Renewable Energy .pptx

• Objectives:
• 1. To study working principles of various renewable
energy sources and their utilities.
• 2. To study economics of harnessing energy from
renewable energy sources
• Outcomes: Learner will be able to…
• 1. Demonstrate need of different renewable energy
sources
• 2. Discuss importance of renewable energy sources
• 3. Discuss various renewable energy sources in Indian
context
• 4. Calculate and analyse utilization of solar and wind
energy
• 5. Illustrate design of biogas plant
• 6. Demonstrate basics of hydrogen energy
Prof. S.D.Khetree 2

• 01. Introduction to Energy Sources: Renewable and non-renewable
energy sources, Need for Renewable Energy Sources, Energy Consumption
as a measure of Nation's development; Strategy for meeting the future
energy requirements, Global and National scenarios, Prospects of
renewable energy sources, Present status and current installations,
Introduction to Hybrid Energy Systems.
• 07 Hrs
• 02. Solar Energy: Merits and demerits, Solar radiation - beam and diffuse
radiation, solar constant, earth sun angles, attenuation and measurement of
solar radiation, local solar time, derived solar angles, sunrise, sunset and
day length, Methods of Solar Radiation estimation.
• Solar Energy collection devices and Classification: Flat plate collectors,
concentrating collectors, Solar air heaters-types, solar driers, storage of
solar energy-thermal storage, solar pond , solar water heaters, solar
distillation, solar still, solar cooker, solar heating & cooling of buildings, Solar
Photovoltaic systems & applications.
•
12 Hrs
Prof. S.D.Khetree 3

• 03. Wind Energy: Principle of wind energy conversion; Basic
components of wind energy conversion systems; wind mill
components, various types and their constructional features;
design considerations of horizontal and vertical axis wind
machines: analysis of Aerodynamic forces acting on wind mill
blades and estimation of power output; wind data and site
selection
• considerations.
• 10 Hrs
• 04. Energy from Biomass: Biomass conversion technologies,
Biogas generation plants,
• classification, advantages and disadvantages, constructional details,
site selection, digester design consideration, filling a digester for
starting, maintaining biogas production, Fuel properties of bio gas,
utilization of biogas.
•
06 Hrs
Prof. S.D.Khetree 4

• 05. Geothermal Energy: Estimation and nature of geothermal
energy, geothermal sources and resources like hydrothermal,
geo-pressured hot dry rock, magma. Advantages,
disadvantages and application of geothermal energy,
prospects of geothermal energy in India.
• Energy from the ocean: Ocean Thermal Electric Conversion
(OTEC) systems like open cycle, closed cycle, Hybrid cycle,
prospects of OTEC in India. Energy from tides, basic principle of tidal
power, single basin and double basin tidal power plants, advantages,
limitation and scope of tidal energy. Wave energy and power from
wave, wave energy conversion devices, advantages and
disadvantages of wave energy
08 Hrs
• 06 Hydrogen Energy: Methods of Hydrogen production, Hydrogen
Storage, Fuel Cells and Types of Fuel Cells.
05 Hrs
Prof. S.D.Khetree 5

• 1 Non-conventional energy sources by G.D. Rai, Khanna Publishers
• 2 Renewable Energy:Power for a Sustainable Future, Edited by Godfrey Boyle, 3rd
Edition, Oxford University Press
• 3 Solar Energy: Principles of Thermal Collection and Storage by SP Sukhatme and J
K Nayak, TMH
• 4 Solar Energy: Fundamentals and Applications by H.P. Garg& Jai Prakash, Tata
McGraw Hill.
• 5 Wind Power Technology, Joshua Earnest, PHI Learning, 2014
• 6 Renewable Energy Sources, J W Twidell& Anthony D. Weir. ELBS Pub.
• 7 Energy Conversion Systems, R D Begamudre, New Age International (P) Ltd.,
Publishers, New Delhi ,2000.
• 8 Solar Photovoltaics: Fundamentals, Technologies and Applications, C S Solanki,
2ndEdition, PHI
• Learning
• 9 Biomass Regenerable Energy, D. D. Hall and R. P. Grover, John Wiley, New York
• 10 Wind and Solar Power Systems, Mukund R Patel, CRC Press
• 11 Wind Energy Explained: Theory, Design and Application, J F Manwell,
J.C.McGowan, A.L.Rogers, John Wiley and Sons
• 12 Magneto Hydrodynamics by Kuliovsky and Lyubimov, Addison
Prof. S.D.Khetree 6

