08 hiv and aids[1]
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HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is the virus that causes AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome). HIV targets and destroys helper T-cells, which are essential for the immune system. This leaves the body vulnerable to infections and diseases. While antiretroviral treatment can't cure HIV, it can suppress it and help people with HIV live longer, healthier lives. HIV is most often transmitted through unprotected sex with an infected person or sharing needles. Mother-to-child transmission is also possible.
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aids presentation
AIDS is a retroviral disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). It is invariably fatal as there is currently no cure. HIV is believed to have originated from chimpanzees in Central Africa and has since spread globally into a pandemic. HIV infects cells of the immune system, specifically CD4+ T cells, and destroys or impairs their function. This allows opportunistic infections and cancers to thrive. The virus enters the host cell and integrates its genetic material into the host cell DNA, hijacking the cell's replication machinery and using it to produce new virus particles that go on to infect more cells. Common symptoms of HIV infection include fever, weight loss, fatigue, and diarrhea.
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The slideshow describes the vaccination strategies for the dreadly diseases HIV and Tuberculosis with a basic introduction to both the diseases.
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This chapter provides an overview of the immune system, including its history, components, and functions. It discusses early theories and discoveries such as phagocytosis, the clonal selection theory, and antigen receptors on cells. Examples are given of pathogens the immune system defends against, like rotavirus and Pseudomonas, and infections it helps clear, such as filarial worms. The chapter also briefly outlines immune system disorders including allergies, graft rejection, autoimmune diseases, and immunodeficiencies. It notes treatments for conditions like asthma and food allergies.
GKA deel 2 college 5
The document discusses research into genes that provide resistance to HIV infection. It summarizes studies that found a deletion in the CCR5 gene, known as CCR5 Δ32, provides resistance. This mutation prevents expression of the CCR5 receptor on cell surfaces, which HIV uses to enter cells. Those with one copy of the CCR5 Δ32 mutation (heterozygotes) showed a 2-3 year delay in AIDS progression when untreated. The allele is predominantly found in white populations and provides a protective effect against HIV infection. Vaccine research also looked at viruses with deletions in genes like Nef that allow for less replication and infectivity.
Bateriophage
Viruses exist in two forms - living and non-living. They can infect virtually any organism and replicate only in certain cell types, known as their host range. Bacteriophages are viruses that infect and parasitize only bacteria. They were discovered in 1915 and 1917 and are referred to as "phages". Phages exist widely in nature and can be isolated from sewage. They have diverse structures and genetics. Phages attack bacteria through either a lytic cycle where they kill the host, or a lysogenic cycle where they integrate into the host genome. During lysogeny, phage genes can be expressed and alter the host cell, sometimes changing it from harmless to pathogenic like certain cholera-causing
GKA deel 2 college 9
The document discusses various aspects of HIV such as viral phenotypes, genotypes, immunotypes and serotypes. It describes an HIV outbreak in 1998 that infected 418 children in a Libyan hospital. Five Bulgarian nurses and a Palestinian doctor were sentenced to death for negligence but the sentence was later reduced. The viral strains predated the accused individuals. It also discusses immune responses to HIV like T-helper 1 vs 2 responses, mechanisms of CD4+ cell loss, and factors that may allow some infected individuals to avoid AIDS progression. Potential protective roles of co-infections are mentioned. Different types of vaccine strategies are proposed.
Immunogenic Response
The document summarizes the history and effects of HIV/AIDS. It describes how HIV infects CD4+ T cells and monocytes by binding to CD4 receptors. The virus then creates a DNA copy of itself using reverse transcriptase and integrates its DNA into the host cell's DNA. This allows the virus to replicate. The document also outlines key events in the discovery of HIV in the 1980s by French and American researchers. It explains how HIV destroys CD4+ T cells, leading to immune deficiency and the progression to AIDS. Both cellular and humoral immunity are affected as the virus develops escape mutants and masks neutralizing epitopes on its envelope.
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This document contains multiple choice questions about blood transfusion reactions, diagnostic tests for syphilis, and a case of a 30-year-old female with bronchiectasis. Regarding blood transfusions, choices include that ABO incompatibility causes severe haemolysis, FNHTR is due to recipient antibodies to donor leukocytes, and TRALI is caused by donor plasma antibodies to leukocytes. Tests to confirm syphilis include the TPPA antibody test. The best diagnosis for the 30-year-old female with bronchiectasis and infections is a neutrophil defect.
