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University of Minnesota
Department of Electrical and
Computer Engineering

2. EE 2002 Laboratory Manual
An Introductory Circuits/Electronics
Laboratory Course
Introduction
You will find this laboratory to be different than those you have experienced up to this time. It
was designed with several objectives in mind. First, it is intended to supplement the lecture
course EE2001 and can only be carried out with the maximum benefit if you are acquainted with
the topics being discussed there. Second, it is intended to develop your self-confidence in
laboratory procedures and in drawing conclusions from observations. As a consequence the
instructions are very spare and assume you will be able to extract conclusions from each
experiment and will relate parts of the total lab to each other without being explicitly asked to do
so.
Important Points
- Your grade in this course will depend principally on your in-lab work.
- You are expected to maintain a lab notebook. It must contain a running account of the
experiment. It is not intended to be a book into which you copy notes previously gathered on
the back of an envelope. It must however be legible and coherent. Write in such a way that
another person could perform the same experiment based on your account, and this same person
could understand the conclusions that you drew from your data. It is not necessary to hide your
mistakes. If you make a mistake in an entry simply draw a line through that entry and start over -
you will not be penalized for this.
- The lab notebook should have the following characteristics:
- It should be a bound notebook (spiral bound is OK).
- Lab entries should be dated, and should include:
- Complete circuit diagrams.
2
Revised 9/11/15

3. - Explanation of circuit, methods, procedures, etc.
- All calculations for designs.
- All measurements (including component values).
- All analysis and comparisons of data with theory.
- Homework
- There is no formal lab homework or pre-lab work in this course, but it will pay great
dividends for you to make a careful reading of the experiment description before arriving in
the laboratory. You will also note that some parts of the "experiments" involve analytical
work which can be better done elsewhere. Most problems students have with this course
are due to lack of preparation prior to coming to lab. If after reading through the lab and
consulting the relevant section of your EE2001 text you do not understand something, seek
out either your TA or the faculty member in charge of the lab.
- If you do not spend at least 30 to 40 minutes studying the experiment, making notes, circuit
diagrams, calculations, etc. in your laboratory notebook, prior to coming into the lab, you
will not finish the experiments. It will be obvious to everyone in the class, including your
classmates, your Teaching Assistant, and your professor, that you have come in unprepared.
And you will receive no extra help for such poor performance.
- MILESTONES.
- In each experiment there will be a few “milestones”. These are specific tasks which must be
accomplished and demonstrated to the TA or professor before going on to the next item. All
milestones must be completed or you will not pass the course. If the milestones are not
completed by the end of the quarter you will receive an F for the course. While the
milestones are not a part of the grade formula, delays in milestone completion will
unavoidably delay the submission of your lab notebook with the corresponding grade
penalty. Lab notebooks and lab reports will not be accepted if the milestones for the
corresponding lab have not been completed.
- Grades
Grades will be determined from the following components of the course:
Lab Notebooks - 30%
Lab Practical Exams - 40% Take them seriously, they are forty minutes to one hour
in duration and they account for a significant portion of
your final grade.
Lab Reports - 30%
Lab notebooks will be collected up to three times during the quarter. They will be due at 4:30
PM three working days after the scheduled completion date of a lab.
Lab reports will be collected one week after scheduled completion of the corresponding lab.
You will be given a schedule during the first week of class which will contain all lab
practical exam dates and notebook and lab report due dates.
3
Revised 9/11/15

