This document provides an outline of key topics in kinematics in one dimension, including: 1. It defines and distinguishes between distance, displacement, speed, velocity, and acceleration. Distance is a scalar quantity while displacement has both magnitude and direction. 2. It provides examples of calculating average and instantaneous velocity and acceleration using kinematic equations. 3. The document contains conceptual questions and worked examples related to these kinematics concepts.

1. Kinematics in One Dimension Topic 2

2. Lecture Outline Distance and Displacement Speed and Velocity Acceleration

3. Distance and Displacement What is the different between distance and displacement? Displacement (blue line) is how far the object is from its starting point, regardless of how it got there. Distance traveled (dashed line) is measured along the actual path.

4. Distance – Scalar Displacement – Vector The displacement is written: Movement to the left: Displacement is positive. Movement to the right: Displacement is negative.

5. Speed and Velocity Speed - how far an object travel in a given time interval Average speed – the total distance traveled along its path divided by the time takes to travel this distance

6. Velocity – a vector, signify both of the magnitude (how fast) and direction of an object Average velocity – the total displacement of an object divided by the time takes to travel to this point Unit : meter/second (m/s)

7. Time taken – 70 s

8. In general Positive value – object moving along the + x axis Negative value – object moving along the – x axis Direction is always the same as the displacement

9. Example 2-1: Runner’s average velocity. The position of a runner as a function of time is plotted as moving along the x axis of a coordinate system. During a 3.00-s time interval, the runner’s position changes from x 1 = 50.0 m to x 2 = 30.5 m, as shown. What was the runner’s average velocity?

10. Example 2-2: Distance a cyclist travels. How far can a cyclist travel in 2.5 h along a straight road if her average velocity is 18 km/h?

11. Instantaneous Velocity The instantaneous velocity is the average velocity in the limit as the time interval becomes infinitesimally short.

13. Example 2-3: Given x as a function of t . A jet engine moves along an experimental track (which we call the x axis) as shown. We will treat the engine as if it were a particle. Its position as a function of time is given by the equation x = At 2 + B , where A = 2.10 m/s 2 and B = 2.80 m. Determine the displacement of the engine during the time interval from t 1 = 3.00 s to t 2 = 5.00 s. (b) Determine the average velocity during this time interval. (c) Determine the magnitude of the instantaneous velocity at t = 5.00 s.

14. Acceleration Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity. In general (Unit: m/s 2 ) Example: 5 m/s 2 – velocity will increase 5 m/s in 1 second

15. Example 2-4: Average acceleration. A car accelerates along a straight road from rest to 90 km/h in 5.0 s. What is the magnitude of its average acceleration?

16. Example 2-6: Car slowing down. An automobile is moving to the right along a straight highway, which we choose to be the positive x axis. Then the driver puts on the brakes. If the initial velocity (when the driver hits the brakes) is v 1 = 15.0 m/s, and it takes 5.0 s to slow down to v 2 = 5.0 m/s, what was the car’s average acceleration?

17. There is a difference between negative acceleration and deceleration: Negative acceleration is acceleration in the negative direction as defined by the coordinate system. Deceleration occurs when the acceleration is opposite in direction to the velocity.

18. Instantaneous Acceleration The instantaneous acceleration is the average acceleration in the limit as the time interval becomes infinitesimally short.

19. Like velocity, acceleration is a rate. The velocity is the rate at which the displacement changes with time The acceleration it the rate which the velocity changes with time Acceleration is “rate of rate”

20. Example 2-7: Acceleration given x(t). A particle is moving in a straight line so that its position is given by the relation x = (2.10 m/s 2 ) t 2 + (2.80 m). Calculate its average acceleration during the time interval from t 1 = 3.00 s to t 2 = 5.00 s, and its instantaneous acceleration as a function of time.

21. You and your dog go for a walk to the park. On the way, your dog takes many side trips to chase squirrels or examine fire hydrants. When you arrive at the park, do you and your dog have the same displacement? 1) yes 2) no ConcepTest 2.1 Walking the Dog

22. You and your dog go for a walk to the park. On the way, your dog takes many side trips to chase squirrels or examine fire hydrants. When you arrive at the park, do you and your dog have the same displacement? 1) yes 2) no Yes, you have the same displacement. Since you and your dog had the same initial position and the same final position, then you have (by definition) the same displacement. ConcepTest 2.1 Walking the Dog Follow-up: Have you and your dog traveled the same distance?

