This document provides an introduction to embedded system design. It discusses the key characteristics of embedded systems, including that they must be dependable, efficient, and frequently meet real-time constraints. It also outlines various hardware platforms and components used in embedded systems, such as microcontrollers, digital signal processors (DSPs), field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), and application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs). The document emphasizes that embedded systems are often specialized for particular applications through techniques like application-specific instruction sets in order to optimize performance, power efficiency, flexibility, and other factors.
This document discusses trends in embedded systems. It outlines that embedded systems integrate computer hardware and software onto a single microprocessor board. Key trends in embedded systems include systems-on-a-chip (SoC), wireless technology, multi-core processors, support for multiple languages, improved user interfaces, use of open source technologies, interoperability, automation, enhanced security, and reduced power consumption. SoCs integrate all system components onto a single chip to reduce power usage. Wireless connectivity and multi-core processors improve performance. Embedded systems also support multiple languages and have improved user interfaces.
This document provides an overview of embedded systems, including definitions, common uses, typical hardware components, and microcontrollers. It defines an embedded system as a specialized computer system that is part of a larger device. Embedded systems are used widely in appliances, vehicles, phones, sensors, and more. Common hardware includes microcontrollers, microprocessors, DSPs and system-on-chip designs. The 8051 microcontroller family is discussed as a popular example.
Future Trends of Embedded Systems - Technical Paper PresentationKaushik Gupta
Runner-Up for the State Level Technical Paper Presentation
Certification: Indian Society for Technical Education
More Details on https://www.kaushikgupta.in
This document discusses the development of code templates to simplify serial communication between microcontrollers and sensors using various protocols. It created templates for the SPI, I2C, and UART protocols to interface a Freescale KL25Z microcontroller with sensors like an accelerometer and temperature sensor. The templates reduced the design time needed to incorporate these serial communication protocols into projects. The document tests the templates by using an accelerometer's I2C interface and displaying the output over UART in under 30 minutes, demonstrating the effectiveness of the templates for simplifying future projects.
The document discusses using assessment models to improve the usability and security of wireless sensor networks (WSNs). It proposes a model-based approach involving (1) collecting and mapping user security requirements, (2) describing component properties and how they compose, and (3) defining security models to assess whether requirements are satisfied. The approach aims to bridge the gap between users and technical implementation. An example security model uses attack trees to evaluate if attacks can be prevented or don't apply given the system and requirements.
This document discusses trends in embedded systems. It outlines that embedded systems integrate computer hardware and software onto a single microprocessor board. Key trends in embedded systems include systems-on-a-chip (SoC), wireless technology, multi-core processors, support for multiple languages, improved user interfaces, use of open source technologies, interoperability, automation, enhanced security, and reduced power consumption. SoCs integrate all system components onto a single chip to reduce power usage. Wireless connectivity and multi-core processors improve performance. Embedded systems also support multiple languages and have improved user interfaces.
This document provides an overview of embedded systems, including definitions, common uses, typical hardware components, and microcontrollers. It defines an embedded system as a specialized computer system that is part of a larger device. Embedded systems are used widely in appliances, vehicles, phones, sensors, and more. Common hardware includes microcontrollers, microprocessors, DSPs and system-on-chip designs. The 8051 microcontroller family is discussed as a popular example.
Future Trends of Embedded Systems - Technical Paper PresentationKaushik Gupta
Runner-Up for the State Level Technical Paper Presentation
Certification: Indian Society for Technical Education
More Details on https://www.kaushikgupta.in
This document discusses the development of code templates to simplify serial communication between microcontrollers and sensors using various protocols. It created templates for the SPI, I2C, and UART protocols to interface a Freescale KL25Z microcontroller with sensors like an accelerometer and temperature sensor. The templates reduced the design time needed to incorporate these serial communication protocols into projects. The document tests the templates by using an accelerometer's I2C interface and displaying the output over UART in under 30 minutes, demonstrating the effectiveness of the templates for simplifying future projects.
The document discusses using assessment models to improve the usability and security of wireless sensor networks (WSNs). It proposes a model-based approach involving (1) collecting and mapping user security requirements, (2) describing component properties and how they compose, and (3) defining security models to assess whether requirements are satisfied. The approach aims to bridge the gap between users and technical implementation. An example security model uses attack trees to evaluate if attacks can be prevented or don't apply given the system and requirements.
The document provides an overview of embedded systems. It defines embedded systems as devices used to control, monitor or assist equipment that contain both computer hardware and software. The document then classifies embedded systems based on performance and functional requirements such as real-time, standalone, networked, mobile, and sophistication. Examples of embedded system applications are given across several industries like automobiles, telecommunications, smart cards, missiles, satellites, and consumer electronics. The document concludes by explaining how embedded systems are implemented using either digital circuits or microprocessor-based systems.
Introduction to Embedded Systems I: Chapter 2 (1st portion)Moe Moe Myint
The document provides an introduction to embedded systems and covers several topics:
- The core components of embedded systems including microprocessors, microcontrollers, digital signal processors, programmable logic devices, and commercial off-the-shelf components.
- Memory technologies used in embedded systems such as ROM, RAM, and flash memory.
- Sensors, actuators, and interfacing components like LEDs, displays, and motors.
- Communication interfaces including I2C, SPI, UART, and wireless standards.
- Other system components like reset circuits, oscillators, and watchdog timers.
- PCBs and their role in embedded design.
The document aims to provide learning objectives on the building
Ch 1 introduction to Embedded Systems (AY:2018-2019--> First Semester)Moe Moe Myint
This document provides an introduction to embedded systems for a course at Mandalay Technological University. It includes chapters on what embedded systems are, their typical applications and domains, characteristics, designing systems with microcontrollers, hardware and software co-design, real-time operating systems, and product development processes. The document outlines learning objectives for understanding fundamentals of embedded systems and being able to recognize, comprehend, implement, practice, develop familiarity with tools, and perform lab work related to embedded systems. It also provides an overview of key topics in each chapter and keywords to note related to embedded systems.