4. - Late Penalties. The penalties for late notebooks or lab reports are as follows:
1 or 2 days late: 3% deducted from your FINAL SCORE.
3 or 4 days late - an additional 3% deducted from your FINAL SCORE. and so on...
Check the class website for a separate handout detailing the requirements for the lab reports.
- Housekeeping Requirements.
No food or drink to is be brought into the lab and most especially is not to be placed on the lab
benches. At the conclusion of each laboratory session, all cables, etc. are to be returned to the
proper wire racks and any borrowed equipment (there should be no borrowed equipment without
the approval of the TA) returned to its proper location. The only items on the lab bench when
you leave should be the equipment normally found on each bench. The TA will record a demerit
against your record in his gradebook each time you fail to meet the above standards. Four or
more demerits at the end of the term after grades have been computed will result in grade
reduction of one level (A to A-, A- to B+, etc.). If for some reason, you find the lab bench does
not meet the above standards when you first come in, inform your TA immediately. You are still
responsible for leaving the lab bench neat when you leave.
Experiment Schedule – Fall Semesters
Week # Experiment Title
1 Equipment Familiarization
2 DC Measurements
3 DC Measurements
4 Circuit Theorems
5 Lab Quiz #1
6 Op Amps
7 I-V Curves and load lines
8 Diodes and rectification
9 MOSFET characteristics and amplifiers
10 MOSFET amplifiers
11 Lab Quiz #2
12 RC and RL Transients
13 No Labs - Thanksgiving
14 RLC Transients
15 Catchup
Experiment Schedule –Spring Semesters
Week # Experiment Title
1 No Labs
2 Equipment Familiarization
3 DC Measurements
4 DC Measurements
4
Revised 9/11/15

5. 5 Circuit Theorems
6 Lab Quiz #1
7 I-V curves and Load Lines
8 Diodes and Rectification
9 MOSFET characteristics and amplifiers
10 MOSFET characteristics and amplifiers
11 Op Amps
12 Lab Quiz #2
13 RC and RL Transients
14 RLC Transients
15 CMOS Logic Inverter
5
Revised 9/11/15

6. Experiment #1: Lab Procedures &
Equipment Familiarization
Session #1
Introduction
The lab instructor will explain procedures
and expectations for this course. He will
then demonstrate the use of the digital
multimeter (DMM), oscilloscope, function
generator, dc power supply, and how to
wire circuits on the protoboard in each
student lab kit. The student should then
spend the rest of the lab t to become more
familiar with the equipment.
Measurements
1. Connect the 0-20V positive dc supply
terminals from the DC power supply to
Ch1 of the scope and to the as shown in
Fig. 1-1. Vary the setting of the dc output
and compare with the reading of the
DMM and the scope
Figure 1-1. Connection of dc power
supply digital multimetes (DMM) and
oscilloscope for measuring dc voltagse.
Be sure that the DMMis set to read DColts
and that Ch1 of the scope is dc coupled
with the proper vertical scale factor.
2. Display a 4 V peak-to-peak sinewave at
a frequency of 1 kHz on the oscilloscope.
Connect the function generator to the
oscilloscope as shown in Fig.1- 2 to
obtain the display. Adjust both the vertical
sensitivity (volts per division) and
horizontal (time base) sensitivity (seconds,
milliseconds, microseconds) to obtain a
good display showing two or three cycles
of the waveform.
Figure 1- 2. Connection of function
generator to oscilloscope for displaying
and measuring ac waveforms. The
connection of the DMM to measure rms
voltages is also shown.
3. Measure the amplitude of this ac
waveform with the DMM set on the ac
voltage mode. Compare this reading with
the base-to-peak value you observe on the
oscilloscope.
The voltage measurements in steps #2 and
step #3 should have different values. The
DMM is calibrated to display the rms
value of a sinewave which equals 0.707 of
the base-to-peak value of a sinewave.
6
0 – 20V
0 – 20V
+
-
0 - 6V
Triple DC
power supply
Oscilloscope DMM
+
+
-
-
Oscillocope DMMFunction
generator
Oscilloscope Ch1
Outer case of BNC connector is
connected to power system ground
(3rd
prong on AC plug).

7. Other waveforms such as square waves
and triangular waves will have different
rms-to-base-to-peak ratios as
measurements of step #5 will illustrate.
4, Repeat steps 23 and 34 with square
waves and then triangle waves.
A square wave has an rms value which is
equal to the base-to-peak value. A triangle
wave has an rms value value which is
0.578 of the base-to-peak value.
.
5. Construct the circuit shown below in
Fig. 1-3, sometimes termed a voltage
divider. Use a 4 V peak-to-peak 1 kHz
sinewave for the input and measure the
output voltage with the oscilloscope and
DMM.
The point of this step is to become familiar
with using the protoboard to construct
circuits and make connections to sources
and measurement instruments. Examine
the layout of the protoboard shown below
in Fig. 1-4 and note that a specific column
of component insertion holes are shorted
together. Each individual terminal of a
component should be inserted into a
separate column as illustrated for a resistor
unless it is desired to have terminals
shorted together.
Electrical connections to the function
generator and oscilloscope are made via
so-called BNC connector terminals. The
outer cases of these connectors are directly
connected to the ground (ground pin) of
the ac power plug. When these instruments
are connected to the AC power outlets, all
of the instruments grounds (BNC outer
cases) are shorted together as indicated in
the figure. Any instrument that connects to
the AC power system is configured in this
manner (for reasons of safety). Thus it is
not possible to connect the oscilloscope so
as to measure the voltage across the 4 kΩ
resistor because the 1 k resistor wouldΩ
then be shorted out.
Fig. 1-3. Voltage divider circuit and
instrument grounding.
Fig. 1-4. Diagram of protoboard which is
used to construct circuits for laboratory
measurements.
6. Construct the circuit of Fig. 1-5. Set the
DMM to measure dc currents. In this
configuration the DMM is being used to
measure current.
7