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aids presentation
AIDS is a retroviral disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). It is invariably fatal as there is currently no cure. HIV is believed to have originated from chimpanzees in Central Africa and has since spread globally into a pandemic. HIV infects cells of the immune system, specifically CD4+ T cells, and destroys or impairs their function. This allows opportunistic infections and cancers to thrive. The virus enters the host cell and integrates its genetic material into the host cell DNA, hijacking the cell's replication machinery and using it to produce new virus particles that go on to infect more cells. Common symptoms of HIV infection include fever, weight loss, fatigue, and diarrhea.
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This chapter provides an overview of the immune system, including its history, components, and functions. It discusses early theories and discoveries such as phagocytosis, the clonal selection theory, and antigen receptors on cells. Examples are given of pathogens the immune system defends against, like rotavirus and Pseudomonas, and infections it helps clear, such as filarial worms. The chapter also briefly outlines immune system disorders including allergies, graft rejection, autoimmune diseases, and immunodeficiencies. It notes treatments for conditions like asthma and food allergies.
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The document discusses research into genes that provide resistance to HIV infection. It summarizes studies that found a deletion in the CCR5 gene, known as CCR5 Δ32, provides resistance. This mutation prevents expression of the CCR5 receptor on cell surfaces, which HIV uses to enter cells. Those with one copy of the CCR5 Δ32 mutation (heterozygotes) showed a 2-3 year delay in AIDS progression when untreated. The allele is predominantly found in white populations and provides a protective effect against HIV infection. Vaccine research also looked at viruses with deletions in genes like Nef that allow for less replication and infectivity.
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Viruses exist in two forms - living and non-living. They can infect virtually any organism and replicate only in certain cell types, known as their host range. Bacteriophages are viruses that infect and parasitize only bacteria. They were discovered in 1915 and 1917 and are referred to as "phages". Phages exist widely in nature and can be isolated from sewage. They have diverse structures and genetics. Phages attack bacteria through either a lytic cycle where they kill the host, or a lysogenic cycle where they integrate into the host genome. During lysogeny, phage genes can be expressed and alter the host cell, sometimes changing it from harmless to pathogenic like certain cholera-causing
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The document discusses various aspects of HIV such as viral phenotypes, genotypes, immunotypes and serotypes. It describes an HIV outbreak in 1998 that infected 418 children in a Libyan hospital. Five Bulgarian nurses and a Palestinian doctor were sentenced to death for negligence but the sentence was later reduced. The viral strains predated the accused individuals. It also discusses immune responses to HIV like T-helper 1 vs 2 responses, mechanisms of CD4+ cell loss, and factors that may allow some infected individuals to avoid AIDS progression. Potential protective roles of co-infections are mentioned. Different types of vaccine strategies are proposed.
Immunogenic Response
The document summarizes the history and effects of HIV/AIDS. It describes how HIV infects CD4+ T cells and monocytes by binding to CD4 receptors. The virus then creates a DNA copy of itself using reverse transcriptase and integrates its DNA into the host cell's DNA. This allows the virus to replicate. The document also outlines key events in the discovery of HIV in the 1980s by French and American researchers. It explains how HIV destroys CD4+ T cells, leading to immune deficiency and the progression to AIDS. Both cellular and humoral immunity are affected as the virus develops escape mutants and masks neutralizing epitopes on its envelope.
54 57 part 2 20th
This document contains multiple choice questions about blood transfusion reactions, diagnostic tests for syphilis, and a case of a 30-year-old female with bronchiectasis. Regarding blood transfusions, choices include that ABO incompatibility causes severe haemolysis, FNHTR is due to recipient antibodies to donor leukocytes, and TRALI is caused by donor plasma antibodies to leukocytes. Tests to confirm syphilis include the TPPA antibody test. The best diagnosis for the 30-year-old female with bronchiectasis and infections is a neutrophil defect.
AIDS/HIV
This document provides an overview of AIDS/HIV, including:
- HIV attacks and damages the immune system, leading to AIDS. It was first observed in 1981 in homosexual males. Currently, around 35 million people live with HIV globally.
- HIV is a retrovirus that inserts its RNA into the DNA of host cells using the enzyme reverse transcriptase. There are two main types: HIV-1 is more common and transmissible, while HIV-2 is limited to certain regions.
- HIV infects CD4+ immune cells like T-cells using its envelope proteins gp120 and gp41 to bind and fuse with the host cell membrane. It is primarily transmitted through unprotected sex, contaminated blood, and from mother
2,000 proteins present in hiv virus
AIDS stands for: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome HIV stands for: Human immunodeficiency virus AIDS is a disease of the human immune system caused by the HIV
Humanretroviruses 120401050128-phpapp01
Retroviruses are RNA viruses that contain the enzyme reverse transcriptase which allows their RNA to be converted to DNA. The two major genera of human retroviruses are lentiviruses, such as HIV, and HTLV viruses. HIV targets CD4+ T cells and causes AIDS by destroying the immune system over time. It is transmitted through bodily fluids and replicates by first converting its RNA to DNA then integrating into the host cell genome. Highly active antiretroviral therapy uses multiple drugs to suppress HIV replication and prevent disease progression.