Various models reviewed
Sequential programming models
Hierarchical and Concurrent State Machines
Data Flow Models, Discrete Event Models
Each model suitable for particular applications
State Machines for event-oriented control systems
Architecture design of a virtual embedded system pptRajeev Mohanty
The document discusses embedded systems and virtualization techniques. It begins with an introduction to embedded systems, their basic principles and characteristics. Examples of embedded systems are provided. The document then discusses the state of the art in multi-agent systems, embedded systems, and virtualization techniques. It describes insulation, para-virtualization, and full virtualization. The document proposes a solution using an agent-based model and describes a prototype implementation of a virtualized embedded system using a Linux kernel and KVM that provides the benefits of virtualization for embedded systems.
The document provides an introduction to embedded systems including definitions, explanations and comparisons to general purpose computer systems. It discusses the core components of embedded systems including hardware components like processors, memory and I/O as well as software components like operating systems and device drivers. It also covers various embedded system classifications, applications and communication interfaces.
Chapter 3 Charateristics and Quality Attributes of Embedded SystemMoe Moe Myint
This document discusses the characteristics and quality attributes of embedded systems. It begins with learning objectives about understanding the characteristics of embedded systems and important quality metrics. It then describes key characteristics like being application specific, reactive and real-time in nature, operating in harsh environments, being distributed, requiring small size and weight, and having power concerns. Finally, it outlines important quality attributes for embedded systems during operational and non-operational modes, including response, throughput, reliability, maintainability, security, and safety.
Embedded systems are application-specific circuits that combine hardware and software to perform dedicated tasks. Examples include MP3 players, cell phones, medical equipment, appliances, and vehicle components. The first modern embedded system was the Apollo Guidance Computer, while the first mass-produced one was the Autonetics computer for the Minuteman missile. Embedded systems have real-time performance needs, operate with limited resources, and are built into the device they control rather than being general-purpose computers. Common CPU platforms include microprocessors and microcontrollers using architectures like ARM and architectures. Development requires selecting hardware components, a programming language and tools, and debugging the system.
1) Embedded systems are computer systems designed to perform dedicated functions within larger mechanical or electrical systems, often with real-time computing constraints.
2) Hardware platforms for embedded systems include microcontrollers optimized for control applications, digital signal processors for data-intensive applications, and programmable hardware or ASICs.
3) System specialization is important for embedded systems, through techniques like application-specific instruction sets, optimized memory architectures, and heterogeneous registers. This improves properties like performance, power efficiency, and predictability.
Chaired a Technical Session in NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON EMBEDDED SYSTEMS & SIGNAL PROCESSING (NESP-2014) (Jain University)
My Lead talk title of the presentation: Trends and Implications in Embedded Systems Development
The document discusses the 8051 microcontroller architecture. It provides an overview of the 8051 including its Harvard architecture, block diagram showing CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O ports, and timers. It compares features of the 8051, 8052, and 8031 family members and describes the pin functions including power, clock, reset, I/O ports, and external memory interface. It also provides examples of software tools like Keil uVision and Proteus used for 8051 development and programming and discusses a sample traffic light project implemented using an 8051.
This document provides an overview of embedded systems and their processors. It defines an embedded system as having computer hardware and software embedded as important components. Processors are the heart of embedded systems and can be microprocessors or microcontrollers. Components include hardware, memories, ports and application software. Languages for programming embedded systems include C and C++. Embedded systems are classified based on scale, connectivity and mobility. They have constraints like limited memory and need for low power. Common applications include household appliances, audio players, vehicle controllers and medical equipment.
Embedded systems combine computer hardware and software to perform specific tasks. They have limited memory and CPU power compared to desktop systems. Programming embedded systems requires considering the real-time nature and differences in hardware between systems. Embedded systems can be classified based on their performance, requirements, and microcontroller performance. Common applications of embedded systems include automobiles, telecommunications, and consumer electronics. A variety of languages are used for different scales of embedded systems.
This document provides an overview of embedded system development. It begins with an introduction to embedded systems, noting their use in devices like cell phones, cameras, and appliances. It then discusses how embedded systems differ from PCs in having specific, predefined functions and more limited resources. Examples are given of embedded applications and considerations for the software development cycle like architecture and guidelines. Specific guidelines discussed include power management, memory usage, user interfaces, and best practices for coding maintainability, reliability, and efficiency. Sample code is also provided and analyzed.
The document provides an introduction to embedded systems, including:
- An embedded system combines both hardware and software, with computer hardware and software embedded as a component.
- Early examples include NASA's Apollo guidance computer and the Autonetics D-17 guidance computer.
- Embedded systems typically include a CPU, memory, and input/output devices integrated into a single microprocessor-based unit.
- They are classified as standalone, real-time, network information appliances, or mobile devices depending on their use and connectivity.
- Embedded systems have wide applications in areas like industrial control, scientific instruments, biomedical devices, mobile phones and more.
Introduction to Embedded System I : Chapter 2 (2nd portion)Moe Moe Myint
This document provides an introduction to embedded systems. It outlines the learning objectives which include understanding the core components of embedded systems like processors, memory, sensors, communication interfaces, and firmware. It then discusses several topics in detail including different types of memory technologies for program storage and data like ROM, RAM, SRAM, DRAM and NVRAM. It explains the working of ROM variants like PROM, EPROM, EEPROM and FLASH memory. It also compares SRAM and DRAM technologies and their relative merits and demerits. The document provides visual representations of memory cells and concludes with some sample test questions related to embedded system memory.
An embedded system employs a combination of hardware & software to perform a specific function; is part of a larger system that may not be a "computer"; works in a reactive and time-constrained environment. In other words, embedded system is defined as any device that includes a programmable computer but is not itself intended to be a general-purpose computer. The key characteristic is being dedicated to handle a particular task.
This document provides an introduction and overview of embedded systems. It discusses what embedded systems are, common applications and characteristics, constraints of embedded systems, and attributes of reactive real-time embedded systems. It also outlines an embedded system design methodology including formal system specification, synthesis, validation techniques like simulation and formal verification.