8. Figure 1-5. Circuit arrangement for
measuring current through a resistor.
Compare the current measured by the
DMM with the current output indicated by
the dc power supply display. They should
be the same.
7. Construct the circuit of Fig. 1-6 and use
it to measure the resistance of several of
the resistors in your lab kit. Make sure to
use the proper set of terminals on the
DMM and set the DMM to measure
resistance.
Figure 1-6. Circuit for determining values
of resistors.
Compare the reading of the DMM with the
value of resistance indicated by the color
code on the resistor body.
Experiment #2: DC Measurements
Sessions #2 and #3
Experiments
1. Measure the voltage of a nominal 1.5v
AAA cell to the nearest millivolt.
2. Determine experimentally the value of
resistor that, when place across the cell,
will make a measurable change in the
measured cell voltage. Calculate the
internal resistance of the cell.
3. Measure the voltage range of each of
the power supply outputs. A later
experiment will require a voltage which
can be adjusted over the range 0 to 40v.
Decide how you would provide such a
voltage.
4. Set a power supply output to the value
of the cell voltage measured in item 1.
Determine the change in this voltage when
the supply is loaded with the resistor used
in item 2.
5. Design a circuit to light the red light-
emitting diode (LED). The LED current
must be about 15 ma (no more!). The
diode voltage will be about 1v but you
must not connect a voltage source directly
to the diode because the current is a very
strong function of this voltage and chances
are that the diode current would exceed the
maximum allowed.
NOTE: The short lead of the diode is the
cathode, i.e. the negative lead.
_________________________________
MILESTONE #2-1: Demonstrate your
LED circuit to your instructor, making
sure that meters are connected to show
diode current and voltage and that there is
no possibility of exceeding the specified
maximum diode current.
__________________________________
Demonstration
8
DC Power
Supply
DMM
1 kΩ
Protoboard
AC (110 Vrms 60 Hz) power plug
Built-in ground
IDC
DMM

9. The instructor will demonstrate the use of
the oscilloscope to measure periodic
waveforms and to display one variable
versus another. The signal generator will
also be demonstrated.
Experiments
6. Connect a voltage divider to an output
of the power supply. Design it to give an
output that is 1/3 of the supply voltage and
so that neither the power ratings of the
resistors nor the current rating of the
supply are exceeded. The voltage output
of the divider must not change by more
then 1% when loaded with 10KΩ.
7. Design a current divider that will
provide a 1/3 - 2/3 current split. Observe
the current and power limitations as you
did in the previous item. Another design
constraint is that the current meters
inserted to measure the current division
ratio must not upset this ratio.
__________________________________
MILESTONE #2-2: Demonstrate your
current divider. Show that the current
meters have no effect on the current
division.
__________________________________
8. Construct a non-trivial resistive circuit
with at least 2 loops and at least 3 resistors
in each loop. Verify Kirchhoff's laws for
this circuit. Notice that this item is more
"open ended", i.e. there is more room for
individual initiative. These lab instructions
will be increasingly presented in this
mode.
__________________________________
MILESTONE #2-3: Demonstrate your
working circuit. Be prepared to show one
or two branch voltages and how they
compare to those calculated in your notes.
__________________________________
Experiment #3: Circuit Theorems
Session #4
Experiments
1. Construct a resistive circuit containing
series and parallel branches and a DC
voltage source. Measure the voltage at at
least 2 nodes (relative to a reference node)
as a function of the source voltage.
Measure the current in at least 2 branches
as a function of the source voltage.
2. Construct the circuit shown below. Use
the triple power supply at the lab bench.
Note that all three of the outputs have
floating terminals, i.e. not connected to
ground.
Verify the superposition theorem for at
least 2 nodes and 2 branches.
3. Design and construct another resistive
network containing 3 voltage sources.
Determine selected node voltages and
branch currents analytically and
experimentally.
4. Construct the circuit shown below.
.
9

