Energy and environment module 1 notes

1. Module 1.
“Introduction to Energy”
Presented by:
Dr. Ravikumar T R
Assistant Professor, MED
S J C I T
Chickballapur-562101

2. Contents:
1. Energy and Power
2. Types of Energy
3. Forms of Energy
4. Energy Sources
5. Energy Transformation / Energy Flow
6. World energy production and consumption
7. Key energy trends in India
8. Factors affecting India’s energydevelopment

3. Energy:
 “Energy” a word derived from Greek “Energia” mean “Activity, Operation” and
“Energos”, means “Active, Working”.
 Energy is the capacity of a body or system to do work.
 The unit of energy is joules (J) or kilo Watt-hours (kWh).
Fig. 1

4. Power:
 The rate at which work is done or energy is transmitted.
 The rate of producing or consuming energy.
 The unit of power is W.
Fig. 1

5. Types of Energy:
1. Potential Energy (Stored Energy):
 Energy stored within an object or a physical system.
 Energy associated with the nature, position or state: Chemical energy, Electrical
energy, Nuclear energy..
2. Kinetic Energy (Transitional Energy):
 Energy associated with motion: Moving car, Spinning wheel..
Fig. 2 Fig. 3

6. Forms of Energy:
1. Mechanical Energy: It is the energy associated with the motion and position of an
object. It is expressed as both Energy (J) and Power (W).
 PE= mgh in J
 KE = ½ mv^2 in J
2. Electrical Energy: Charges in a system. It is expressed in Power (W) & Power-
time or energy as (Wh or kWh).
 Transitional electrical energy occurs due to electron flow, which is expressed as
current (I) in Amperes, Stored electrical energy includes electrical potential in
an electrostatic field and an inductive (Magnetic) field.
 Power = V I in W
 Energy = V I X t in Wh
 1kWh = 3600 kJ = 1unit

7. 3. Nuclear Energy: It is a chemical energy released during the Fission (Splitting) or
Fusion (Combining) of atomic nuclei. It is expressed as Power generation is
MeV/reaction.
 Energy, E = mc^2 in J
4. Electromagnetic Energy: It is radiant energy, it contains both Light and Heat.
E.g.:- Visible light, Gamma and X-ray, Thermal (Infrared and Ultraviolet).
 It is expressed in terms of electron volts (eV).
 1eV = 2 X 10^-9 J
5. Chemical Energy:
 Energy contain in Hydro-carbon (CH values). E.g.:- Ethane, Methane…
 It is expressed in Calorific value (Cv in kJ/kg).
 1Cv = 4.186 J

8. 6. Thermal Energy (Heat energy):
 Energy contained in a body due to temperature.
 Transitional thermal energy is Heat is expressed as Energy in J or Power in W.
 Stored energy is Sensible and Latent heat expressed as Energy per mass (J/kg).
 Sensible heat, h = Cp Δt in J/kg.

9. Fig.4 Forms of Energy

10. Energy Storage:
1. Mechanical Energy: The energy is stored in Springs, Pressure vessels, Tension
rod, Flywheel, Torsion rod, Elevated mass (Pendulum), Water is stored in dam…
2. Electrical Energy: The energy is stored in Batteries, Shells, Capacitors.
3. Nuclear Energy: The energy stored in atomic mass: Uranium/Plutonium..
4. Chemical Energy: The energy stored in petroleum products, biomass and
chemical compounds and elements.
5. Thermal Energy: The energy stored in all mass as sensible and latent heat.

11. Fig. a
Fig. Energy Storage
Fig. b Fig. c

12. Fig. d
Fig. f
Fig. g
Fig. Energy Storage

13. Energy Sources:
 Energy either exists in the earth or comes from the outer space.
 The energy existing in the earth is known as Capital energy.
E.g.:- Fossil fuels (Petroleum, Coal, Natural gas), Nuclear fuels (Uranium,
Plutonium, Deuterium, Tritium..) and heat traps.
 The energy comes from the outer space is called Celestial or Income energy.
E.g.:- Electromagnetic energy, Gravitational and Particle energy from stars,
Planets and Moon.
 The various sources of energy are
1. Fossil fuels or Fuels
2. Energy stored in water
3. Nuclear energy
4. Wind energy
5. Solar energy
6. Tidal energy
7. Geothermal energy
8. Ocean thermal energy