This document discusses embedded systems, including their definition, characteristics, and applications. It notes that embedded systems are designed to perform specific tasks, like in MP3 players or aircraft navigation systems. They have limited hardware and software compared to general purpose computers. Embedded systems are used in various applications at home, in vehicles, and industry. They are characterized by being designed for specific tasks, storing software in ROM, and providing low power consumption. The document also compares embedded systems to personal computers and discusses microprocessors, microcontrollers, assembly language, C language, and operating systems in the context of embedded systems.
The document provides an overview of embedded systems. It defines embedded systems as devices used to control, monitor or assist equipment that contain both computer hardware and software. The document then classifies embedded systems based on performance and functional requirements such as real-time, standalone, networked, mobile, and sophistication. Examples of embedded system applications are given across several industries like automobiles, telecommunications, smart cards, missiles, satellites, and consumer electronics. The document concludes by explaining how embedded systems are implemented using either digital circuits or microprocessor-based systems.
Introduction to Embedded Systems I: Chapter 2 (1st portion)Moe Moe Myint
The document provides an introduction to embedded systems and covers several topics:
- The core components of embedded systems including microprocessors, microcontrollers, digital signal processors, programmable logic devices, and commercial off-the-shelf components.
- Memory technologies used in embedded systems such as ROM, RAM, and flash memory.
- Sensors, actuators, and interfacing components like LEDs, displays, and motors.
- Communication interfaces including I2C, SPI, UART, and wireless standards.
- Other system components like reset circuits, oscillators, and watchdog timers.
- PCBs and their role in embedded design.
The document aims to provide learning objectives on the building
Ch 1 introduction to Embedded Systems (AY:2018-2019--> First Semester)Moe Moe Myint
This document provides an introduction to embedded systems for a course at Mandalay Technological University. It includes chapters on what embedded systems are, their typical applications and domains, characteristics, designing systems with microcontrollers, hardware and software co-design, real-time operating systems, and product development processes. The document outlines learning objectives for understanding fundamentals of embedded systems and being able to recognize, comprehend, implement, practice, develop familiarity with tools, and perform lab work related to embedded systems. It also provides an overview of key topics in each chapter and keywords to note related to embedded systems.
Various models reviewed
Sequential programming models
Hierarchical and Concurrent State Machines
Data Flow Models, Discrete Event Models
Each model suitable for particular applications
State Machines for event-oriented control systems
Architecture design of a virtual embedded system pptRajeev Mohanty
The document discusses embedded systems and virtualization techniques. It begins with an introduction to embedded systems, their basic principles and characteristics. Examples of embedded systems are provided. The document then discusses the state of the art in multi-agent systems, embedded systems, and virtualization techniques. It describes insulation, para-virtualization, and full virtualization. The document proposes a solution using an agent-based model and describes a prototype implementation of a virtualized embedded system using a Linux kernel and KVM that provides the benefits of virtualization for embedded systems.
The document provides an introduction to embedded systems including definitions, explanations and comparisons to general purpose computer systems. It discusses the core components of embedded systems including hardware components like processors, memory and I/O as well as software components like operating systems and device drivers. It also covers various embedded system classifications, applications and communication interfaces.
Chapter 3 Charateristics and Quality Attributes of Embedded SystemMoe Moe Myint
This document discusses the characteristics and quality attributes of embedded systems. It begins with learning objectives about understanding the characteristics of embedded systems and important quality metrics. It then describes key characteristics like being application specific, reactive and real-time in nature, operating in harsh environments, being distributed, requiring small size and weight, and having power concerns. Finally, it outlines important quality attributes for embedded systems during operational and non-operational modes, including response, throughput, reliability, maintainability, security, and safety.
Embedded systems are application-specific circuits that combine hardware and software to perform dedicated tasks. Examples include MP3 players, cell phones, medical equipment, appliances, and vehicle components. The first modern embedded system was the Apollo Guidance Computer, while the first mass-produced one was the Autonetics computer for the Minuteman missile. Embedded systems have real-time performance needs, operate with limited resources, and are built into the device they control rather than being general-purpose computers. Common CPU platforms include microprocessors and microcontrollers using architectures like ARM and architectures. Development requires selecting hardware components, a programming language and tools, and debugging the system.
1) Embedded systems are computer systems designed to perform dedicated functions within larger mechanical or electrical systems, often with real-time computing constraints.
2) Hardware platforms for embedded systems include microcontrollers optimized for control applications, digital signal processors for data-intensive applications, and programmable hardware or ASICs.
3) System specialization is important for embedded systems, through techniques like application-specific instruction sets, optimized memory architectures, and heterogeneous registers. This improves properties like performance, power efficiency, and predictability.
Chaired a Technical Session in NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON EMBEDDED SYSTEMS & SIGNAL PROCESSING (NESP-2014) (Jain University)
My Lead talk title of the presentation: Trends and Implications in Embedded Systems Development
The document discusses the 8051 microcontroller architecture. It provides an overview of the 8051 including its Harvard architecture, block diagram showing CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O ports, and timers. It compares features of the 8051, 8052, and 8031 family members and describes the pin functions including power, clock, reset, I/O ports, and external memory interface. It also provides examples of software tools like Keil uVision and Proteus used for 8051 development and programming and discusses a sample traffic light project implemented using an 8051.
This document provides an overview of embedded systems and their processors. It defines an embedded system as having computer hardware and software embedded as important components. Processors are the heart of embedded systems and can be microprocessors or microcontrollers. Components include hardware, memories, ports and application software. Languages for programming embedded systems include C and C++. Embedded systems are classified based on scale, connectivity and mobility. They have constraints like limited memory and need for low power. Common applications include household appliances, audio players, vehicle controllers and medical equipment.
Embedded systems combine computer hardware and software to perform specific tasks. They have limited memory and CPU power compared to desktop systems. Programming embedded systems requires considering the real-time nature and differences in hardware between systems. Embedded systems can be classified based on their performance, requirements, and microcontroller performance. Common applications of embedded systems include automobiles, telecommunications, and consumer electronics. A variety of languages are used for different scales of embedded systems.
This document provides an overview of embedded system development. It begins with an introduction to embedded systems, noting their use in devices like cell phones, cameras, and appliances. It then discusses how embedded systems differ from PCs in having specific, predefined functions and more limited resources. Examples are given of embedded applications and considerations for the software development cycle like architecture and guidelines. Specific guidelines discussed include power management, memory usage, user interfaces, and best practices for coding maintainability, reliability, and efficiency. Sample code is also provided and analyzed.