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HIV
HIV is composed of RNA, viral proteins, and host cell proteins surrounded by a lipid membrane. It belongs to the genus Lentivirus and family Retroviridae. The HIV genome contains genes like Gag, Pol, Env, Tat, Rev, Nef, Vif, Vpr, and Vpu/Vpx that encode viral proteins. HIV is transmitted sexually or through blood and can develop into AIDS, which occurs when CD4 counts fall below 200 and the immune system is severely compromised, increasing risk of infections. While there is no cure for HIV/AIDS, antiretroviral treatment can slow its progression.
Peter Blickensderfer benchmark 1
HIV/AIDS was discovered in the 1980s by researchers including Dr. Robert Gallo and Dr. Luc Montagnier, though Gallo did not properly credit Montagnier. HIV slowly damages immune cells, leading to AIDS. It mutates easily, making a vaccine difficult to develop. There are two main types, HIV-1 and HIV-2. Africa has been severely impacted, with over 30 million deaths worldwide. Those most at risk are women, drug users, and those who do not use protection. It has significantly impacted societies and economies by killing many people and requiring substantial funding for treatment research.
Life cycle and pathogenesis hiv
The document summarizes the HIV lifecycle in cells. It explains that HIV binds to CD4 receptors on cells, fuses with the cell membrane, and injects its RNA inside. The viral enzyme reverse transcriptase then converts the RNA into DNA, which is integrated into the cell's DNA by the integrase enzyme. The cell's machinery then reads the viral DNA and produces viral proteins. These proteins self-assemble into new virus particles that bud out of the cell, taking some cell membrane with them.
Hiv life cycle_fs_en
1. HIV begins its life cycle by binding to CD4 receptors and CCR5 or CXCR4 co-receptors on CD4+ T-lymphocytes. It then fuses with and enters the cell, releasing its RNA.
2. An HIV enzyme called reverse transcriptase converts the viral RNA into DNA, which is then integrated into the host cell's DNA by another HIV enzyme called integrase.
3. The integrated HIV DNA, called the provirus, can remain inactive for years within the host cell DNA. When the cell is activated, the provirus uses host enzymes to create new HIV genes and proteins.
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Hiv life cycle
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infects cells by attaching to the CD4 receptor with its gp120 glycoprotein. It requires a co-receptor, CCR5 or CXCR4, for fusion and entry into the cell. Once inside, the viral RNA is converted to DNA by reverse transcriptase. The DNA integrates into the host genome with the help of integrase. The virus hijacks the cell's machinery to produce new viral proteins and RNA, which are assembled into new virus particles that bud from the cell.
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The document discusses Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), which is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). It is transmitted through unprotected sex, contaminated blood transfusions, hypodermic needles, and during pregnancy or breastfeeding. There is currently no cure for AIDS, but treatment involves antiretroviral therapy to suppress HIV and prevent opportunistic infections. Scientists are working to develop more effective treatments such as protease inhibitors, fusion inhibitors, and integrase inhibitors.
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HIV attacks and weakens the immune system by destroying CD4+ T cells. This leaves the body vulnerable to opportunistic infections and diseases. AIDS is the final stage of HIV infection where the CD4+ cell count drops below 200, resulting in life-threatening illnesses. There are two types of HIV - HIV-1 is the predominant global type while HIV-2 is less common and concentrated in West Africa. Both can be transmitted sexually, through blood exposure, and from mother to child, ultimately causing AIDS if left untreated.
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The document discusses HIV and its discovery. It describes how HIV was discovered in 1981 when CDC noted an increase in opportunistic infections in previously healthy individuals with impaired immune function. HIV was isolated in 1983. It provides details on the properties of HIV, how it interacts with and infects host cells, the pathogenesis and progression of HIV infection including how it evades the immune system, and diagnostic tests for HIV including viral detection tests and antibody tests.
Hiv infection
The document provides an overview of HIV and AIDS, including:
- HIV is a virus that weakens the immune system and can lead to AIDS if untreated. There are two types, HIV-1 being more prevalent.
- It is typically transmitted sexually, through blood/needles, or mother-to-child. Diagnosis involves antibody tests like ELISA and confirmation with Western Blot.