14. Classification of Energy sources:
Energy Sources
Usability of
Energy
Traditional
Use
Long-Term
Availability
Commercial
Application
Origin
1.Primary
2. Intermediate
3. Secondary
1. Conventional
2. Non-conventional
1.Renewable
2 Non-renewable
1.Commercial
2 Non-commercial

15. Classification of Energy sources:
1. Based on Usability of Energy
a) Primary sources: Resources available in nature in raw form. It can be used
directly.
E.g.:- Fossil fuels (Coal, Oil, Natural gas), Hydel energy, Wood, Uranium..
 The primary energy content of all fuels are expressed in terms of ton of oil
equivalent (toe).
 toe: It is a unit of energy defined as the amount of energy released by burning 1
ton of crude oil.
 1 toe = 1X10^7 k Cal = 11630 kWh = 41868 MJ.
b) Intermediate Sources: This is obtained from primary energy resources by one
or more steps of transformation and are used as vehicles of energy.
E.g.:- Petrol, Diesel, Kerosene,..

16. Classification of energy sources:
c) Secondary sources: The form of energy which is finally supplied to consume for
utilization.
E.g.:- Electrical Energy, Thermal energy (in the form of steam or hot water,
Chemical energy in the form of hydrogen or Fossil fuels..)
2. Based on Traditional Use
a) Conventional energy source
b) Non-conventional energy source
a) Conventional energy source: Energy that has been used from ancient time. Energy
provided by traditional means.
E.g.:- Coal, Natural gas, Oil, Fire wood and Hydel source…
 These are exhaustible sources of energy.
 These are economically unsafe.

17. b) Non-conventional energy source
 Energy provided by Non-traditional means.
 The inexhaustible sources of energy.
E.g.:- Solar energy, Wind energy, Tidal energy, Ocean thermal energy, Bio energy..
 Energy that is renewable and ecologically safe.
3. Based on Long –term Availability:
a) Renewable resources
b) Non-renewable resources

18. a) Renewable resources
 Renewable energy sources are energy sources which are produced continuously in
nature and are inexhaustible.
 These energy sources are replenish themselves and their supply is not affected by
the rate of their consumption.
 E.g.:-
1. Hydel energy
2. Wind energy
3. Solar energy
4. Tidal energy
5. Ocean thermal energy
6. Bio energy
7. Geothermal energy…

19. b) Non-renewable resources
 Non renewable energy sources are energy sources which have been accumulated
over the ages and not quickly replenishable when they are exhausted.
 These resources which are finite and do not get replenishable after their
consumption.
 E.g.:-
1. Fossil fuels (Petroleum, Natural gas, Coal…)
2. Nuclear fuels ( Uranium, Plutonium, Tritium…)
3. Heat traps

20. 4. Based on Commercial Application:
a) Commercial Energy resource: These are secondary usable energy forms,
which are essential for commercial activities.
 Energy that is available in the market for a definite price.
E.g.:- Electricity, Petrol, Diesel, Natural Gas..
 Commercial energy forms the basis of Industrial, Agricultural, Transport and
commercial development in the modern world.
 The economy of a country depends on its ability to convert natural raw energy into
commercial energy.
b) Non-commercial energy resource: The energy derived from nature and used
directly without passing through a commercial outlet.
 Any kind of energy which is sourced within a community and its surrounding area
and which is not traded in the commercial market.
E.g.:- Wood, Animal dung cake, Crop residue…

21. 5. Based on Origin:
a) Fossil fuels
b) Nuclear energy
c) Hydel energy
d) Solar energy
e) Wind energy
f) Bio mass energy
g) Tidal energy
h) Geothermal energy
i) Ocean thermal energy
j) Ocean wave energy…

22. Fig.8 Energy sources

23. Energy Conversion or Transformation or Flow:
 It is a conversion process, converting one form of energy into another form of
energy.
 It is concerned with the transformation of energy from sources such as Fossil,
Nuclear fuels and the sun into conveniently used forms such as Electrical energy,
Rotational and Propulsive energy and Heating and Cooling.
Note: Human body, Human activities…
Energy from Source Used form of Energy
Transformation /
Devices
E.g.:- Fossil fuels, Sun,
Wind, Water
E.g.:- Electrical Energy,
Rotational / Mechanical
Energy, Heating &
Cooling.

