COMMERCIAL ENERGY SOURCES
i) Fire wood (Fuel wood ) :
One must combine supply of fire wood and
other biomass energy sources.
Besides, we need technologies for total
utilisation of biomass and or conversion to
solid (densification), liquid (liquification) and
gaseous (gasification) fuel.
14
15. ii) Hydro power :
Water energy is most conventional renewable
energy sources and obtained from water flow,
water falling from a height.
Hydro power is a clean, non polluting sources
of energy. It can be transmitted to long distance
through wires and cables.
In South America about 75% of the total
electricity consuption comes from water. Japan,
USA and former USSR are the leading countries
in production of hydro power.
15
16. 16
In India the generation
of hydro elctric power
was emphasised from
the first five year.
We have referred to
the dams earlier in
chapter on “natural
Resources and their
Conservations” under
Land use Resources.
17. iii) Nuclear power :
A small quantity of radioactive material can
produce abnormal amount of energy. For
instance, one ton of Uranium²³⁵ would provide
as much energy by three million ton of coal or 12
million barrels of oil.
Atomic power is also used as fuel for marine
vessels, heat generation for chemical and food
processing plants and for spacicrafts.
For atomic energy, we need a nuclear reactor.
17
18. There are different types of nuclear :
(a)Light water reactor (LWR) : Here we use
ordinary water for cooling & moderation.
●These are of two basic types :
(i) Boiling Water Reactor (BWR)
(ii) Pressurised Water Reactor (PWR).
(b)Heavy Water Reactor (HWR) : Here we use
heavy water.
(c)Liquid metal fast breeder reactor (LMFBR) :
Here, we use liquid sodium as the coolant.
18
19. NON-CONVENTIONAL ENERGY SOURCES
Energy that has been used from natural resources
which made by artificial is known as Non-
conventional energy resources.
A non-conventional resources are one that work
but are not commonly used. ( like an ionic laser ).
These are available in unlimited amount in nature
since these can be renewed over relatively short
period of time. It can reproduce themselves in
nature.
These are also known as renewable ( or
inexhaustible ) energy resources.
19
20. 20
1) Solar energy :
Energy obtained from
the sun in the form of
heat and light.
Energy derived in the
form of solar radiation.
The solar energy
received by the near
earth space is
approximately 1.4
kilojoules/second known
as solar constant.
21. The heat energy is used in solar heating
devices like solar cooker, solar water heater,
solar furnaces etc. The light energy is used
in solar cells.
Using photosynthetic and biological process
for energy trapping. In the process of
photosynthesis, green plants absorb solar
energy and convert it into chemical energy,
stored in the form of carbohydrate.
21
22. 2) Wind energy :
Air flows can be used to run wind turbines.
Wind energy is used in wind mills which
convert the kinetic energy of the wind into
mechanical or electrical energy.
A single wind mill produces only a small
amount of electricity.
Large number of wind mills in a large area
coupled together to produse more electricity in
wind energy farms. 22
23. The minimum wind speed required is 15 km/hr.
At present wind power potential of India is 1020
MW.
Largest wind farm is near kanyakumari in
Tamilnadu generate 380 MW electricity.
23
24. 3) Tidal energy :
The energy associated with the tides of the
ocean can be converted into electrical
energy.First tidal power plant is in France (1996).
India could take up ocean thermal energy
conversion (OTEC) and by the process it will be
capable of generating 50,000 Mwot electricity, to
meet the power requirements of remote
oceanicislands & costal towns.
24
25. 4) Geothermal energy :
The geothermal energy may be defined as the
heat energy obtainable from hot rocks present
inside the earth crust.
At the core temperatures may reach over 9,000°
F.
This heat comes from the fission of radioactive
material naturally present in the rocks.
The deeper regions of the earth’s crust is very
hot. This heat melts the rocks & forms magma. 25
26. The magma moves up and collects below at
some places called Hot spots.
The under ground water in contact with hot spot
gets heated into steam at high pressure.
By drilling holes into hot spots the steam coming
out can be used to rotate turbines of generators
to produce electricity.
26
27. 5) Biomass - based energy :
The organic matters originated from living
organisms like wood , cattle dung, sewage,
agricultural wastes etc. are called as biomass.
These substances can be burnt to produce
heat energy which can be used in the
generation of electricity.
Thus, the energy produced from the biomass
is known as biomass energy.
27