The document provides an introduction to embedded systems, including:
- An embedded system combines both hardware and software, with computer hardware and software embedded as a component.
- Early examples include NASA's Apollo guidance computer and the Autonetics D-17 guidance computer.
- Embedded systems typically include a CPU, memory, and input/output devices integrated into a single microprocessor-based unit.
- They are classified as standalone, real-time, network information appliances, or mobile devices depending on their use and connectivity.
- Embedded systems have wide applications in areas like industrial control, scientific instruments, biomedical devices, mobile phones and more.
Introduction to Embedded System I : Chapter 2 (2nd portion)Moe Moe Myint
This document provides an introduction to embedded systems. It outlines the learning objectives which include understanding the core components of embedded systems like processors, memory, sensors, communication interfaces, and firmware. It then discusses several topics in detail including different types of memory technologies for program storage and data like ROM, RAM, SRAM, DRAM and NVRAM. It explains the working of ROM variants like PROM, EPROM, EEPROM and FLASH memory. It also compares SRAM and DRAM technologies and their relative merits and demerits. The document provides visual representations of memory cells and concludes with some sample test questions related to embedded system memory.
An embedded system employs a combination of hardware & software to perform a specific function; is part of a larger system that may not be a "computer"; works in a reactive and time-constrained environment. In other words, embedded system is defined as any device that includes a programmable computer but is not itself intended to be a general-purpose computer. The key characteristic is being dedicated to handle a particular task.
This document provides an introduction and overview of embedded systems. It discusses what embedded systems are, common applications and characteristics, constraints of embedded systems, and attributes of reactive real-time embedded systems. It also outlines an embedded system design methodology including formal system specification, synthesis, validation techniques like simulation and formal verification.
This document discusses embedded systems, including their definition, characteristics, and applications. It notes that embedded systems are designed to perform specific tasks, like in MP3 players or aircraft navigation systems. They have limited hardware and software compared to general purpose computers. Embedded systems are used in various applications at home, in vehicles, and industry. They are characterized by being designed for specific tasks, storing software in ROM, and providing low power consumption. The document also compares embedded systems to personal computers and discusses microprocessors, microcontrollers, assembly language, C language, and operating systems in the context of embedded systems.
introduction to Embedded System & Design.
Embedded systems overview
What are they?
Design challenge – optimizing design metrics
Technologies
Processor technologies
IC technologies
Design technologies
Introduction to Embedded Systems and its ApplicationsGaurav Verma
This document outlines the content of a course on basic embedded systems and design. It covers several topics including hardware fundamentals for embedded developers, microprocessors and microcontrollers, real-time operating systems, advanced microprocessors, and communication protocols. For hardware fundamentals, it discusses digital circuit parameters, programmable logic devices like PAL, PLA, CPLD and FPGA, and system on chip. It also provides examples of using PAL and PLA for digital logic design problems. The document contains detailed descriptions of topics along with diagrams and examples.
This document discusses distributed embedded systems and their applications. It provides an overview of digital cameras, including image resolution, capture methods, and formats. It also discusses MP3 audio, including quality, bit rate, and operations. Embedded systems are programmed devices that control or monitor things, and are widely used in applications like digital cameras and MP3 players.
MEMS (micro-electro-mechanical systems) combine mechanical and electrical functions on a single chip using microfabrication technology. The fabrication process for MEMS is similar to that used for making electronic circuits and involves steps such as chemical deposition, physical deposition, lithography, and etching. MEMS can be used to develop microsensors using materials like metals, polymers, ceramics, semiconductors, and composites. Common applications of MEMS include accelerometers, which have advantages over conventional accelerometers such as lower cost, smaller size, and lower power requirements.
This document provides an introduction to embedded systems. It defines embedded systems as electronic systems that perform dedicated tasks and include microcontrollers. Characteristics of embedded systems include high speed, low power consumption, small size, accuracy, adaptability, and reliability. Embedded systems are classified based on their functionality and performance requirements. The document also discusses the hardware architecture of embedded systems including the CPU, memory, I/O ports, communication interfaces, and application-specific circuitry. Recent trends in embedded systems include faster processors, lower power consumption, improved communication interfaces, new operating systems, and programming languages.
MEMS is a technique of combining electrical and mechanical components together on a chip. It produces a system of miniature dimensions i.e the system having thickness less than the thickness of human hair. The components are integrated on a single chip using micro fabrication technology which allows the microsystem to both sense & control the environment.
This presentation provides an overview of embedded systems and describes a collision avoidance robot project. It introduces embedded systems and gives examples. It then describes the key components of embedded systems like processors and memory. It discusses the software used for the project. It introduces the collision avoidance robot project, describing its sensors, control unit, actuators and working. It provides code snippets to show how the robot's movement is controlled based on sensor input to avoid collisions.
1) Embedded computing systems are programmable computers designed for specialized applications rather than general-purpose use. They are found in devices like cell phones, cars, appliances.
2) Early embedded systems date to the 1940s but microprocessors enabled more complex embedded applications starting in the 1970s. Modern vehicles can have over 100 microprocessors controlling various functions.
3) Embedded system design faces challenges like meeting deadlines, minimizing power consumption, and tight design timelines with small teams. Methodical design processes help address these challenges.
An embedded system is a computer system designed to perform one or a few dedicated functions, often with real-time computing constraints. Embedded systems are found in many devices such as mobile phones, cars, appliances, and toys [Paragraph 1]. They are typically specialized for their dedicated functions and have constraints on power, size, and cost. Examples of embedded systems include anti-lock braking systems, digital cameras, medical devices, and factory controllers [Paragraph 2]. A key characteristic of embedded systems is that they interact continuously with their environment through sensors and actuators to perform their dedicated functions in real-time [Paragraph 3].
btech embedded systems ppt ES UNIT-1.pptxSattiBabu16
The document discusses an embedded systems course offered at Aditya College of Engineering & Technology. The course aims to help students understand embedded system design approaches and how to integrate hardware and firmware using a real-time operating system. It covers topics like embedded hardware design, firmware design, and embedded system development and testing. Suggested textbooks are also listed.
