The document discusses the differences between semantics and pragmatics. Semantics is concerned with the literal meaning of words and phrases, while pragmatics examines how meaning depends on context and the intentions of speakers and listeners. It also provides examples of semantic versus pragmatic meaning in sentences and explores how meaning is attributed to words through definitions, mental images, reference, language use, and truth conditions.
A short overview on Ethnography of communication. The slides briefly shed light on EOC as an approach to discourse analysis. There are few photos along with the material to help reads glean some insight into the subject.
A short overview on Ethnography of communication. The slides briefly shed light on EOC as an approach to discourse analysis. There are few photos along with the material to help reads glean some insight into the subject.
Systemic functional linguistics and metafunctions of languageLearningandTeaching
Richard Ingold explores Systemic Functional Linguistics and highlights the three metafunctions of language with examples of analysis from The Hundred Acre Wood and Winnie the Pooh!
Systemic functional linguistics is developed by Michael Halliday (1985) with his Introduction to Functional Grammar based on the model of language as social semiotic resources.
People can use language resources to accomplish their purposes by expressing meanings in context.
FEEL FREE TO USE IT!
Systemic functional linguistics and metafunctions of languageLearningandTeaching
Richard Ingold explores Systemic Functional Linguistics and highlights the three metafunctions of language with examples of analysis from The Hundred Acre Wood and Winnie the Pooh!
Systemic functional linguistics is developed by Michael Halliday (1985) with his Introduction to Functional Grammar based on the model of language as social semiotic resources.
People can use language resources to accomplish their purposes by expressing meanings in context.
FEEL FREE TO USE IT!
John Bodel, W. Duncan MacMillan II Professor of Classics, Professor of History, Director of Early Cultures at Brown University, RI, USA - Introduction to Roman Epigraphy. Conference at the Royal University of Fine Arts, Faculty of Archaeology, Phnom Penh, Cambodia, May 25, 2016
Visible Words Workshop in Cambodia, 2016
It is my PPt about Semantics and Pragmatics; it only ver basic information about it, but hopefully it will be useful for your educational process or useful as your reading resources. You can contact me if you have a suggestion, critique, or maybe we can discuss this topic further.
Pragmatics and Discourse , context & speech actsNaeemIqbal88
Pragmatics and Discourse
What is pragmatics?
An approach within DA which concentrates on the way language
acquires meaning in use. It has developed from the tradition of the
philosophy of language known as pragmatics.
Focus: The study of contextualised meaning and is concerned with
describing the principles that underlie how we interpret the meaning
behind words: how we get from what we say to what we mean.
Pragmatic approaches tend to be interested in the 'big picture': trying
to formulate generalisable principles about how people produce and
interpret discourse (eg’ the use of humour in business meetings’).
Context
Context is an important concept in DA. Language does not take place in a vacuum and we
need to consider the context in which it occurs in order to understand it.
However, this seemingly unproblematic statement masks the issues and debates that are
ongoing in discourse analysis around the concept of context and its significance.
Two types of context
The 'intrinsic' or 'linguistic' context which refers to information that can be found
within the text that surrounds the language that is being analysed at a particular
moment. It is generally agreed that this type of context is not only useful but essential.
The more problematic type of context lies outside the actual text: what is sometimes
called 'extrinsic' (Schegloff 1997) or 'experiential' context.
This refers to all sorts of information about setting, situation, social circumstances of the
participants such as age, gender, ethnicity and possibly also about the shared
background knowledge and assumptions of the participants.
So, in the example:
'Later, an item about vasectomy and the results of the do-it-yourself competition'
(from Cameron 2001:12)
 The issue with extrinsic context is moving from description to interpretation in
research. Along with describing 'what' is happening in the discourse , it is also
important to interpret 'why' it is happening.
 Extrinsic contextual evidence can be potentially very useful in discussing why
participants say a particular thing in a particular way at a particular time,
however, there is also a danger of 'reading too much into the text' and of
judging which out of many possible interpretations is the 'right' one.
For instance, if the analyst is aware of gender, age or ethic difference among
discourse participants, these variables may well appear to influence the
discourse but how do we know which of these particular variables are
important to the participants in an particular communicative event.
 This is not to say that we should ignore extrinsic context but to suggest that we
need to be cautious about what we select as significant and rigorous about how
we incorporate it into our analyses. Schegloff (1997) advises that the best
option is to use only what can be shown to be relevant to participants.
 Can you imagine a meaningful context for this text?
a. Which of you was the prawns?
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1 introduction to the study of language (1)
1.
2.
3. What is semantics?
“In general, the study of the relationship between
words and meanings....The field of semantics has
three basic concerns: the relations of words to the
objects denoted by them, the relations of words to
the interpreters of them, and, in symbolic logic,
the formal relations of signs to one another
(syntax)." (The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.