24. Fig.9 Energy Conversion

25. Conti…
 Conversion process:
1. Direct conversion: Single step conversion process
a. Photovoltaic: Electromagnetic Electrical
b. Batteries: Chemical Electrical
c. Thermoelectric Generator: Thermal Electrical
d. Piezoelectric: Mechanical Electrical
Fig. a Fig. b Fig. c Fig. d

26. 2. Indirect Conversion process: Multi-step conversion process
a. I.C Engine (Diesel cycle):
Chemical Thermal Mechanical Mechanical Electrical
b. Rankine Cycle (Liquid-vapor), Steam turbine:
Chemical
Nuclear Thermal Mechanical Electrical
Solar
Geothermal
Coal Water Turbine Generator
Burn
Heat Steam
Rotating shaft Electricity
Petroleum Engine Generator
Burn
Heat
Rotating shaft
Electricity

27. c. Brayton Cycle (Gas), Gas turbine, Turbojets:
Chemical
Nuclear Thermal Mechanical Electrical
Solar
Fig.10 Gas Turbine Engine

28. d. Wind turbine
Wave Energy Mechanical Mechanical Mechanical
Tidal Energy
Hydel Energy Electrical
Fig.11 Wind Turbine

29. Utilizing Energy Source:
 Utilization refers to the conversion of one form of energy into another so as to utilize
it for various applications.
Coal Water Turbine Generator
Burn
Heat Steam
Rotating shaft Electricit
Fig. Energy Conversion from Fossil fuel to Electrical energy

30. Conti..:
Petroleum Engine Generator
Burn
Heat
Rotating shaft
Electricity
Fig. Energy Conversion from Petroleum to Electrical energy
Dam Penstocks Turbine Generator
PE KE
Rotating shaft
(ME)
Electricity
Fig. Energy Conversion from Hydel source to Electrical energy

31. Hydel Source:
 Hydel energy is the energy obtained from water.
 The energy contained in flowing streams of water is a form of mechanical energy. It
may exist as the kinetic energy of a moving stream or as potential energy of water
at some elevation w.r.t a lower datum level.
Note:
1. Introduction:
2. Construction: Sketch, parts, parts function
3. Working:
4. Application:
5. Limitations: Advantages and Disadvantages

32. Dam Penstocks Turbine Generator
PE KE
Rotating shaft
(ME)
Electricity

33. Fig.12 Hydro Power project in Dehradun

34. Solar Energy:
 Sun is the sources of all life on the earth. All forms of energy available on the earth
are derived from the sun.
 The sun is considered to be a sphere of intensely hot gaseous matter continuously
generating heat by thermo-nuclear fusion reactions which convert hydrogen
atoms to helium atoms.
 The sun energy is in the form of electromagnetic radiation with a wide range of
wavelengths from short wavelength X-rays to long wavelength radio waves.
Fig.13 Sun

35. Solar Energy Conversion:
 Solar energy can be converted into other forms of energy by three primary process:
1. Helio-Chemical process: Photosynthesis effect. E.g.:- Leaves
2. Helio-Electrical process: Photovoltaic effect. E.g.:- Solar cells
3. Helio-Thermal process: E.g.:- Solar collectors.

36. Helio-Chemical Process:
 It is a Photosynthesis process which is the source of all fossil fuels and the food on
which we live today.
 Photosynthesis is a form of biological conversion of solar energy into chemical
energy called Bioenergy which will be stored in plants.