23. ConcepTest 2.2 Displacement Does the displacement of an object depend on the specific location of the origin of the coordinate system? 1) yes 2) no 3) it depends on the coordinate system

24. ConcepTest 2.2 Displacement Does the displacement of an object depend on the specific location of the origin of the coordinate system? Since the displacement is the difference between two coordinates, the origin does not matter. 1) yes 2) no 3) it depends on the coordinate system 10 20 30 40 50 30 40 50 60 70

25. If the position of a car is zero, does its speed have to be zero? 1) yes 2) no 3) it depends on the position ConcepTest 2.3 Position and Speed

26. If the position of a car is zero, does its speed have to be zero? 1) yes 2) no 3) it depends on the position No, the speed does not depend on position; it depends on the change of position. Since we know that the displacement does not depend on the origin of the coordinate system, an object can easily start at x = – 3 and be moving by the time it gets to x = 0. ConcepTest 2.3 Position and Speed

27. You drive for 30 minutes at 30 mi/hr and then for another 30 minutes at 50 mi/hr. What is your average speed for the whole trip? 1) more than 40 mi/hr 2) equal to 40 mi/hr 3) less than 40 mi/hr ConcepTest 2.6a Cruising Along I

28. You drive for 30 minutes at 30 mi/hr and then for another 30 minutes at 50 mi/hr. What is your average speed for the whole trip? 1) more than 40 mi/hr 2) equal to 40 mi/hr 3) less than 40 mi/hr It is 40 mi/hr in this case. Since the average speed is distance/time and you spend the same amount of time at each speed, then your average speed would indeed be 40 mi/hr. ConcepTest 2.6a Cruising Along I

29. You drive 4 miles at 30 mi/hr and then another 4 miles at 50 mi/hr. What is your average speed for the whole 8-mile trip? 1) more than 40 mi/hr 2) equal to 40 mi/hr 3) less than 40 mi/hr ConcepTest 2.6b Cruising Along II

30. You drive 4 miles at 30 mi/hr and then another 4 miles at 50 mi/hr. What is your average speed for the whole 8-mile trip? 1) more than 40 mi/hr 2) equal to 40 mi/hr 3) less than 40 mi/hr It is not 40 mi/hr! Remember that the average speed is distance/time. Since it takes longer to cover 4 miles at the slower speed, you are actually moving at 30 mi/hr for a longer period of time! Therefore, your average speed is closer to 30 mi/hr than it is to 50 mi/hr. ConcepTest 2.6b Cruising Along II

31. ConcepTest 2.7 Velocity in One Dimension If the average velocity is non-zero over some time interval, does this mean that the instantaneous velocity is never zero during the same interval? 1) yes 2) no 3) it depends

32. ConcepTest 2.7 Velocity in One Dimension If the average velocity is non-zero over some time interval, does this mean that the instantaneous velocity is never zero during the same interval? No!!! For example, your average velocity for a trip home might be 60 mph, but if you stopped for lunch on the way home, there was an interval when your instantaneous velocity was zero, in fact! 1) yes 2) no 3) it depends

33. ConcepTest 2.8a Acceleration I If the velocity of a car is non-zero ( v  0 ), can the acceleration of the car be zero? 1) Yes 2) No 3) Depends on the velocity

34. ConcepTest 2.8a Acceleration I If the velocity of a car is non-zero ( v  0 ), can the acceleration of the car be zero? Sure it can! An object moving with constant velocity has a non-zero velocity, but it has zero acceleration since the velocity is not changing. 1) Yes 2) No 3) Depends on the velocity

35. When throwing a ball straight up, which of the following is true about its velocity v and its acceleration a at the highest point in its path? 1) both v = 0 and a = 0 2) v  0 , but a = 0 3) v = 0 , but a  0 4) both v  0 and a  0 5) not really sure ConcepTest 2.8b Acceleration II

36. When throwing a ball straight up, which of the following is true about its velocity v and its acceleration a at the highest point in its path? At the top, clearly v = 0 because the ball has momentarily stopped. But the velocity of the ball is changing , so its acceleration is definitely not zero ! Otherwise it would remain at rest!! 1) both v = 0 and a = 0 2) v  0 , but a = 0 3) v = 0 , but a  0 4) both v  0 and a  0 5) not really sure ConcepTest 2.8b Acceleration II Follow-up: …and the value of a is…? y