Columbia University Press: New York. 2009)
4. What is pragmatics?
Pragmatics is concerned with
the study of
meaning as communicated by a speaker and
interpreted by a listener. It has more to do with
what people mean than what the words or
phrases say. (Yule, 1996)
6. What does this sentence mean?
“He has itchy feet”
Semantics
Pragmatics
7. Semantics Vs. Pragmatics
While semantics is the study of meaning in a
language, pragmatics is the study of language from
the point of view of language users. Semantic
meaning focuses on the meaning of words, phrases,
clauses, and speech acts and pragmatic meaning
on how speakers and addressees perceive language
use. Semantics is concerned with meaning regardless
of context while pragmatics is concerned with
communication within a specific context.
Distinguishing Pragmatics from Semantics: http://www.criticism.com/linguistics/semantics-vspragmatics.php
8. Semantic or pragmatic meaning?
Joe
hasn’t met my parents
She
hasn’t taken a shower.
He
was so tired he could sleep for days.
10. “Colourless green ideas
sleep furiously”
This sentence was presented by Chompsky as an
example of a series of words strung together
randomly. Explain it based on your understanding
about syntax, semantics and pragmatics.
11. Meaning
What do you do when you don’t know the
meaning of a word?
How do you help your students when they
don’t know the meaning of a word?
13. 1
'Twas brillig, and the slithy toves
Did gyre and gimble in the wabe;
All mimsy were the borogoves,
And the mome raths outgrabe.
2
'Beware the Jabberwock, my son!
The jaws that bite, the claws that catch!
Beware the Jubjub bird, and shun
The frumious Bandersnatch!‘
14. "I don't know what you mean by 'glory,' " Alice said.
Humpty Dumpty smiled contemptuously. "Of course you don't
—till I tell you. I meant 'there's a nice knock-down argument for
you!' "
"But 'glory' doesn't mean 'a nice knock-down argument'," Alice
objected.
"When I use a word," Humpty Dumpty said, in rather a scornful
tone, "it means just what I choose it to mean—neither more nor
less."
"The question is," said Alice, "whether you can make words
mean so many different things."
"The question is," said Humpty Dumpty, "which is to be master
that's all."
Alice was too much puzzled to say anything, so after a minute
Humpty Dumpty began again. "They've a temper, some of them
—particularly verbs, they're the proudest—adjectives you can do
anything with, but not verbs—however, I can manage the whole
lot! Impenetrability! That's what I say!"
16. The meaning of “meaning”
Michelle
means trouble
The principal means what he says about
discipline
Romeo and Juliet were meant for each other
This weather will mean long traffic jams
Money means nothing for me
Those dark clouds mean rain
She didn’t mean to hurt you
What is the meaning of life?
17. The meaning of “meaning”
Point,
purpose
To foretell, indicates
Denote, connote, signify, represent
To produce, cause
Intend
To have the importance of
To say or to do in all seriousness
To destine or design for a certain person
or purpose.
18. How do we attribute meaning to
words?
Dictionary
definitions
Mental images
Meaning and reference
Meaning and true
Meaning and language use
20. 1.
Meaning (like any other aspect
of language) is provided by a
community of native speakers,
not by some special authority
like a dictionary or grammar
book.
21. 2.
The meaning of an expression is
not just a definition composed
of more words in the same
language, since the meaning
system of any language would
form a vicious circle.
22. 3.
The meaning of an expression is not just
a mental image, since mental images
seem to vary from person to person
more than meaning does, since
mental images tend to be only of
typical or ideal examples of the things
they symbolize, and since not all words
have corresponding mental images.
23. 4.
The meaning of a word involves more
than just the actual thing the word
refers to, since not all expressions
have real-world referents, and
substituting expressions with identical
referents for each other in a
sentence can change the meaning
of the sentence as a whole.
24. 5.
Knowing the meaning of a
sentence involves knowing the
conditions under which it would
be true, so explaining the
meaning of a sentence can be
done in part by explaining its
truth conditions.
25. 6.
Knowing the meaning of an
utterance also involves knowing
how to use it, so conditions on
language use also form an
important aspect of meaning.
26. Meaning is a complex
phenomenon involving
relationships between a
language and the minds of its
speakers, between a language
and the world, and between a
language and the practical
uses to which it is put.
27. Homework
File
72: What types of meaning relationships are
presented in the text? Explain them in your own
words and give an example for each(not an
example from the reading).
File
73: Based on the theory of semantic
composition, explain the meaning in the following
sentences:
- He was eating a hamburger.
- He was eating a chair.
- He was painting a chair.