- If left untreated, it can take 10-15 years for HIV to develop into AIDS. Antiretroviral treatment can slow disease progression. Current global statistics and highest prevalence areas are mentioned.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) by attacking CD4+ T cells. It enters the host cell, converts its RNA into DNA using the reverse transcriptase enzyme, and incorporates this proviral DNA into the host's genome. This allows the virus to use the host cell's machinery to produce new virus particles and spread infection. There is currently no cure for HIV/AIDS.
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Viruses are infectious agents that can cause disease in humans, animals and plants. They range from those that cause minor illnesses like the common cold to more serious diseases like HIV/AIDS. Viruses insert their genetic material into host cells and use the cell's machinery to replicate. They are host specific and thought to have originated from host cell genetic material. While some viruses can be beneficial for controlling pests, viruses overall are responsible for a wide range of diseases through disrupting normal host functioning. Prevention through vaccines is crucial given viruses cannot be treated with antibiotics.
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The document provides information on HIV/AIDS, including:
- HIV is a retrovirus that infects CD4+ T cells and macrophages, progressively destroying the immune system.
- The virus enters cells using envelope glycoproteins, and its RNA is converted to DNA by reverse transcriptase. The DNA integrates into the host cell's genome.
- As the virus replicates and destroys immune cells, it can eventually cause AIDS, characterized by opportunistic infections. Current antiretroviral treatment aims to suppress viral replication and boost the immune system.
AIDS
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). HIV is a retrovirus that infects CD4 T-lymphocytes and causes immunosuppression. The virus is transmitted via bodily fluids like blood, semen, vaginal secretions. HIV enters cells, converts its RNA to DNA then incorporates into the host cell's genome. This leads to a reduction in CD4 cells and impairment of immune function. Over time AIDS develops, characterized by opportunistic infections as the immune system is compromised.
HIV & AIDS- RAHUL SAHU
The document provides an overview of HIV and AIDS, including:
- The origin and history of HIV, tracing it back to transfers from chimpanzees to humans in Africa in the late 19th/early 20th century.
- The structure and life cycle of HIV, which involves adsorption, penetration, reverse transcription, integration, transcription, and assembly/release of new virus particles.
- How HIV interacts with and affects the immune system, preferentially infecting CD4+ T cells and macrophages/monocytes and ultimately causing immunosuppression.
- The four stages of HIV infection: primary infection, asymptomatic stage, symptomatic stage, and AIDS.
AIDS
HIV causes AIDS by destroying CD4+ T cells, leaving the immune system vulnerable to opportunistic infections. It is a retrovirus that enters cells via CD4 and a coreceptor. It inserts its genetic material into the host cell DNA. New virus particles are assembled and exit to infect other cells. Highly active antiretroviral therapy can slow the virus but has limitations like side effects, cost and drug resistance. HIV originated from cross-species transmission of simian immunodeficiency viruses infecting chimpanzees and mangabeys.
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AIDS/HIV
This document provides an overview of AIDS/HIV, including:
- HIV attacks and damages the immune system, leading to AIDS. It was first observed in 1981 in homosexual males. Currently, around 35 million people live with HIV globally.
- HIV is a retrovirus that inserts its RNA into the DNA of host cells using the enzyme reverse transcriptase. There are two main types: HIV-1 is more common and transmissible, while HIV-2 is limited to certain regions.
- HIV infects CD4+ immune cells like T-cells using its envelope proteins gp120 and gp41 to bind and fuse with the host cell membrane. It is primarily transmitted through unprotected sex, contaminated blood, and from mother
2,000 proteins present in hiv virus
AIDS stands for: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome HIV stands for: Human immunodeficiency virus AIDS is a disease of the human immune system caused by the HIV
Humanretroviruses 120401050128-phpapp01
Retroviruses are RNA viruses that contain the enzyme reverse transcriptase which allows their RNA to be converted to DNA. The two major genera of human retroviruses are lentiviruses, such as HIV, and HTLV viruses. HIV targets CD4+ T cells and causes AIDS by destroying the immune system over time. It is transmitted through bodily fluids and replicates by first converting its RNA to DNA then integrating into the host cell genome. Highly active antiretroviral therapy uses multiple drugs to suppress HIV replication and prevent disease progression.