37. Fig.14 Biogas Digester

38. Helio-Electrical Process:
 In this process, using the principle of Photovoltaic effect, the solar energy is
directly converted into electrical energy.
Si (4e) Ph (5e) 1e Free (-ve) n-Type silicon
Si (4e) Boron (3e)
1vacancy/hole
(+ve)
p-Type silicon

40. Fig.15 Solar Photovoltaic plant.

41. Helio-Thermal process:
 In this process, the radiant solar energy falling on the surface placed on the earth in
the form of the visible light is converted directly into thermal energy.
 The surfaces on which the solar rays fall which converted into thermal energy are
called Collectors.
 Two types of collectors are used
1. Non-Concentrating type or Flat plate collector
 The incident solar rays are absorbed by the collectors surface itself.
2. Concentrating type or Focusing collector
 The solar rays fall on a large curved reflecting surface which reflects all the
incident rays and focus them to form a highly concentrated narrow beam which
will be absorbed later.

42. Flat plate Collector:
 In this collector a blackened sheet of metal is used to absorb all the sunlight, direct,
diffuse and terrestrially reflect then it convert it into heat, later it transferred to the
other fluids (Air, Water…).
Applications:
1. Water heating
2. Drying of Food grains & Vegetables
3. Seasoning of wood
4. Desalination of water
5. Cooking

43. Fig.16 Solar Flat plate collectors applications
Fig. a Fig. b Fig. c
Fig. d Fig. e Fig. f

44. Focusing Collector:
 In this collector a mirror or a lens system is used to increase the intensity of solar
radiation.
 Parabolic reflectors (Cylindrical shape or Spherical shape) are employed to focus
the incident radiation.
Applications:
1. Solar boilers

45. Fig.17 Parabolic Concentrating collector.

46. Wind Energy:
 Energy contained in the force of the air blowing across the earth’s surface.
 It can be converted into mechanical energy for performing work (: Pumping water,
Grinding grain by wind mills) and producing electrical energy by wind turbines.

47. Fig.18 Wind turbines forms.

48. Tidal Energy:
 The periodic rise and fall of ocean water.
 Tides occur because of the gravitational attraction of the moon and the sun upon
the water and upon the earth itself.
 Tides are of two types
1. High tide or Flood tide: When the water is above the mean sea level.
2. Low tide or Ebb tide: When the water is below the mean sea level

50. Fig.19 Tidal power plant.

51. Ocean Thermal Energy:
 The solar energy incident on the earth surface is absorbed by the land and the
surface water of the oceans.
 The solar energy absorbed by the ocean increases the temperature of only upper
layers of water, while the deep water remains cold.

52. Fig.20 Ocean Thermal power plant.

53. Geo Thermal Energy:
 The term ‘geothermal’ comes from Greek word ‘geo’ means earth and ‘thermal’
means heat.
 Geothermal energy is the heat energy stored deep inside the earth.

54. Fig.21 Geo Thermal power plant.

55. Nuclear Energy:
 It is a chemical energy released during the Fission (Splitting) or Fusion
(Combining) of atomic nuclei.
 A nuclear reaction involves changes in the structure of the nucleus. As a result of
such changes, the nucleus gains or loses one or more neutrons or protons and
release useful amounts of energy.
Fig.22 Atom.

56. Conti…
Fig.23 Thermo Nuclear Fusion Reaction.
Fig.24 Thermo Nuclear Fission Reaction.

58. Fig.25 Nuclear power plant.

59. World Energy Production and Consumption:
 It is the global energy production and preparation of fuel, generation of electricity, energy
transport and energy consumption.

60. World Energy Production:
 This is the worldwide production of energy, extracted or captured directly from
natural sources.
 Energy production is usually classified as: Fossil fuel (: Coal, Crude oil and
Natural gas), Nuclear fuels, Renewable energy.
 The global energy production at the end of 2014 was equivalent to 14000Mtoe.
Energy Type Energy
production
(M toe)
Percentage
of Energy
production
1. Coal 4060 29%
2. Oil 4480 32%
3. Natural gas 2940 21%
4. Others (Nuclear,
Hydro, Bio fuels..)
2520 18%
Total 14000 100%
29%
32%
21%
18%
World Energy Production 2014
Coal
Oil
Natural gas
Others (Nuclear, Hydro,
Bio fuels..)