Embedded systems combine computer hardware and software to perform specific tasks. They have limited memory and CPU power compared to desktop systems. Programming embedded systems requires considering the real-time nature and differences in hardware. Embedded systems are used in applications like automobiles, telecommunications, and consumer electronics. Each system is designed for specific tasks and interacts with the physical world.
An embedded system is a microprocessor-based computer hardware system designed to perform dedicated functions. Embedded systems can range from simple to complex, depending on the task. They are used in devices like digital watches, microwaves, vehicles, and aircraft. An embedded system consists of hardware, software, and mechanical components working together. The core of an embedded system can be a microprocessor, microcontroller, digital signal processor, or application-specific integrated circuit. Microcontrollers are commonly used in embedded systems due to their ability to perform single tasks with low clock frequencies that optimize interrupt latency.
Julia - THE FIRST BRAIN COMPUTER FIELDBUS INTERFACE ON THE MARKETNicola Urbano
A universal native Fieldbus Slave born with the goal of being used in every sector (e.g. industrial, building automation, medical, etc).
It collects biomedical signals in a synchronized manner using Ethernet Deterministic Fieldbus.
Embedded with modularity that allows integration of more than one slave at at time whether on the same network or different networks using synchronized protocols such as PTP 1588, TSN, etc.
Offers analysis, control, and diagnostics of a single or multi-user scenarios.
This document provides an overview of industrial control systems (ICS) security. It defines ICS and compares them to IT systems. Key differences include availability prioritization over confidentiality and integrity in ICS. The document outlines common ICS components like PLCs and protocols like Modbus. It also discusses common ICS security issues, penetration testing methodology, and approaches to securing ICS. Resources for learning more about ICS security are provided.
Lecture 1 PPT - Introduction to Embedded Systems.pptxcronydeva
The document discusses an introductory lecture on embedded systems, including defining embedded systems, their major components, differences from general computing systems, classification based on generation, complexity and performance, application areas, and purposes which include data collection, communication, processing, monitoring, control and interfaces. The lecture also provides an overview of the history and evolution of embedded systems from early systems like the Apollo Guidance Computer to current generations.
This document discusses embedded systems and provides details about various aspects. It defines embedded systems as devices used to control, monitor or assist equipment operation. Embedded systems consist of custom hardware and a real-time operating system. It describes common embedded system components like CPUs, memory, input/output devices. It also discusses recent embedded system technologies like ARMS, NEST, MoBIES and PCES and their applications in areas like automotive, medical, military and more. In conclusion, the document emphasizes the importance of embedded systems in daily life and the need for engineers to advance embedded system technology.
The document discusses various computer hardware troubleshooting tools, including in-circuit emulators, logic state/timing analyzers, digital multimeters, and cathode-ray oscilloscopes. It provides details on what each tool is used for and how it functions. In-circuit emulators are used to debug software on embedded systems by allowing observation and alteration of the system. Logic analyzers capture and display digital signals and can trigger on patterns. Digital multimeters combine voltage, current and resistance measurements. Cathode-ray oscilloscopes provide time and amplitude measurements of voltage signals.
Embedded OS and Application-2024-01 Embedded system introduction.pdfmengsteabtewelde
This document discusses embedded systems and operating systems. It begins by defining embedded systems and real-time systems. It then discusses embedded operating systems and their use in applications like automotive electronics. The document outlines some key characteristics of embedded systems like being application oriented, having custom hardware and software, and strict requirements around functionality, reliability, cost, size and power consumption. It provides examples of embedded systems across many domains. Finally, it discusses features of embedded operating systems like being specialized, supporting real-time capabilities, and having constraints in memory and power.
The document provides an overview of microcontrollers and embedded systems. It defines an embedded system and describes their characteristics such as real-time operation, small size, low power usage, and operation in harsh environments. It discusses the hardware components of typical embedded systems including microcontrollers. It then focuses on the 8051 microcontroller, describing its architecture and pin layout.
The document discusses embedded systems and microcontrollers. It defines an embedded system as a combination of computer hardware and software designed for a specific application. Microcontrollers are similar to microprocessors but have memory and I/O integrated on a single chip, making them well-suited for embedded applications that require low cost, low power consumption, and small size. The 8051 microcontroller is commonly used in embedded systems due to its low price and availability of development tools. Programming techniques for microcontrollers include assembly language and high-level languages like C.
This document defines and compares embedded systems and computer systems. It discusses the categories and requirements of embedded systems, including standalone, real-time, and networked systems. It describes the typical hardware architecture of embedded systems, including processors, memory, input/output components, and communication devices. The document outlines advantages like low cost and small size, and disadvantages such as difficulty in maintenance. It provides examples of applications for embedded systems in various industries.
This document provides information about a course on system design and methodologies for embedded systems. It includes the course contact information, recommended literature, and an overview of topics to be covered such as characteristics of embedded applications, traditional design flows, and an example design problem involving mapping tasks to processors to meet timing and cost constraints.
20 years of technology leadership through highly challenging projects: microelectronics, embedded systems, telecommunications, railways, mobile and web applications, IT systems for business management.
For additional information:
https://www.pmprofessional.ch
This document provides an overview of the Internet of Things module being taught at the University of Surrey. The module aims to introduce fundamental concepts of the IoT, related technologies, and applications. It will discuss sensing, networking, data processing, and semantic technologies. Topics will include hardware platforms, communications, networks, software/services, security/privacy, and applications. The goal is to develop practical skills transferable to real-world IoT environments.
Design & Implementation Of Fault Identification In Underground Cables Using IOTIRJET Journal
This document describes a project to identify faults in underground cables using IoT. The system uses Ohm's law to determine the distance of a fault by measuring changes in voltage across series resistors in the cable that vary with distance. A microcontroller interfaces with an analog to digital converter to convert voltage measurements to distance readings in kilometers. When a fault occurs, the location is displayed on an LCD screen and sent over the internet via GSM to a website. The system aims to easily locate faults for repair. It was tested accurately identifying faults placed at known distances in a cable model.