Viruses and viral diseases and oncogenesis
What is virus History of viruses Virus components How viruses act on genetic material Basic principles What is cancer TWO BASIC MECHANISMS Normal cell cycle ONCOGENES AND TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES CONTROL THE CELL CYCLE Proto ontogenesis and normal cell division CONCEPT OF ONCOGENES
HIV
HIV is composed of RNA, viral proteins, and host cell proteins surrounded by a lipid membrane. It belongs to the genus Lentivirus and family Retroviridae. The HIV genome contains genes like Gag, Pol, Env, Tat, Rev, Nef, Vif, Vpr, and Vpu/Vpx that encode viral proteins. HIV is transmitted sexually or through blood and can develop into AIDS, which occurs when CD4 counts fall below 200 and the immune system is severely compromised, increasing risk of infections. While there is no cure for HIV/AIDS, antiretroviral treatment can slow its progression.
Peter Blickensderfer benchmark 1
HIV/AIDS was discovered in the 1980s by researchers including Dr. Robert Gallo and Dr. Luc Montagnier, though Gallo did not properly credit Montagnier. HIV slowly damages immune cells, leading to AIDS. It mutates easily, making a vaccine difficult to develop. There are two main types, HIV-1 and HIV-2. Africa has been severely impacted, with over 30 million deaths worldwide. Those most at risk are women, drug users, and those who do not use protection. It has significantly impacted societies and economies by killing many people and requiring substantial funding for treatment research.
Life cycle and pathogenesis hiv
The document summarizes the HIV lifecycle in cells. It explains that HIV binds to CD4 receptors on cells, fuses with the cell membrane, and injects its RNA inside. The viral enzyme reverse transcriptase then converts the RNA into DNA, which is integrated into the cell's DNA by the integrase enzyme. The cell's machinery then reads the viral DNA and produces viral proteins. These proteins self-assemble into new virus particles that bud out of the cell, taking some cell membrane with them.
Hiv life cycle_fs_en
1. HIV begins its life cycle by binding to CD4 receptors and CCR5 or CXCR4 co-receptors on CD4+ T-lymphocytes. It then fuses with and enters the cell, releasing its RNA.
2. An HIV enzyme called reverse transcriptase converts the viral RNA into DNA, which is then integrated into the host cell's DNA by another HIV enzyme called integrase.
3. The integrated HIV DNA, called the provirus, can remain inactive for years within the host cell DNA. When the cell is activated, the provirus uses host enzymes to create new HIV genes and proteins.
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Hiv life cycle
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infects cells by attaching to the CD4 receptor with its gp120 glycoprotein. It requires a co-receptor, CCR5 or CXCR4, for fusion and entry into the cell. Once inside, the viral RNA is converted to DNA by reverse transcriptase. The DNA integrates into the host genome with the help of integrase. The virus hijacks the cell's machinery to produce new viral proteins and RNA, which are assembled into new virus particles that bud from the cell.
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The document discusses Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), which is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). It is transmitted through unprotected sex, contaminated blood transfusions, hypodermic needles, and during pregnancy or breastfeeding. There is currently no cure for AIDS, but treatment involves antiretroviral therapy to suppress HIV and prevent opportunistic infections. Scientists are working to develop more effective treatments such as protease inhibitors, fusion inhibitors, and integrase inhibitors.
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HIV attacks and weakens the immune system by destroying CD4+ T cells. This leaves the body vulnerable to opportunistic infections and diseases. AIDS is the final stage of HIV infection where the CD4+ cell count drops below 200, resulting in life-threatening illnesses. There are two types of HIV - HIV-1 is the predominant global type while HIV-2 is less common and concentrated in West Africa. Both can be transmitted sexually, through blood exposure, and from mother to child, ultimately causing AIDS if left untreated.
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The document provides an overview of HIV and AIDS, including:
- HIV is a virus that weakens the immune system and can lead to AIDS if untreated. There are two types, HIV-1 being more prevalent.
- It is typically transmitted sexually, through blood/needles, or mother-to-child. Diagnosis involves antibody tests like ELISA and confirmation with Western Blot.
- If left untreated, it can take 10-15 years for HIV to develop into AIDS. Antiretroviral treatment can slow disease progression. Current global statistics and highest prevalence areas are mentioned.
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Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) by attacking CD4+ T cells. It enters the host cell, converts its RNA into DNA using the reverse transcriptase enzyme, and incorporates this proviral DNA into the host's genome. This allows the virus to use the host cell's machinery to produce new virus particles and spread infection. There is currently no cure for HIV/AIDS.
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The document provides information on HIV/AIDS, including:
- HIV is a retrovirus that infects CD4+ T cells and macrophages, progressively destroying the immune system.
- The virus enters cells using envelope glycoproteins, and its RNA is converted to DNA by reverse transcriptase. The DNA integrates into the host cell's genome.
- As the virus replicates and destroys immune cells, it can eventually cause AIDS, characterized by opportunistic infections. Current antiretroviral treatment aims to suppress viral replication and boost the immune system.
