the process by which a bilaminar germ disc is formed within the second week of development. second week is a week of two's. development and clinical implications or correlates. the formation of the 2 fluid cavities
After fertilization, gestation period begins
According to development gestation period divided in to,
i. germinal period ii. embryonic period iii. fetal period
Here the first week of the germinal period is discussed
Zygote undergoes cleavage
The process of each step of cleavage is explained and shown
diagrammatically
The significance of cleavage given.
Formation of morula after the compactum of blastocytes
Pushing of embryoblast towards the animal pole and blastocoel
the formation has taken place.
Formation of blastocyst completed.
A blastocyst is ready for implantation after loosing Zonapellucida.
Implantation begins in the first week of development
After fertilization, gestation period begins
According to development gestation period divided in to,
i. germinal period ii. embryonic period iii. fetal period
Here the first week of the germinal period is discussed
Zygote undergoes cleavage
The process of each step of cleavage is explained and shown
diagrammatically
The significance of cleavage given.
Formation of morula after the compactum of blastocytes
Pushing of embryoblast towards the animal pole and blastocoel
the formation has taken place.
Formation of blastocyst completed.
A blastocyst is ready for implantation after loosing Zonapellucida.
Implantation begins in the first week of development
First week of development after fertilization.pptxiqra osman
1.CLEAVAGE
Cleavage consists of repeated mitotic divisions of the zygote, resulting in a rapid increase in the number of cells
[Moore et al, 2016]
At this stage, each cell is called a blastomere
Occurs as the zygote passes along the uterine tube towards the uterus
Zygote is still within the zona pellucida
Approximately 3 days after fertilization, cells of the compacted embryo divide again to form a 16-cell morula (mulberry).
2.The zygote undergoes repeated division, passing through these stages:
2-cell stage
4-cell stage
8-cell stage
16-cell stage
When there are 16 or more blastomeres, the zygote is considered a morula (a hollow ball of cells)
3.MORULA
After the zygote formation, typical mitotic division of the nucleus occurs by producing two blastomeres.
The two cell stage is reached approximately 30 hours after fertilization. Each contains equal cytoplasmic volume and chromosome numbers.
The blastomeres continue to divide by binary division through 4, 8, 16 cell stage until a cluster of cells is formed and is called morula, resembling a mulberry.
As the total volume of the cell mass is not increased and the zona pellucida remains intact, the morula
after spending about 3 days in the uterine tube enters the uterine cavity through the narrow uterine ostium (1 mm) on the 4th day in the 16-64 cell stage.
4.The transport is a slow process and is controlled by muscular contraction and movement of the cilia. The central cell of the morula is known as inner cell mass which forms the embryo proper and the peripheral cells are called outer cell mass which will form protective and nutritive membranes of the embryo.
5.BLASTULATION
● Compaction
o The blastomeres change shape and tightly align themselves against each other to form a compact ball of cells
Blastulation
The process wherein the morula is transformed into a blastula/blastocyst
A group of cells compact around the edge/periphery à will form the outer cell mass
Another group of cells group together on one side à will form the inner cell mass
A blastula/blastocyst is a ball of cells with an outer cell mass, inner cell mass, and a hollow, fluid-filled cavity
6.Blastocyst formation
4 days post-fertilization, a fluid-filled space appears-called blastocystic cavity.
fluid passes from uterus through zona pellucida to the cavity.
as fluid in cavity increases, blastomeres separate into 2 parts
thin, outer cell layer = trophoblast
inner cell mass = embryoblast
the conceptus is now called a blastocyst.
blastocysts floats in uterine cavity for about 2 days
zona pellucida degenerates,
8.As the cells become more functional, they differentiate
Outer cell mass à Trophoblast
Inner cell mass à Embryoblast
The trophoblast differentiates into two specialized layers that are important for the placenta:
Cytotrophoblast
Syncytiotrophoblast
9.The embryoblast will differentiate into a bilaminar disk, which is made up of:
Epiblast
Hypoblast
10.QUICK OVERVIEW
After Fertilization:
The anterior pituitary releas
This is a slide for complete development in chick ,as chick is a vertebrate so with the help of the development in a chick we can we can understand development in vertebrates .
This topic explains the whole process of growth and development in animal the processes include
Fertilization and incubation
Cleavage
Morula
Blastula
Gastrulation
Notochord And Mesoderm Formation
Neurulation
USMLE GENERAL EMBRYOLOGY 010 Second week of development embryo .pdfAHMED ASHOUR
During the second week of embryonic development, important events occur as the blastocyst undergoes further differentiation and begins the process of implantation into the uterine lining.
The second week is characterized by the differentiation of cell types within the blastocyst and the initiation of implantation into the uterine lining. These processes set the stage for the subsequent stages of embryonic development, including gastrulation and the formation of the three germ layers. The establishment of early extraembryonic structures is crucial for supporting the developing embryo during its early stages of growth.
Anomalies of the first and second branchial archesDr Medical
https://userupload.net/8n9v7tg9jkl1
Anomalies of the branchial arches are the second most common congenital lesions of the head and neck in children [1]. They may present as cysts, sinus tracts, fistulae or cartilaginous remnants and present with typical clinical and radiological patterns dependent on which arch is involved. The course of a particular branchial anomaly is caudal to the structures derived from the corresponding arch and dorsal to the structures that develop from the following arch. Branchial anomalies are further typed into cysts, sinuses, and fistulas.