• Renewable and non-renewable energy sources,
• Need for Renewable Energy Sources
• Energy Consumption as a measure of Nation's
development
• Strategy for meeting the future energy requirements
• Global and National scenarios
• Prospects of renewable energy sources
• Present status and current installations
• Introduction to Hybrid Energy Systems
Prof. S.D.Khetree 7

• Based on Usability of Energy
• Primary Resources e.g coal, oil, sunlight, wind, running
river, uranium
• Energy Yield ratio = energy received from raw energy
source/ energy spent to obtain raw energy souce
• Intermediate Resources
• Secondary Resources e.g electrical energy, thermal energy,
chemical energy
• Based on Traditional Use
• Conventional energy e.g fossil fuels, nuclear, hydro
• Non-Conventional Energy e.g solar, wind, biomass
• Based On Long-term Availabitity
• Non- Renewable e.g fossil fuels uranium
• Renewable e.g solar wind, biomass, ocean, geothermal,
hydro etc
Prof. S.D.Khetree 8

• Based On Commercial Application
• Commercial Energy Resources e.g electricity, petrol, diesel, gas
etc
• Non-commercial Energy e.g wood, animal dung cake, crop residue
etc
• Based on Origin
• Fossil fuels
• Nuclear Energy
• Hydro Energy
• Solar Energy
• Wind Energy
• Biomass Energy
• Geothermal Energy
• Tidal Energy
• Ocean Thermal Energy
Prof. S.D.Khetree 9

• Renewable energy, often referred to as clean
energy, comes from natural sources or
processes that are constantly replenished.
• Nonrenewable, or “dirty,” energy includes
fossil fuels such as oil, gas, and
coal. Nonrenewable sources of energy are
only available in limited amounts and take a
long time to replenish.
Prof. S.D.Khetree 11

• Environmental pollution: Burning fossil fuels releases carbon
dioxide, which is directly linked to global warming – so fossil
fuels are very damaging to the health of our planet.
• Huge amounts of fuel reserves: To keep power stations working,
you need truckloads of fuel. This can make energy generation
very expensive.
• Public health issues: Because of all their nasty air pollution,
burning fossil fuels can lead to lung problems and asthma
attacks in humans.
• They will run out: Once the earth's supplies of fossil fuels have
been used up, they can't be renewed (at least not for several
hundred million years), so we won't be able to use them for our
rising power needs.
• Oil spills: The huge tankers transporting oil sometimes crash and
spill their contents into the sea and nearby coast. This is
disastrous for the ocean and land and can be deadly for the
animals that live there.
• Rising costs: As just a few countries hold a large number of fossil
fuels, fuel prices can rise without warning.
• Health risks to workers: Mining for coal or drilling for oil can be
very dangerous, resulting in a large number of diseases, injuries,
and deaths every year.

• Without an alternative source of energy, we could
soon be facing a major energy crisis – and a disaster
for our planet's health.

• Energy is an important input in all sectors of any
country’s economy. The standard of living of a given
country can be directly related to per capita energy
consumption.
• The past 15 years have seen the weight of developing
countries in the global energy landscape grow
dramatically as their energy consumption has nearly
doubled. There are over six billion people in the
developing world using increasing amounts of energy on
locally consumed goods and services as part of a
successful development process that is raising their
standards of living.
• These countries now use the majority of the world’s
energy to support their local consumption of goods and
services, and they are looking to even significantly larger
levels of energy use going forward to power further
economic and social development.

• Developing countries face a major undertaking: how to
best secure and use these significantly larger amounts of
energy in a manner that both promote continued
economic growth and is sustainable. In this regard, it is
primarily the increasing demand for and use of energy for
local consumerism that is driving the need for more
supply. The choices the developing countries make in
meeting the two challenges of increasing demand and
supply will have a profound impact on the global
economy, markets, geopolitics, and the dynamics of
climate change.
• The changes underway have created a need to update
and expand the discussion about how developing
countries can use energy more effectively in support of
poverty alleviation, economic growth, social
improvements, and sustainability. Energy for
development, however, is a vast, diverse, complex, and
evolving area that is frequently difficult to comprehend.

• The energy demands of countries are increasing every
day, depending on their growing economies and their
changing socio-economic structures. Their failure to
increase energy generation despite their increasing
energy consumption results in an important problem
known as an energy deficit. If an economy experiences a
lack of energy resources, it will either choose to accept
"low economic growth through production with the
existing energy resources" or attempt "to increase growth
by meeting the uncovered part of energy demand
through imports". The price and direct or indirect
procurement of energy affect the production structures of
countries as well as their budget balance and
competitiveness in the national and international markets

• Some of the empirical findings reveal that energy
consumption contributes to economic growth, while
others find that energy consumption has no effect on
economic growth or that its effect is so small that it can
be ignored.
• Development should be based on the ability to create
greater economic value with less energy, i.e. delivery of
the same amount of production with less energy, rather
than being based on energy consumption rates. This is
evidenced in the development levels of countries,
especially in those countries with a production structure
that is dependent on energy imports, as increasing
energy consumption can disrupt the macroeconomic
equilibrium, which then makes the economy vulnerable to
external shocks.