1. Embedded systems are computer systems designed to perform dedicated functions within larger mechanical or electrical systems, with software embedded in the hardware.
2. Hardware and software must be designed together in embedded systems. Key considerations include partitioning tasks between hardware and software, hardware design for low power and real-time needs, and software design for modularity, reusability, and real-time guarantees.
3. Real-time systems, including both soft and hard real-time systems, must guarantee response to external events within specified times to avoid glitches or catastrophic failures. The choice of hardware, software, and real-time operating system depends on these timing requirements.
Layers of Computer Science, ISA and uArch Alexander Titov 20 September 2014.li50916ku
This document describes the different layers of abstraction in computer architecture from the application layer down to the physics layer. It focuses on the instruction set architecture (ISA) and microarchitecture layers. The ISA defines the machine language and hardware structures available to programmers. The microarchitecture defines the detailed implementation of hardware structures and operations not visible to programmers. The document uses MIPS as an example ISA and explains key ISA concepts like data formats, memory addressing, registers, and common instruction types.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
2. 1 - 2
Swiss Federal
Institute of Technology
Computer Engineering
and Networks Laboratory
Contents of Lectures (Lothar Thiele)
1. Introduction to Embedded System Design
2. Software for Embedded Systems
3. Real-Time Scheduling
4. Design Space Exploration
5. Performance Analysis
The slides contain material from the “Embedded System Design”
Book and Lecture of Peter Marwedel and from the “Hard
Real-Time Computing Systems” Book of Giorgio Buttazzo.
3. 1 - 3
Swiss Federal
Institute of Technology
Computer Engineering
and Networks Laboratory
Topics
General Introduction to Embedded Systems
Hardware Platforms and Components
! System Specialization
! Application Specific Instruction Sets
• Micro Controller
• Digital Signal Processors and VLIW
! Programmable Hardware
! ASICs
! System-on-Chip
4. 1 - 4
Swiss Federal
Institute of Technology
Computer Engineering
and Networks Laboratory
Main reason for buying is not information processing
Embedded systems (ES) = information processing
systems embedded into a larger product
Examples:
Embedded Systems
5. 1 - 5
Swiss Federal
Institute of Technology
Computer Engineering
and Networks Laboratory
Embedded Systems
external process
embedded system
human interface
sensors, actuators
6. 1 - 6
Swiss Federal
Institute of Technology
Computer Engineering
and Networks Laboratory
Examples of Embedded Systems
Car as an integrated control-, communication and information
system.
ABS
gear box
motor control
climate control
information
7. 1 - 7
Swiss Federal
Institute of Technology
Computer Engineering
and Networks Laboratory
Examples of Embedded Systems
Consumer electronics, for example MP3 Audio, digital camera, home
electronics, … .
sensors
actuators
user interface
processor
8. 1 - 8
Swiss Federal
Institute of Technology
Computer Engineering
and Networks Laboratory
Examples of Embedded Systems
Production systems
9. 1 - 9
Swiss Federal
Institute of Technology
Computer Engineering
and Networks Laboratory
Examples of Embedded Systems
Information systems, for example wireless communication (mobile
phone, Wireless LAN, …), end-user equipment, router, …
10. 1 - 10
Swiss Federal
Institute of Technology
Computer Engineering
and Networks Laboratory
Communicating Embedded Systems
Example: BTnodes (http://www.btnode.ethz.ch)
! complete platform including OS
! especially suited for pervasive computing applications
Sensor
Actuator
11. 1 - 11
Swiss Federal
Institute of Technology
Computer Engineering
and Networks Laboratory
BTnode Platform
generic platform
for ad-hoc
computing
complete
platform
including OS
especially suited
for pervasive
computing
applications
Communication via
Bluetooth
Transceiver
Data
Interfaces
Microprocessor
and Memory
Batteries
2nd Radio
12. 1 - 12
Swiss Federal
Institute of Technology
Computer Engineering
and Networks Laboratory
Communicating Embedded Systems
! sensor networks (civil engineering, buildings, environmental
monitoring, traffic, emergency situations)
! smart products, wearable/ubiquitous computing
MICSMICS
13. 1 - 13
Swiss Federal
Institute of Technology
Computer Engineering
and Networks Laboratory
Characteristics of Embedded Systems (1)
Must be dependable:
! Reliability: R(t) = probability of system working correctly
provided that is was working at t=0
! Maintainability: M(d) = probability of system working
correctly d time units after error occurred.
! Availability: probability of system working at time t
! Safety: no harm to be caused
! Security: confidential and authentic communication
Even perfectly designed systems can fail if the assumptions
about the workload and possible errors turn out to be wrong.
Making the system dependable must not be an after-thought, it
must be considered from the very beginning.
14. 1 - 14
Swiss Federal
Institute of Technology
Computer Engineering
and Networks Laboratory
Characteristics of Embedded Systems (2)
Must be efficient:
! Energy efficient
! Code-size efficient (especially for systems on a chip)
! Run-time efficient
! Weight efficient
! Cost efficient
Dedicated towards a certain application: Knowledge about
behavior at design time can be used to minimize resources
and to maximize robustness.
Dedicated user interface (no mouse, keyboard and screen).
15. 1 - 15
Swiss Federal
Institute of Technology
Computer Engineering
and Networks Laboratory
Characteristics of Embedded Systems (3)
Many ES must meet real-time constraints:
! A real-time system must react to stimuli from the controlled
object (or the operator) within the time interval dictated by the
environment.
! For real-time systems, right answers arriving too late (or even
too early) are wrong.
„A real-time constraint is called hard, if not meeting that
constraint could result in a catastrophe“ [Kopetz, 1997].
! All other time-constraints are called soft.
! A guaranteed system response has to be explained without
statistical arguments.
16. 1 - 16
Swiss Federal
Institute of Technology
Computer Engineering
and Networks Laboratory
Characteristics of Embedded Systems (4)
Frequently connected to physical environment through
sensors and actuators,
Hybrid systems (analog + digital parts).