10. Determine, experimentally and
analytically. the Thevenin equivalent at
the port shown.
__________________________________
MILESTONE #3-1: Explain to your
instructor how you carried out item 4.
Quiz #1 on Exps. #1, 2, and 3
Session #5
Experiment #4: Op Amps
Session #6
Demonstration
Your instructor will demonstrate some
applications of operational amplifiers.
Experiments
1. To ensure that the output of the
amplifier is zero when the differential
input is zero ("offset nulling") the scheme
shown
is used. (The potentiometer is adjusted to
force the output to zero when the input
terminals are both zero.) Design and
construct a non-inverting amplifier with a
voltage gain of approximately 10, null its
offset and measure the gain over the
complete range of input voltages.
2. Power the opamp with +5 and -5v
supplies and monitor its output when one
input is grounded and the other varied a
few millivolts on either side of zero.
3. Repeat with the roles of the input
terminals interchanged.
4. Design and construct a circuit which
will indicate whether an unknown voltage
is greater than or less than a given
reference voltage. The latter should be
capable of being varied between -5 and +5
volts.
__________________________________
MILESTONE #7-1: Demonstrate how
your circuit can convert a sine wave to a
square wave with a variable duty cycle.
__________________________________
5. To your comparator circuit of item 4
add green and red LED's so that the green
lights up when the input voltage is less
than the reference and the red when it is
greater.
6. Using resistors in the few KΩ range,
design a voltage divider to provide an
output of about 5v from a 15v source.
7. Determine the load on the divider which
will drop the output voltage to 75% of the
no load value.
8. Construct a 741 buffer (unity gain, non-
inverting amplifier) to insert between the
output of the divider and the load
determined in item 7.
10

11. Experiment #5: I-V Curves and Load
Lines
Session #7
Demonstration
The instructor will demonstrate the small
signal resistance versus dc current level
for a diode and will discuss the load line
method.
Experiments
1. Measure the current vs. voltage relation
of the incandescent lamp supplied. Limit
the current thru the lamp to 100 mA
maximum.
2. Using your data from item 1 and the
load line approach, determine the lamp
current expected for the following values
of power supply voltage and series
resistor.
Voltage Resistance
6V 100 Ω
3V 100Ω
3. Check the results of item 2 by direct
measurement.
4. Build this circuit and, driving it with the
signal generator, display on the scope the
output voltage versus the input voltage.
5. Change the circuit so that it limits for
negative input voltages.
6. Change the circuit so that it limits at
+2 v.
7. Change the circuit so that it limits at
+2v and also at -2v.
__________________________________
MILESTONE #5-1: Demonstrate your
circuit of item 7.
__________________________________
8. Show the influence of your circuit of
item 7 on various input periodic
waveforms.
Experiment #6: Diodes & Rectification
Session #8
.
Experiments
1. Measure the current-voltage relation for
the 1N4740 diode over its entire allowable
ranges of voltage and current. Obtain a
collection of data points.
2. Use the data of item 1 to determine the
small signal resistance of the diode at
forward currents of 10, 20 and 30 ma.
3. Devise a large-signal model for your
Zener diode, applicable in the reverse
breakdown region for currents from 10 to
50 ma.
4. Repeat the forward bias measurements
of step 1 using the DiodeIV and use the
11
Demonstration
The measurements in steps 1 and 2
were point-by-point manual
measurements. These measurements
can be automated using the PXI
equipment run under the control of a
LabView VI (virtual instrument)
entitled DiodeIV which is found in the
UofMNIV folder. Your lab instructor
will demonstrate the use of this virtual
instrument.