AIDS
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). HIV is a retrovirus that infects CD4 T-lymphocytes and causes immunosuppression. The virus is transmitted via bodily fluids like blood, semen, vaginal secretions. HIV enters cells, converts its RNA to DNA then incorporates into the host cell's genome. This leads to a reduction in CD4 cells and impairment of immune function. Over time AIDS develops, characterized by opportunistic infections as the immune system is compromised.
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The document provides an overview of HIV and AIDS, including:
- The origin and history of HIV, tracing it back to transfers from chimpanzees to humans in Africa in the late 19th/early 20th century.
- The structure and life cycle of HIV, which involves adsorption, penetration, reverse transcription, integration, transcription, and assembly/release of new virus particles.
- How HIV interacts with and affects the immune system, preferentially infecting CD4+ T cells and macrophages/monocytes and ultimately causing immunosuppression.
- The four stages of HIV infection: primary infection, asymptomatic stage, symptomatic stage, and AIDS.
AIDS
HIV causes AIDS by destroying CD4+ T cells, leaving the immune system vulnerable to opportunistic infections. It is a retrovirus that enters cells via CD4 and a coreceptor. It inserts its genetic material into the host cell DNA. New virus particles are assembled and exit to infect other cells. Highly active antiretroviral therapy can slow the virus but has limitations like side effects, cost and drug resistance. HIV originated from cross-species transmission of simian immunodeficiency viruses infecting chimpanzees and mangabeys.
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3. While treatment can suppress HIV and prevent AIDS, there is currently no cure. The epidemic has had a devastating social and economic impact in South Africa by reducing life expectancy and leaving many orphaned children.
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This document summarizes key information about HIV/AIDS, including its history, virology, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. It describes how HIV was first identified in 1981 as the cause of AIDS, belongs to the retrovirus family, and has two types, HIV-1 and HIV-2. Over 30 million people have died of AIDS since 1981, and approximately 2.5 million people are newly infected with HIV each year.
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The document discusses human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). It defines HIV as a retrovirus that infects and damages the immune system, specifically targeting CD4 cells. The three stages of HIV infection are described as primary infection, clinical latency, and AIDS. The structure, life cycle, transmission modes, types (HIV-1 and HIV-2), diagnostic tests, treatment options, and goals of antiretroviral therapy are summarized. Recommended first and second-line antiretroviral regimens are also provided.
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HIV attacks and weakens the immune system by destroying CD4+ T cells. It progresses through three stages: acute infection, clinical latency, and AIDS. HIV is transmitted through bodily fluids and can be prevented through condom use, PrEP, and harm reduction programs. Diagnosis involves antibody and viral load tests. Treatment is lifelong antiretroviral therapy which suppresses the virus but can cause side effects. Pharmacists play a role by dispensing ART, preventing interactions, and educating patients. Despite progress, efforts are still needed to develop more effective prevention and treatment options like a vaccine in order to end the global HIV epidemic.
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The document summarizes the history and biology of HIV/AIDS. It describes how HIV/AIDS was initially recognized in the 1980s due to cases of rare opportunistic infections and cancers in homosexual men. Scientific research eventually identified HIV as the causative infectious retrovirus, which targets and destroys CD4+ T cells, leading to immunosuppression and AIDS if untreated. The global epidemic of HIV/AIDS was also discussed.
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- How electrons occupy distinct energy levels and orbitals around the nucleus, rather than defined circular orbits. Electrons have wave-like properties.
- The shapes of s, p, d and f orbitals and how electrons fill these orbitals according to various principles like Aufbau and Hund's rule.
- Exceptions to the Aufbau principle seen in some elements.
- How to represent electron configurations using both energy level diagrams and shorthand notation.
23 gases
- Gases have negligible volume and molecules are far apart with mostly empty space between them. Gas molecules move randomly in straight lines and collide elastically.
- The kinetic molecular theory describes gas properties including high translational energy of gas molecules that move randomly in all directions.
- Pressure, volume, temperature of gases are directly or inversely related as described by Boyle's, Charles', and Gay-Lussac's laws and the combined gas law.
04 periodic trends v2
- Elements in the same group have similar properties due to having the same number of valence electrons. Atoms get smaller from left to right in a period as protons are added, and larger from top to bottom in a group as energy levels are added.
- Electronegativity, ionization energy, and electron affinity all generally increase from left to right across a period as the effective nuclear charge increases. Electronegativity also increases up a group as the distance from valence electrons to the nucleus decreases.