Typically, ES are reactive systems:
„A reactive system is one which is in continual interaction
with is environment and executes at a pace determined by
that environment“ [Bergé, 1995]
! Behavior depends on input and current state.
" automata model often appropriate,
17. 1 - 17
Swiss Federal
Institute of Technology
Computer Engineering
and Networks Laboratory
Comparison
Embedded Systems
! Few applications that are
known at design-time.
! Not programmable by end
user.
! Fixed run-time requirements
(additional computing power
not useful).
! Criteria:
• cost
• power consumption
• predictability
• …
General Purpose Computing
! Broad class of applications.
! Programmable by end user.
! Faster is better.
! Criteria:
• cost
• average speed
18. 1 - 18
Swiss Federal
Institute of Technology
Computer Engineering
and Networks Laboratory
Topics
General Introduction to Embedded Systems
Hardware Platforms and Components
! System Specialization
! Application Specific Instruction Sets
• Micro Controller
• Digital Signal Processors and VLIW
! Programmable Hardware
! ASICs
! System-on-Chip
19. 1 - 19
Swiss Federal
Institute of Technology
Computer Engineering
and Networks Laboratory
Embedded System Hardware
Embedded system hardware is frequently used in a loop
(„hardware in a loop“):
actuators
embedded system
this course
20. 1 - 20
Swiss Federal
Institute of Technology
Computer Engineering
and Networks Laboratory
Typical Architecture
Microprocessor
• 4, 8, 16, 32, 4 bit bus
• CISC, RISC, DSP
• Integrated peripherals
• Debug/Test Port
• Caches
• Pipeline
• Multiprocessing Systems
DEBUG Port
Non-volatile memory
• EPROM, FLASH, DISK
• Hybrid
Volatile Memory
• DRAM, SRAM
• Hybrid
Custom Devices
• ASIC
• FPGA
• PAL
Standard Devices
• I/O Ports
• Peripheral Controllers
Communication Devices
• Ethernet
• RS-232
• SCSI
• Centronics
• Proprietary
Microprocessor Bus
• Custom
• PCI
• VME
• PC-102
System Clocks
• RTC circuitry
• System clocks
• Integrated in uC
• Imported/Exported
Peripheral Bus
Software
• Application Code
• Driver Code / BIOS
• Real Time Operating System
• User Interface
• Communications Protocol Stacks
• C, C++, Assembly Language, ADA
• Legacy Code
ToOutsideWorld
21. 1 - 21
Swiss Federal
Institute of Technology
Computer Engineering
and Networks Laboratory
Topics
General Introduction to Embedded Systems
Hardware Platforms and Components
! System Specialization
! Application Specific Instruction Sets
• Micro Controller
• Digital Signal Processors and VLIW
! Programmable Hardware
! ASICs
! System-on-Chip
22. 1 - 22
Swiss Federal
Institute of Technology
Computer Engineering
and Networks Laboratory
Implementation Alternatives
Performance
Power Efficiency Flexibility
Application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs)
Application-specific instruction set processors
(ASIPs)
• Microcontroller
• DSPs (digital signal processors)
General-purpose processors
Programmable hardware
• FPGA (field-programmable gate arrays)
23. 1 - 23
Swiss Federal
Institute of Technology
Computer Engineering
and Networks Laboratory
General-purpose Processors
High performance
! Highly optimized circuits and technology
! Use of parallelism
• superscalar: dynamic scheduling of instructions
• super-pipelining: instruction pipelining, branch prediction,
speculation
! complex memory hierarchy
Not suited for real-time applications
! Execution times are highly unpredictable because of
intensive resource sharing and dynamic decisions
Properties
! Good average performance for large application mix
! High power consumption
24. 1 - 24
Swiss Federal
Institute of Technology
Computer Engineering
and Networks Laboratory
Pentium P4
25. 1 - 25
Swiss Federal
Institute of Technology
Computer Engineering
and Networks Laboratory
System Specialization
The main difference between general purpose highest
volume microprocessors and embedded systems is
specialization.
Specialization should respect flexibility
! application domain specific systems shall cover a class of
applications
! some flexibility is required to account for late changes,
debugging
System analysis required
! identification of application properties which can be used for
specialization
! quantification of individual specialization effects
26. 1 - 26
Swiss Federal
Institute of Technology
Computer Engineering
and Networks Laboratory
Example: Code-size Efficiency
CISC machines: RISC machines designed for run-time-,
not for code-size-efficiency.
Compression techniques: key idea
(de)compressor
27. 1 - 27
Swiss Federal
Institute of Technology
Computer Engineering
and Networks Laboratory
Example: Multimedia-Instructions
Multimedia instructions exploit that many registers, adders etc are
quite wide (32/64 bit), whereas most multimedia data types are
narrow
(e.g. 8 bit per color, 16 bit per audio sample per channel)
" 2-8 values can be stored per register and added. E.g.:
+
4 additions per instruction;
carry disabled at word
boundaries.
28. 1 - 28
Swiss Federal
Institute of Technology
Computer Engineering
and Networks Laboratory
Example: Heterogeneous registers
MR
MF
MX MY
*
+,-AR
AF
AX AY
+,-,..
D
P
Address
generation
unit (AGU)
Address-
registers
A0, A1, A2 ..
Different functionality of registers An, AX, AY, AF,MX, MY, MF, MR
Example (ADSP 210x):
29. 1 - 29
Swiss Federal
Institute of Technology
Computer Engineering
and Networks Laboratory
Example: Multiple memory banks or memories
MR
MF
MX MY
*
+,-AR
AF
AX AY
+,-,..
D
P
Address
generation
unit (AGU)
Address-
registers
A0, A1, A2 ..
Simplifies parallel fetches
30. 1 - 30
Swiss Federal
Institute of Technology
Computer Engineering
and Networks Laboratory
Example: Address generation units
• Data memory can only be fetched
with address contained in A,
• but this can be done in parallel with
operation in main data path (takes
effectively 0 time).
• A := A ± 1 also takes 0 time,
• same for A := A ± M;
Example (ADSP 210x):
31. 1 - 31
Swiss Federal
Institute of Technology
Computer Engineering
and Networks Laboratory
Example: Modulo addressing
Modulo addressing:
Am++ ≡ Am:=(Am+1) mod n
(implements ring or circular
buffer in memory)
..
x[t1-1]
x[t1]
x[t1-n+1]
x[t1-n+2]
..