12. saved data to repeat step 2. Compare with
the manually acquired results.
5. Examine the output of this circuit for 1
KHz sinusoidal input amplitudes from 0.5
to 5v.
6. Investigate the following power supply
circuit (known as a “bridge” circuit).
Note: The output is floating with respect to
ground (i.e. both ends of the output are off
of ground). Hence a single scope channel
cannot be put across the load. Instead both
channels of the scope must be set up as
shown. The polarity of Ch 1 should be
inverted with respect to Ch 0. Both
channels must have the same V/cm setting
and both reference levels (zero voltage
lines) must lie on top of each other. When
the scope is set up in this manner, it is
acting as a so-called pseudo-differential
input. Trigger the scope from Ch 0.
7. Determine the effect of placing a large
capacitor across the load of the circuit of
item 6. Make sure you observe the proper
polarity when connecting the capacitor.
__________________________________
MILESTONE #6-1: Demonstrate the
load voltage of the circuit of item 6, with
and without the “filter” capacitor.
__________________________________
Experiment #7: MOSFET
Characteristics and Amplifiers
Sessions #9 and #10
Demonstration – session #9
The instructor will demonstrate the use of
a LabView VI (found in the UofMNIV
folder) entitled FETVI which automates
the measurements of FET output
characteristics (drain current as a function
of drain-source voltage with gate-source
voltage as a parameter) and transfer
characteristics (drain current as a function
of gate-source voltage).
Experiments
The experiments below all involve
measurements on a MOSFET. You will
use the 2N7000 n-channel enhancement
MOSFETs which are part of your lab kit.
The diagram shown below shows the
pinouts.
1. Use the FETVI to measure ID versus
VDS for various values of VGS for two
separate 2N7000 MOSFETs. Determine
the transconductance of each device at
12

13. several drain current levels. The drain-
source voltage should go to at least 5V to
insure the devices go into the active
(saturation) region but do not exceed 10V.
Limit the maximum drain current to 40
mA or less.
2. Determine the threshold voltage of each
device.
__________________________________
MILESTONE #7-1: Explain to your
instructor how you deduced the threshold
voltages.
__________________________________
3. Use the data of item 1 to determine the
conductance parameters (K) for the 2
devices. Using a reasonable value of
carrier mobility, determine the oxide
thickness for the 2 devices.
4. Determine the channel length
modulation parameter (λ) or equivalently
the Early voltage VA = 1/λ for the n-
channel MOSFET using the data from step
1.
Demonstration – session #9
The instructor will demonstrate some
methods of biasing FET’s.
Experiments
5. Design circuit arrangement(s) to
measure the small-signal ac
transconductance for both of the devices
used in step #1. Make the measurements at
1 kHz and at several values of dc drain
current.
__________________________________
MILESTONE #7-2: Before taking any
measurements, explain the circuit to your
instructor.
__________________________________
6. Construct and test the common source
MOSFET amplifiier shown below using
one of the n-channel MOSFET measured
in Step #1. Measure the following small
signal parameters at a frequency of 1 kHz:
a. Input resistance Rin seen at the Vi
terminals.
b. Voltage gain Vo/Vi
c. Power drawn from the 10 V power
supply.
d. Maximum undistorted sinewave output
voltage swing in volts pp.
__________________________________
MILESTONE #7-3: Demonstrate your
operating amplifier to your instructor.
7. Design and construct the MOSFET
current mirror (current sink) shown below
using the 2N7000 MOSFETS. Determine
the range of Rload over which the current
through the resistor is a reasonably
constant current of 5 mA.
13

14. Quiz #2 (Exps. 1-7)
Session #11
Experiment #8
Transients in RC and RL Circuits
Sessions #12
1. Construct a simple RC single time
constant circuit of the form shown below.
Choose component values such as to make
the time constant about 0.1ms and
determine the time constant
experimentally by observing output
voltage when a square wave is applied to
the input port. The value of R should be
significantly larger than the output
resistance of the source proving the input
voltage Vin.
2. Measure the rise and fall time of the
output waveform in step #1.
MILESTONE #8-1. Demonstrate your
measurement of the rise and fall time
measured in step #2 to your lab instructor.
__________________________________
3. Apply a square wave to the circuit used
in Step #1 and note the output waveform.
The period of the square wave should be
much shorter than the time constant found
in step #1.
4. Many applications require that a sharp
pulse be generated to mark the time at
which a rapid change occurs in a signal.
Design a simple circuit based on the work
of the preceding items which will generate
a sharp spike whenever the square wave
input changes sign.
5. The circuit used in step #4 is a
differentiator circuit over some range of
input frequencies. Apply a triangular wave
to the circuit used in step #3. Vary the
frequency of the triangular wave and
determine approximately the highest
frequency that the circuit behaves as a
differentiator.
6. Construct the single RL single time
constant circuit shown below. Use the 100
mH inductor in your lab kit and use a 1 kΩ
resistor for R. Measure the time constant
of the circuit.
7. Determine if the RL circuit of step #6 is
and integrator or differentiator.
Approximately determine the maximum
frequency (if the circuit is a differentiator)
or the minimum frequency (if the circuit is
14