• Global demand for all energy sources is forecast to grow
by 57 percent over the next 25 years.
• U.S. demand for all types of energy is expected to
increase by 31 percent within 25 years.
• By 2030, 56 percent of the world’s energy use will be in
Asia.
• Electricity demand in the United States will grow by at
least 40 percent by 2032.
• New power generation equal to nearly 300 (1,000MW)
power plants will be needed to meet electricity demand
by 2030.

• The supply of oil will fail to meet increasing demand in
near future.
• Demand for energy will continue to grow even if
governments adopt vigorous policies to conserve energy.
Alternatives requires 5 to 10 years to develop, and need
for replacement fuels will increase rapidly.
• Electricity from nuclear power is capable of making an
important contribution to the global energy supply
although worldwide acceptance of it, on a sufficiently
large scale yet to be established.
• Coal has the potential to contribute substantially to future
energy supplies. Coal reserves are abundant, but taking
advantage of them requires an active programme of
development by both producers and consumers

• Natural gas reserves are large enough to meet projected
demand provided the incentives are sufficient to
encourge the development of extensive and costly inter
continental gas transportation systems.
• Other than hydro power, contribution of renewable
resources of energy e.g solar, wind, tidal on global level
should be increased to meet the energy demand.

• Energy is regarded as the most important
building block in human development and it is a
key factor that influences the sustainable
development of any nation. Looking at the %
distribution one finds that world’s energy supply
comes mainly from fossil fuels.
• Coal:- Since the advent of industrialization coal
has the most common source of energy. There
are more than 148790 coal deposits in India.
Between 2005-2006, the annual production went
up to 343 million tons. India is the fourth-largest
coal-producing country and the deposits are
mostly found in Bihar, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh
and Bengal.

• Oil and Natural Gas:-Today oil is considered to
be the liquid gold and one of the crucial sources
of energy in India and the world. Oil is mostly
used in planes, automobiles, trains and ships. It
is mainly found in Assam, Gujarat and Mumbai.
• The total production of oil in India was 0.3 million
tons in 1950-51, which increased up to 32.4
million tons in 2000-01.

• The conventional sources have an
intimidating shadow on our present and future
global safety, environmental values, health
and society in general. Hence, there is an
urgent need to promote renewable energy in
Indian power sector.
• India is the only country in the world to have
an exclusive ministry for renewable energy
development, the Ministry of New and
Renewable Energy (MNRE) which has
launched one of the world’s largest and
ambitious programs on renewable energy.

• Renewable energy is the energy collected from
renewable resources, which are naturally
replenished on human timescale such as
sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves and geothermal
heat. It is the cleanest source of energy with
least carbon emissions or pollution. This helps
on reducing reliance on coal and other fossil
fuels. With the expansion of renewable energy,
India can improve air quality, reduce global
warming emissions, create new industries and
jobs, and help to move world towards a cleaner,
safer, and affordable energy.

• For past two years, the Indian Government has taken
several initiatives such as introduction of the concept of
solar parks, organizing RE-Invest 2015—a global
investors’ meet, launching of a massive grid connected
rooftop solar programme, earmarking of Rs.38,000 crore
(Euros 4 billion) for a Green Energy Corridor, eight-fold
increase in clean environment cess from Rs.50 per tonne
to Rs.400 per tonne (Euro 0.62 to Euros 5 per tonne) ,
solar pump scheme with a target of installing 100,000
solar pumps and programme to train 50,000 people for
solar installations under the Surya Mitra scheme, no
inter-state transmission charges and losses to be levied
for solar and wind power, compulsory procurement of 100
per cent power from waste to energy plants, and
Renewable Generation Obligations on new thermal and
lignite plants, etc. Prof. S.D.Khetree 42

• Solar Power: Solar energy is a clean energy as it
produces no harmful solid, liquid or gas wastes and does
not create pollution. Solar power can be produced
through PV cell which is made of semiconductor and
Energy Collectors classified into parabolic trough,
parabolic, tower and parabolic disc system etc. With 300
clear sunny days, India receives around 5,000 trillion
KWh/year, which is far more than the total energy
consumption of the country today. The solar power on the
surface of the earth is 1016 W whereas the total
worldwide power demand for all needs of civilization is
1013 W. Therefore, the sun gives us 1000 times more
power than we actually need.