- Ionization energy increases from top to bottom within a group as it is easier to remove an electron from an atom with fewer energy levels. Electron affinity generally increases from left to right across a period and decreases
22 acids + bases
This document discusses acids and bases. It defines their key properties including reacting with metals, carbonates, conducting electricity, turning litmus paper colors, and neutralizing each other. It explains the theories of Arrhenius, Brønsted-Lowry, and Lewis on acids and bases. It also covers acid-base reactions, indicators, pH, titrations, strong/weak acids and bases, and acid-base stoichiometry.
23 gases
Gases are composed of molecules that are far apart from each other and occupy the entire volume of their container. Gas molecules move randomly in straight lines and collide elastically with each other and the container walls. The kinetic molecular theory describes gases as having negligible intermolecular forces and volume. Pressure, volume, temperature of a gas are related by the combined gas law and ideal gas law. Gas calculations involve using stoichiometry, the ideal gas law, and gas laws like Boyle's, Charles', and Gay-Lussac's to determine volume, pressure, amount, or temperature changes.
22 acids + bases
The document discusses the key properties and reactions of acids and bases. It defines acids as substances that produce hydrogen ions (H+) in water and bases as substances that produce hydroxide ions (OH-). Acids react with metals, carbonates, conduct electricity, turn litmus paper red, and neutralize bases. Bases conduct electricity, turn litmus paper blue, and neutralize acids. Theories of acids and bases including Arrhenius, Brønsted-Lowry, and Lewis are explained. Strong and weak acids/bases, monoprotic/diprotic/triprotic acids, pH, titrations, and acid-base indicators are also covered.
22 solution stoichiometry new
This document provides an overview of solution stoichiometry and includes 3 sample problems demonstrating how to use a balanced chemical equation to solve for unknown quantities. The general steps are: 1) Write the balanced equation, 2) Convert given amounts to moles, 3) Use the mole ratio to calculate moles of the unknown, 4) Convert moles to the required unit. Sample Problem 1 calculates molar concentration of sulfuric acid. Sample Problem 2 determines the minimum volume of sodium carbonate needed. Sample Problem 3 calculates the mass of silver chromate precipitate formed.
21 water treatment
This document discusses water treatment processes including water softening. Water softening is a treatment process that uses chemicals to remove minerals like calcium and magnesium from hard water to make it softer. Acceptable concentrations of chemicals used in water treatment processes are also mentioned.
20 concentration of solutions
- Concentration can be expressed in several ways including mass/volume percent, mass/mass percent, volume/volume percent, parts per million (ppm), and molar concentration (mol/L).
- Mass/volume percent is the mass of solute divided by the volume of solution. Volume/volume percent is the volume of solute divided by the volume of solution.
- Mass/mass percent is the mass of solute divided by the mass of solution. Parts per million (ppm) and parts per billion (ppb) express very small concentrations.
- Molar concentration expresses the number of moles of solute per liter of solution and is the standard unit for expressing concentration in chemistry
22 acids + bases
This document discusses acids and bases according to several theories. It begins by describing the properties of acids, including reacting with metals and carbonates, conducting electricity, turning litmus paper colors, and neutralizing bases. It then discusses the properties of bases. The Arrhenius theory defines acids as substances that produce H+ ions in water and bases as those that produce OH- ions. However, this theory has limitations and does not account for all acids and bases. The Brønsted-Lowry theory broadens the definition to any substance that can donate or accept protons. Strong acids fully dissociate in water while weak acids only partially dissociate. The pH scale measures the concentration of H+ ions on a
19 solutions and solubility
The document discusses key concepts about solutions including:
- The components of a solution are a solvent and one or more solutes. Common solvents include water and gases.
- Factors that affect solubility and the rate of dissolving include temperature, agitation, and surface area of the solute. Increasing these factors generally increases solubility.
- Solutions can be classified as saturated, unsaturated, or supersaturated depending on the amount of solute dissolved compared to the maximum amount possible at a given temperature.
- Solubility is also affected by properties of the solute molecules like polarity, charge, and size - more polar or charged molecules or smaller ions tend to be more soluble.
- Solub
18 percentage yield
The document discusses percentage yield and percentage purity calculations for chemical reactions. It provides an example calculation for percentage yield where 1.72g of ammonia is obtained from a reaction using 7.5g of nitrogen. The percentage yield is calculated to be 18.9%. An example is also given for calculating percentage purity of an impure iron pyrite sample where the purity is found to be 86.3%. Formulae for percentage yield and percentage purity are defined. Key steps like using stoichiometry and unit conversions are highlighted.
14 the mole!!!
The document discusses the mole concept in chemistry. It defines the mole as 6.022x10^23 particles, which is known as Avogadro's number. The mole can refer to individual atoms, molecules, ions or other particles. The document provides examples of how to calculate the number of particles or moles of a substance using the formula N=n×NA. It also discusses molar mass and how to calculate the mass of a substance using the formula m=n×M.