15. an integrator) that the circuit will function
as a differentiator or integrator.
MILESTONE #8-2. Show the operation
of the RL circuit of step #7 as either a
differentiator or integrator and show the
maximum or minimum frequency of
operation as either a differentiator or
integrator.
__________________________________
8. Take the components (R and L) used in
the circuit for steps #5 and #6 and
construct a circuit that has the same square
wave response as the circuit of step #1.
Determine the rise and fall time of the
output waveform.
Experiment #9
Transients in RLC Circuits
Session #13
1. Construct the RLC circuit shown below.
Drive the circuit with a 2V p-p square
wave with a frequency of 100 Hz. Using
the observed output waveform, determine
the resonant frequency fo(2 fπ o={LC}-0.5)
and quality factor Q (Q= 2 fπ oL/RL) of the
circuit.
2. Replace the 5 nF capacitance with a 20
nF capacitance Again determine the
resonant frequency and quality factor
using the same input signal as in step #1.
__________________________________
MILESTONE #9-1. Demonstrate the
operation of the series resonant circuit of
step #1 to your instructor. Using your
measured value of Q, estimate the inductor
series resistance RL and show your lab
instructor.
3. Construct the parallel RLC circuit
shown below. Drive the circuit with a 4V
p-p square wave with a frequency of 200
Hz. Using the observed output voltage,
determine the resonant frequency and
quality factor Q of the circuit.
4. Replace the 5 nF capacitance with a 20
nF capacitance Again determine the
resonant frequency and quality factor
using the same input signal as in step #3.
5. Revise the circuit of step #4 so that it is
critically damped (Qp = 0.5) without
changing the value of the capacitor or
inductor. Drive the circuit with the same
input signal as in step #3 and verify that
the circuit is critically damped. What value
of resistance critically damps the circuit?
Experiment #10: CMOS Logic Inverter
Session #14
(NOT DONE IN FALL SEMESTERS)
1. Measure the transfer curve Vy versus
Va for one of the six CMOS inverters on
the 78HCU04 IC in you lab kit. Bias the
inverter with 5V (i.e. VCC = 5V). Vary
15
46 kΩ
100 mHVin
Vout
+ +
- -
5 nF

16. VA from 0-5V. See the pinout diagram
and logic diagram below. Be sure that the
VA terminals of the five unused inverters
are shorted to ground so that they cannot
influence the measurements. (If the VA of
the unused inverters are left floating, they
may acquire a charge and hence a voltage
that could turn on the unused inverters.)
2. Use your measured transfer curve to
determine the logic level voltages (positive
logic) VOH, VOL, VIH, and VIL.
Estimate the noise margin of the inverter
from these voltage levels.
3. Load the output of an inverter with a 10
nF capacitor. Determine the average
power drawn from the 5V VCC supply as
you vary the frequency of a 5V base-to-
peak square wave to the input A of the
inverter. Go to frequencies as high as 1
MHz. Use the interface circuit shown
below to apply the input signal from the
function generator to inverter input. The
purpose of this interface circuit is to
prevent negative going pulses from being
applied to the inverter.
4. Measure the propagation delay of the
inverter using the ring oscillator shown
below. It can be shown that the
propagation delay is given by tpd = T/(2N)
where T is the period of oscillation of the
ring oscillator and N is then number of
inverters in the oscillator. As before use
5V for the VCC supply. If the circuit is set
up properly, the circuit will oscillate
(produce periodic waveforms) without any
ac input
MILESTONE #9-1. Demonstrate your
measurement of the propagation delay to
your lab instructor.
16