Memory, t=t1 Memory, t2=t1+1
sliding window
x
t1
t
n most
recent
values
..
x[t1-1]
x[t1]
x[t1+1]
x[t1-n+2]
..
32. 1 - 32
Swiss Federal
Institute of Technology
Computer Engineering
and Networks Laboratory
Topics
General Introduction to Embedded Systems
Hardware Platforms and Components
! System Specialization
! Application Specific Instruction Sets
• Micro Controller
• Digital Signal Processors and VLIW
! Programmable Hardware
! ASICs
! System-on-Chip
33. 1 - 33
Swiss Federal
Institute of Technology
Computer Engineering
and Networks Laboratory
Control Dominated Systems
Reactive systems with event driven behavior
Underlying semantics of system description (“input model
of computation”) typically (coupled) Finite State Machines
I/O
signals
output
signals
output
signals
34. 1 - 34
Swiss Federal
Institute of Technology
Computer Engineering
and Networks Laboratory
Microcontroller
control-dominant applications
! supports process scheduling
and synchronization
! preemption (interrupt),
context switch
! short latency times
low power consumption
peripheral units often
integrated
suited for real-time
applications
8051 core
SIECO51 (Siemens)
Major System Components
35. 1 - 35
Swiss Federal
Institute of Technology
Computer Engineering
and Networks Laboratory
Topics
General Introduction to Embedded Systems
Hardware Platforms and Components
! System Specialization
! Application Specific Instruction Sets
• Micro Controller
• Digital Signal Processors and VLIW
! Programmable Hardware
! ASICs
! System-on-Chip
36. 1 - 36
Swiss Federal
Institute of Technology
Computer Engineering
and Networks Laboratory
Data Dominated Systems
Streaming oriented systems with mostly periodic
behavior
Underlying semantics of input description e.g. flow
graphs (“input model of computation”)
Application examples: signal processing, control
engineering
BBf1 f2 f3
f2
B B
B
B: buffer
37. 1 - 37
Swiss Federal
Institute of Technology
Computer Engineering
and Networks Laboratory
Digital Signal Processor
optimized for data-flow applications
suited for simple control flow
parallel hardware units (VLIW)
specialized instruction set
high data throughput
zero-overhead loops
specialized memory
suited for real-time
applications
Major System Components
38. 1 - 38
Swiss Federal
Institute of Technology
Computer Engineering
and Networks Laboratory
MAC (multiply & accumulate)
sum = 0.0;
for (i=0; i<N; i++)
sum = sum + a[i]*b[i];
LDF 0, R0
LDF 0, R1
RPTS N
MPYF3 *(AR0)++, *(AR1)++, R0
|| ADDF3 R0, R1, R1
TMS320C3x Assembler
(Texas Instruments)
MAC - Instruktion
zero-overhead loop
(repeat next instruction N times)
39. 1 - 39
Swiss Federal
Institute of Technology
Computer Engineering
and Networks Laboratory
Very Long Instruction Word (VLIW)
Key idea: detection of possible parallelism to be done by
compiler, not by hardware at run-time (inefficient).
VLIW: parallel operations (instructions) encoded in one long
word (instruction packet), each instruction controlling one
functional unit. E.g.:
Key idea: detection of possible parallelism to be done by
compiler, not by hardware at run-time (inefficient).
VLIW: parallel operations (instructions) encoded in one long
word (instruction packet), each instruction controlling one
functional unit. E.g.:
41. 1 - 41
Swiss Federal
Institute of Technology
Computer Engineering
and Networks Laboratory
Topics
General Introduction to Embedded Systems
Hardware Platforms and Components
! System Specialization
! Application Specific Instruction Sets
• Micro Controller
• Digital Signal Processors and VLIW
! Programmable Hardware
! ASICs
! System-on-Chip
42. 1 - 42
Swiss Federal
Institute of Technology
Computer Engineering
and Networks Laboratory
FPGA – Basic Strucutre
Logic Units
I/O Units
Connections
43. 1 - 43
Swiss Federal
Institute of Technology
Computer Engineering
and Networks Laboratory
FPGA - Classification
Granularity of logic units:
! Gate, tables, memory, functional blocks (ALU, control, data
path, processor)
Communication network:
! Crossbar, hierarchical mesh, tree
Reconfiguration:
! fixed at production time, once at design time, dynamic during
run-time
44. 1 - 44
Swiss Federal
Institute of Technology
Computer Engineering
and Networks Laboratory
Floor-plan of VIRTEX II FPGAs
47. 1 - 47
Swiss Federal
Institute of Technology
Computer Engineering
and Networks Laboratory
Topics
General Introduction to Embedded Systems
Hardware Platforms and Components
! System Specialization
! Application Specific Instruction Sets
• Micro Controller
• Digital Signal Processors and VLIW
! Programmable Hardware
! ASICs
! System-on-Chip
48. 1 - 48
Swiss Federal
Institute of Technology
Computer Engineering
and Networks Laboratory
Application Specific Circuits (ASICS)
Custom-designed circuits necessary
! if ultimate speed or
! energy efficiency is the goal and
! large numbers can be sold.
Approach suffers from
! long design times,
! lack of flexibility
(changing standards) and
! high costs
(e.g. Mill. $ mask costs).
49. 1 - 49
Swiss Federal
Institute of Technology
Computer Engineering
and Networks Laboratory
Topics
General Introduction to Embedded Systems
Hardware Platforms and Components
! System Specialization
! Application Specific Instruction Sets
• Micro Controller
• Digital Signal Processors and VLIW
! Programmable Hardware
! ASICs
! System-on-Chip
50. 1 - 50
Swiss Federal
Institute of Technology
Computer Engineering
and Networks Laboratory
Configurable System-On-Chip
51. 1 - 51
Swiss Federal
Institute of Technology
Computer Engineering
and Networks Laboratory
System-on-a-Chip
Tensilica synthesized and
Confgurable microprocessor
(Soft IP)
[NTNU]