• On 30 November 2015, Indian Prime Minister and the
Prime Minister of France launched the International Solar
Alliance. The ISA is an alliance of 121 solar rich countries
and ISA aims to promote and develop solar power
amongst its members and has the objective of mobilizing
$1 Trillion (Euros 883 billion) of investment by 2030.
Some large projects have been proposed by Indian
government, and a 35,000 km2 (14,000 sq mi) area of
the Thar Desert has been set aside for solar power
projects, sufficient to generate 700 to 2,100 gigawatts.
India is also the home to the world's first and only 100%
solar powered airport, located at Cochin, Kerala. India
also has a wholly 100% solar powered railway station in
Guwahati, Assam.

• Wind Power: Wind energy is turning out to be a very
promising alternative energy technology of the future. Over the
years, there has been considerable increase amount of energy
produced by wind-driven turbines due to recent advancement
in the turbine technologies. Although India is a relative
newcomer to the wind industry compared with Denmark or the
US, domestic policy support for wind power has led India to
become the country with the fourth largest installed wind
power capacity in the world. As of 30 June 2018, the installed
capacity of wind power in India was 34,293 MW. Wind power
accounts for 10% of India's total installed power capacity. India
has set an ambitious target to generate 60,000 MW of
electricity from wind power by 2022. MNRE announced a new
wind-solar hybrid policy in May 2018 which means that the
same piece of land will be used to house both wind farms and
solar panels.
• Prof. S.D.Khetree 45

• Bio Energy: Biomass is a resource of renewable energy
that is derived from carbonaceous waste of various
human and natural activities. Bio energy encompasses
biomass power, bagasse cogeneration, waste to energy,
biomass gasifier, bio ethanol, bio diesel etc. Biomass
takes carbon out of the atmosphere while it is growing,
and returns it as it is burned. Given its tropical location
and abundant sunshine and rains, India is an ideal
environment for Biomass production. It is estimated that
the potential for biomass energy in India includes 16,000
MW from biomass energy and a further 3,500 MW from
bagasse cogeneration.

• Small Hydro Power (SHP): India is the 7th largest
producer of hydroelectric power in the world. Hydro
projects in India under 25MW capacity are classified as
‘Small Hydro Power’ and is considered as a ‘renewable
energy’. SHP units with a total capacity of 4,380 MW
have been installed up till now.

• Renewable energy’s development in India looks bright as
around 293 global and domestic companies have committed
to generate 266 GW of solar, wind, mini hydel and biomass-
based power in India over the next decade. This would entail
an investment of $310 billion - $350 billion (Euros 27 billion to
Euros 30 billion). The International Finance Corporation, the
investment arm of the World Bank Group, is planning to invest
about $6 billion (Euros 5 billion) by 2022 in several sustainable
and renewable energy programs in India. With the investment
potential of INR 15 trillion (Euros 187 billion) over the next four
to five years in Indian power sector indicates immense
opportunities in power generation, distribution, transmission
and equipment. Further, renewable energy storage market in
India is also expected to witness robust growth, over the next
decade, once the cost of storage declines, which is likely to
happen because of sheer volume growth through the electric
vehicle route.

• It has been demonstrated that hybrid energy systems
(renewable coupled with conventional energy source)
can significantly reduce the total life cycle cost of a stand
alone power supplies in many off-grid situations.
• while at the same time providing a reliable supply of
electricity using a combination of energy sources.
• Numerous hybrid systems have been installed across the
world, and expanding renewable energy industry has
now developed reliable and cost competitive systems
using a variety of technologies.
• Research in the development of hybrid systems focused
on the performance analysis of demonstration systems
and development of efficient power converters.

• According to many renewable energy experts, a small "hybrid"
electric system that combines home wind electric and
home solar electric (photovoltaic or PV) technologies offers
several advantages over either single system.
• In much of the United States, wind speeds are low in the
summer when the sun shines brightest and longest. The wind
is strong in the winter when less sunlight is available. Because
the peak operating times for wind and solar systems occur at
different times of the day and year, hybrid systems are more
likely to produce power when you need it.
• Many hybrid systems are stand-alone systems, which operate
"off-grid" -- not connected to an electricity distribution system.
For the times when neither the wind nor the solar system are
producing, most hybrid systems provide power through
batteries and/or an engine generator powered by conventional
fuels, such as diesel.

• Hybrid renewable energy is more efficient that
single energy source systems
• Wind and solar energy backed by diesel
generators and batteries are ideal
• Hybrids systems are ideal for off-grid use but can
be connected to the grid

• https://youtu.be/nY06Bw5zh-k

Renewable Energy .pptx

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