DEVELOPMENT OF FACE/ Development of face, palate and jawDishikaBhagwani27
• Introduction, General embryology○ Fertilization ○ Formation of germ layers ○ Development of face – •Pharyngeal arches, pouch & clefts ○ Development of nose. development of maxilla & mandible, development of eyes,development of lips & checks Development of head • Development of skull • Development of face.....
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
3. Defination of
bilaminar
disc
• This refers to the
epiblast and hypoblast
evolved from the
embryoblast.
• These two layers are
sandwiched between
two cavities(balloons)
i.e. primitive York sac
and amniotic cavity.
Mudoogo Edgar
4. Development
Zygote Morula Blastocyst
Trophoblast
Embryoblast (Formative mass- 60 cells)
Embryoblast transforms into 2 distinct epithelial
layers just before implantation occurs;
epiblast – outer layer , has columnar cells
Hypobalst- inner layer, has cuboidal cellsMudoogo Edgar
5. The second week of
development is
significant for:
1. The formation of
the bilaminar
disc (two-layers)
– this will give
rise to all the
tissues and
organs of the
body
2. The completion
of implantation
Mudoogo Edgar
6. Syncytiotrophoblast
cells displace the
endometrium
around the
implantation site
The endometrium
has undergone
changes.
Cells have become
filled with
glycogen and
lipids
The nutrients spill
into the
connective tissue
This is called the
decidua reaction
Mudoogo Edgar
7. The syncytiotrophoblast is responsible for hormone
production. hCG maintains the corpus luteum in the
ovary, allowing it to continue to produce P+E.
Produces P+ E to
maintain the pregnancy
Ovary
Uterus
hCG
Mudoogo Edgar
8. The cells of the
embryoblast will also
differentiate into 2
layers:
1. The epiblast- a layer
of high, columnar
cells adjacent to the
amniotic cavity.
2. The hypoblast- A
layer of small
cuboidal cells adjacent
to the blastocyst
cavity.
Together these layers
form a flat disc.
Mudoogo Edgar
9. Amnioblasts (derived
from the epiblast)
separate and form
the lining of the
amniotic cavity.
Cells from the
hypoblast form a
membrane that lines
the inner surface of
the cytotrophoblast.
This forms the
exocoelomic cavity
or primitive yolk sac
Mudoogo Edgar
10. The cavities allow
movement of the
disc
The primordial
uteroplacental
circulation is
established
The yolk sac
contains no yolk-
the embryo is
nourished from
the lacunar
networks- but
may have a role in
selective transfer
of nutrients
Mudoogo Edgar
11. New cells appear
between the yolk
sac and the
cytotrophoblast
They form a layer
of loose
connective tissue:
extraembryonic
mesoderm.
Cavities or spaces
appear in the
extra-embryonic
mesoderm
Mudoogo Edgar
12. The cavities form a
new space- the
chorionic cavity
The primitive yolk sac
is pinched off- a
secondary or
definitive yolk sac is
formed
The cavity divides the
extraembryonic
mesoderm into the
1. Extraembryonic
somatic mesoderm-
lining trophoblast and
amnion
2. Extraembryonic
splanchnic
mesoderm- lines the
yolk sac
Mudoogo Edgar
14. The chorion is formed
by
1. Extraembryonic
somatic mesoderm
2. Cytotrophoblast
3. Syncytiotropho-
blast
The chorion forms the
wall of the
chorionic cavity-
the amniotic cavity
and yolk sac are
suspended in the
chorionic cavity by
the connecting
stalk.
1
2
3
Mudoogo Edgar
15. By day 14 the
embryo has the
form of a flat,
bilaminar disc,
ovoid in shape.
In a localized area
of the hypoblast,
the cells become
more columnar
and form a
thickened circle
area, the
prechordal plate.
Mudoogo Edgar
16. At the end of the
second week:
Trophoblast has
had a period of
growth- greater
than the
embryoblast.
The 2 layer
bilaminar disc
is formed and
will give rise to
other tissues
and structures.
Mudoogo Edgar
17. Clinical correlates
Human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) hormone
produced by syncytiotrophoblast can be detected
by medical test.
Hydatidiform mole – little or no embryonic tissue,
secrete high levels of HCG producing beneign or
malignant tumor (choriocarcinoma). Trophoblast is
well developed.
Mudoogo Edgar
18. Clinical correlates ct’d
Implantation sites usually posterior or anterior wall
of body of uterus
Abnormal implantation sites – ectopic pregnancy
o abdominal cavity- pouch of Douglas
o mesentery
o ampullary region of tube
Mudoogo Edgar
19. Clinical correlates ct’d
o tubal implantation, internal os, ovarian leading to
primary ovarian pregnancy
o interstitial implantation of narrow width of uterine
tube
Bleeding on the day due to increased blood with in
lacunae spaces.
Mudoogo Edgar
20. 2nd week of development: The week of twos
WHY?
Trophoblast ↗cytotrophoblast
↘syncytiotrophoblast
Embryoblast ↗hypoblast
↘epiblast
Extraembronic mesoderm ↗somatopleure
↘splanchnopleure
Cavities ↗amniotic
↘primitive yolk sac
Mudoogo Edgar
21. Mwebare munonga
“JUST BECAUSE YOU KNOW THE STUFF DOESN’T MEAN
YOU ARE SMART……….. YOU HAVE TO KNOW HOW TO
USE THAT INFORMATION”
-JOSH KELLER-
Mudoogo Edgar