61. Fig. b
Fig. a
Fig. c

62. 25%
8%
46%
17%
3%
1%
Gloabal Coal Production in 2015
OECD
EUROPE
CHINA
ASIA
AFRICA
OTHERS
Note: OECD – Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development
29%
37%
19%
6%
5%
3%
1%
Gloabal Oil Production in 2015
OECD
MIDDLE EAST
EUROPE
CHINA
ASIA
America
OTHERS
37%
16%
24%
4%
9%
10%
Global Natural Gas Production in 2015
OECD
MIDDLE EAST
EUROPE
CHINA
ASIA
Africa

63. World Energy Consumption:
 The energy consumption of a nation can be broadly divided into the following areas:
1. Domestic Sector (:Houses)
2. Commercial Sector(: Office including Commercial buildings)
3. Transportation Sector
4. Agriculture Sector
5. Industry Sector..
 Consumption of a large amount of energy in country indicates increased activities
in these sectors. This may imply better comforts at home due to use of various
appliances, better transport facilities and more agricultural and industrial
production. All this amounts to a better quality of life.
 The per capita of energy consumption of a country is an index of standard of
living or prosperity of the people of the country.

64. Conti..:
30%
20%
2%
48%
World Energy consumption
House hold
Transport
Agriculture
Industry, Electricity and
Military

65. World Energy Consumption:
Energy Type Percentage of Energy
Consumption
1. Coal 27.2%
2. Oil 31.2%
3. Natural gas 24.7%
4. Hydro (Renewable) 6.9%
5. Nuclear 4.3%
6. Other renewable 5.7%
7. Total 100%
27%
31%
25%
7%
4%
6%
World energy consumption in 2020
Coal
Oil
Natural gas
Hydro (Renewable)
Nuclear
Other renewable

66. World Electricity Generation:

67. Indian Energy Scenario / The Key energy trend in
India:
 The various key energy trends in India include
1. Demand
2. Electricity
3. Access to Modern energy
4. Energy production and Trade

68. Indian Energy Scenario / The Key energy trend in
India:
 The Annual energy consumption in India is 595 (4.67%) million toe compared
with the World energy consumption of 12730 million toe in 2013.
 The primary commercial energy consumption mix in India in 2013 is
 Note: 1 ton = 1000 kg. 1million = 10,00,000 = 10^6
Energy Type M toe % of share in Total primary energy
consumption
Coal 324.3 54.5% (324.3/595)
Oil 175.2 28.4%
Natural Gas 46.3 7.8%
Nuclear Energy 7.5 1.3%
Hydro Power 29.8 5.0%
Renewable Energy 11.7 2.0%
Total Primary energy
consumption
595 100%

69. Conti..:
Energy
Type
M toe % of share in Total
primary energy
consumption
Coal 324.3 54.5% (324.3/595)
Oil 175.2 28.4%
Natural Gas 46.3 7.8%
Nuclear
Energy
7.5 1.3%
Hydro
Power
29.8 5.0%
Renewable
Energy
11.7 2.0%
Total
Primary
energy
consumption
595 100%
55%
29%
8%
1%
5%
2%
Primary Energy consumption mix in
India in 2013
Coal
Oil
Natural Gas
Nuclear Energy
Hydro Power
Renewable Energy

70. Energy Supply:
1. Coal Sector:
 India is one of the largest producers of coal and lignite in the world and it has
huge coal reserves of about 60.6 billion tones (comprising hard coal: Anthracite
and Bituminous of 56.10 billion tones and Soft coal: Sub-bituminous and lignite of
4.5billion tones).
 The amount to about 6.8% of world reserves and it may last about 100 years at
the current Reserve to Production (R/P) ratio.
 Indian coal reserves are mainly confined to eastern and south central parts of the
country: the state of Jharkhand and Odisha account for almost 51% of the total
coal reserves in the country.
Note: reserve to production (R/P) ratio is the reserves remaining at the end of the year are divided by the production in
that year, the result is the length of time that the remaining reserves would last if production were to continue at
that level. E.g.:- Money for food for hostel students, food grains in a house, Petrol/Diesel in an automobile..