01 significant digits
This document discusses the rules for determining significant digits in measurements and calculations. It defines four main rules:
1. All non-zero digits are significant, as are zeros between non-zero digits.
2. Leading zeros are not significant.
3. Trailing zeros may or may not be significant, depending on whether a decimal is present.
4. In calculations, the answer should match the least number of significant digits in the input values.
It provides examples like 0.08006 having 4 significant digits, and 1000mL having 1 significant digit. The document also covers rounding rules and calculating volumes and perimeters based on measurements to the correct number of significant digits.
13 nuclear reactions
This document discusses isotopes and nuclear reactions. It defines isotopes as atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons. It also describes how atomic mass is calculated based on isotope abundances. The document then discusses four types of nuclear reactions: fusion, fission, alpha decay, and beta decay. It provides examples of writing balanced nuclear equations and calculating half-life. Artificial transmutation and uses of nuclear technology like reactors and weapons are also summarized.
13 isotopes
Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons. Atoms of the same element can have different mass numbers depending on their number of neutrons. The atomic mass listed on the periodic table is an average that takes into account the relative abundances of each isotope of that element. Atomic mass calculations involve multiplying the mass and abundance percentage of each isotope and adding them together.
12 types of chemical reactions
This document defines and provides examples of different types of chemical reactions including synthesis, decomposition, single displacement, double displacement, neutralization, and combustion reactions. Key aspects that determine the reaction type are whether reactants are elements, compounds, or if oxygen is involved. The position of elements in the periodic table also provides clues about reactivity in displacement reactions.
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08 hiv and aids[1]
- 1. HIV and AIDS
- 2. HIV and AIDS HIV: Human Immunodeficiency Virus
- 3. HIV and AIDS AIDS: Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome OR Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
- 5. HIV and AIDS
- 7. HIV and AIDS Peripheral Fat Wasting (lipodystrophy)
- 9. Transcription HIV and AIDS Copying DNA into RNA Reverse Transcription? Copying RNA into DNA
- 10. HIV: A retrovirus Receptors: CD4 molecules Coreceptors: fusin, CCR5 HIV and AIDS
- 11. Retroviruses (RNA Virus) Retroviruses have an enzyme (called reverse transcriptase) that is capable of reverse transcribing their RNA into DNA . This viral DNA can then be integrated into the host cell’s genome. HIV and AIDS
- 16. Retroviruses (RNA Virus) Retroviruses replicate with a high mutation rate, because reverse transcriptase makes several errors! This increases it’s ability to evolve and survive. HIV and AIDS Some mutations will change the virus’ “appearance” and make it unrecognizable to the immune system
- 20. HIV targets helper T-Cells HIV and AIDS
- 21. HIV and AIDS Helper T-cells are essential to the immune system HIV infects helper T-cells Therefore HIV stops the immune system from working
- 22. Helper T-cells are essential to the immune system HIV and AIDS HIV Destroy foreign cells Kill infected cells
- 23. HIV treatment http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mzfnxCEsck4 HIV and AIDS
- 26. How HIV is spread HIV and AIDS
- 27. How vaccines work http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C061bmvk7Hw HIV and AIDS
- 29. Retroviruses (RNA Virus) HIV and AIDS
- 30. Retroviruses (RNA Virus) HIV and AIDS
- 31. Retroviruses (RNA Virus) HIV and AIDS
- 32. Retroviruses (RNA Virus) HIV and AIDS
- 33. Retroviruses (RNA Virus) HIV and AIDS
- 34. Retroviruses (RNA Virus) HIV and AIDS
- 35. Retroviruses (RNA Virus) HIV and AIDS
Editor's Notes
- http://www.aidsactioncoalition.org/images/hiv_virus.gif http://www.rhodes.edu/biology/glindquester/viruses/pagespass/hiv/retrovirus.jpg
- http://www.aidsactioncoalition.org/images/hiv_virus.gif http://www.rhodes.edu/biology/glindquester/viruses/pagespass/hiv/retrovirus.jpg
- http://www.lib.uiowa.edu/hardin/md/cdc/6058.html http://www.geradts.com/anil/ij///vol_003_no_002/reviews/tb/page001.html
- http://www.aidsactioncoalition.org/images/hiv_virus.gif http://www.rhodes.edu/biology/glindquester/viruses/pagespass/hiv/retrovirus.jpg
- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dn1tNIrMPRk&feature=related
- Campbell text: Figure 43.20
- Campbell text: Figure 43.20