71. :
 Total production of coal and lignite (Quantity in million tones) is
Note: These have Low Calorific value and high ash content.
 The coal produced in the country is not sufficient to meet the present demand of
power, steel and cement sectors. To meet this coal are being imported from
Indonesia, Australia and South Africa.
 Total import of coal (Quantity in million tones) is
Year Coking Non-coking Total Coal Lignite
2010-11 49.547 483.147 532.694 48.95
2011-12 51.66 488.29 539.93 42.332
2012-12 51.582 504.82 556.402 46.453
Year Coking Non-coking Total Coal
2010-11 19.484 49.434 68.918
2011-12 31.801 71.052 102.853
2012-12 35.557 110.228 145.785

72. :
3. Oil Sector:
 India’s oil reserves are estimated at 5.7 billions barrels (800 Million tones), which
amount to only about 0.3% of the total world reserves.
 India’s R/P ratio is about 17.5 years.
 The oil fields of India are located in the Bombay high, Upper Assam, Cambay and
Krishna-Godavari basin.
 India’s crude oil production was about 42 Million metric tones as against the
consumption of about 175.2 million metric tones.
 India is the fourth largest oil-consuming country in the world. India imports over
75% of its crude oil needs mainly from Gulf nations (:Saudi Arabia..) & Russia.
Note: 1 barrel = 160 liters.

73. :
 Applications:
1. Transport sector
2. Industry sector
3. Domestic sector…
 The import bill of crude and petroleum products are
 Note: 1Mmt (Million Metric Tones) = 10^9 kg
Year Quantity (Million
Metric Tones)
Import bill (Rs in
crores)
2010-11 163.595 4,55,276
2011-12 171.729 6,72,220
2012-13 184.795 7,84,652
2.13-14 189.238 8,64,875

74. :
3. Natural Gas Sector:
 When natural gas is cooled to -161 deg Celsius, it is transformed into Liquefied
Natural Gas (LNG).
 Compressed Natural Gas (CNG), is made by compressing natural gas
(Methane:CH4) to less than 1% of the volume at Standard Atmospheric pressure.
 CNG can be used in traditional petrol IC’s engine vehicles.
 India’s gas reserves are estimated at 1.4 trillion cubic meters, which amounts to
about 0.7% of the total world reserves. About 66% of the country’s production
comes from offshore production(: ), where as the remaining 34% comes from On-
shore production (:Assam, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh..)
 India’s present R/P ratio is 40 years.

75. :
 India’s consumption of natural gas is 51.4 billion cubic meters as against the
production of 33.7 billion cubic meters.
Applications:
1. Power Generators
2. Fertilizer Industry
3. Automobile fuels
4. Distributed power generation, Industrial and Domestic fuel..
 The disadvantage with the use of natural gas are unpredictability in its price and
uncertainty in its availability.

76. Electrical Energy Supply:
 The installed capacity of electric power stations in India is 2,38,743 MW ≈ 240
GW as on Feb 2014.
 Breakup of installed capacity by energy source
Power generation route Capacity (MW) Percentage
1. Total Thermal 1,63,304.99 68.4 %
a. Coal 1,40,723.39 58.9 %
b. Gas 21381.85 9%
c. Oil 1199.75 0.5%
2. Hydro 40195.40 16.84%
3. Nuclear 5780.00 2.42%
4. Renewable Energy
Source (Small hydro, Wind,
Biomass and Others)
29,462.55 12.34%
5. Total 2,38,742.94 100%

77. Power generation route Capacity (MW) Percentage
1. Total Thermal 1,63,304.99 68.4 %
a. Coal 1,40,723.39 58.9 %
b. Gas 21381.85 9%
c. Oil 1199.75 0.5%
2. Hydro 40195.40 16.84%
3. Nuclear 5780.00 2.42%
4. Renewable Energy Source 29,462.55 12.34%
5. Total 2,38,742.94 100%
59%
9%
1%
17%
2%
12%
Elecrical Power Generation in India-2014
Coal
Gas
Oil
Hydro
Nuclear
Renewable Energy Source

78. Factors Affecting India’s Energy Development:
 The various factors that affects our country’s energy development are
1. Economics and Demographics
2. Policy and Institutional Framework
3. Energy Process and Affordability
4. Social and Environmental Aspects: Air/Land/Water Pollution, Climate change,
Ozone layer depletion, Acid rain, Global Warming..
5. Investment

79. THANK YOU