HIV attacks and weakens the immune system by destroying CD4+ T cells. It progresses through three stages: acute infection, clinical latency, and AIDS. HIV is transmitted through bodily fluids and can be prevented through condom use, PrEP, and harm reduction programs. Diagnosis involves antibody and viral load tests. Treatment is lifelong antiretroviral therapy which suppresses the virus but can cause side effects. Pharmacists play a role by dispensing ART, preventing interactions, and educating patients. Despite progress, efforts are still needed to develop more effective prevention and treatment options like a vaccine in order to end the global HIV epidemic.
HIV attacks and weakens the immune system by destroying CD4+ T cells. This leaves the body vulnerable to opportunistic infections and diseases. AIDS is the final stage of HIV infection where the CD4+ cell count drops below 200, resulting in life-threatening illnesses. There are two types of HIV - HIV-1 is the predominant global type while HIV-2 is less common and concentrated in West Africa. Both can be transmitted sexually, through blood exposure, and from mother to child, ultimately causing AIDS if left untreated.
The document provides information about AIDS/HIV including:
- HIV infects and destroys CD4 cells, weakening the immune system over time.
- It has several phases from acute infection to AIDS if untreated.
- It is transmitted through certain bodily fluids and can be prevented through condom use, medication, and needle safety.
- Complications increase as the immune system weakens, allowing opportunistic infections.
- Treatment involves antiretroviral therapy to suppress the virus with various drug classes.
HIV/AIDS is caused by the HIV virus which weakens the immune system by destroying CD4 cells. If untreated it can progress to AIDS, defined by a CD4 count below 200 or opportunistic infections. HIV is transmitted through sexual contact, blood transfusions, needle sharing, and from mother to child. While there is no cure, antiretroviral treatment can control the virus and prevent progression to AIDS if taken as prescribed. Monitoring involves regular testing of CD4 count and viral load to determine treatment effectiveness.
It Contains Pathogenesis of viral diseases like AIDS, Hepatitis, Influenza and Rabies.
It contains detail pathogenesis with various verified sources.
You can refer references to visit the sources used.
The document provides an overview of HIV and AIDS, including:
- HIV is a virus that weakens the immune system and can lead to AIDS if untreated. There are two types, HIV-1 being more prevalent.
- It is typically transmitted sexually, through blood/needles, or mother-to-child. Diagnosis involves antibody tests like ELISA and confirmation with Western Blot.
- If left untreated, it can take 10-15 years for HIV to develop into AIDS. Antiretroviral treatment can slow disease progression. Current global statistics and highest prevalence areas are mentioned.
HIV infection and AIDS was first recognized in the United States in 1981. Globally, 38 million people were living with HIV in 2019. The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the etiologic agent of AIDS and belongs to the family of lentiviruses. HIV is transmitted through sexual contact or exposure to infected blood or blood products. Treatment involves lifelong antiretroviral therapy to suppress the virus and prevent disease progression.
HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus and can be transmitted through sexual contact, blood transmission, or from mother to child. There are two types of HIV, HIV-1 being more prevalent. HIV progresses to AIDS by weakening the immune system over time. Prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) aims to prevent HIV transmission from mother to child during pregnancy, birth, or breastfeeding through testing, treatment, and replacement feeding. Antiretroviral therapy can suppress HIV and slow disease progression.
The document discusses Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), which is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). It is transmitted through unprotected sex, contaminated blood transfusions, hypodermic needles, and during pregnancy or breastfeeding. There is currently no cure for AIDS, but treatment involves antiretroviral therapy to suppress HIV and prevent opportunistic infections. Scientists are working to develop more effective treatments such as protease inhibitors, fusion inhibitors, and integrase inhibitors.
HIV attacks and weakens the immune system by destroying CD4+ T cells. This leaves the body vulnerable to opportunistic infections and diseases. AIDS is the final stage of HIV infection where the CD4+ cell count drops below 200, resulting in life-threatening illnesses. There are two types of HIV - HIV-1 is the predominant global type while HIV-2 is less common and concentrated in West Africa. Both can be transmitted sexually, through blood exposure, and from mother to child, ultimately causing AIDS if left untreated.
The document provides information about AIDS/HIV including:
- HIV infects and destroys CD4 cells, weakening the immune system over time.
- It has several phases from acute infection to AIDS if untreated.
- It is transmitted through certain bodily fluids and can be prevented through condom use, medication, and needle safety.
- Complications increase as the immune system weakens, allowing opportunistic infections.
- Treatment involves antiretroviral therapy to suppress the virus with various drug classes.
HIV/AIDS is caused by the HIV virus which weakens the immune system by destroying CD4 cells. If untreated it can progress to AIDS, defined by a CD4 count below 200 or opportunistic infections. HIV is transmitted through sexual contact, blood transfusions, needle sharing, and from mother to child. While there is no cure, antiretroviral treatment can control the virus and prevent progression to AIDS if taken as prescribed. Monitoring involves regular testing of CD4 count and viral load to determine treatment effectiveness.
It Contains Pathogenesis of viral diseases like AIDS, Hepatitis, Influenza and Rabies.
It contains detail pathogenesis with various verified sources.
You can refer references to visit the sources used.
The document provides an overview of HIV and AIDS, including:
- HIV is a virus that weakens the immune system and can lead to AIDS if untreated. There are two types, HIV-1 being more prevalent.
- It is typically transmitted sexually, through blood/needles, or mother-to-child. Diagnosis involves antibody tests like ELISA and confirmation with Western Blot.
- If left untreated, it can take 10-15 years for HIV to develop into AIDS. Antiretroviral treatment can slow disease progression. Current global statistics and highest prevalence areas are mentioned.
HIV infection and AIDS was first recognized in the United States in 1981. Globally, 38 million people were living with HIV in 2019. The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the etiologic agent of AIDS and belongs to the family of lentiviruses. HIV is transmitted through sexual contact or exposure to infected blood or blood products. Treatment involves lifelong antiretroviral therapy to suppress the virus and prevent disease progression.
HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus and can be transmitted through sexual contact, blood transmission, or from mother to child. There are two types of HIV, HIV-1 being more prevalent. HIV progresses to AIDS by weakening the immune system over time. Prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) aims to prevent HIV transmission from mother to child during pregnancy, birth, or breastfeeding through testing, treatment, and replacement feeding. Antiretroviral therapy can suppress HIV and slow disease progression.
The document discusses Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), which is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). It is transmitted through unprotected sex, contaminated blood transfusions, hypodermic needles, and during pregnancy or breastfeeding. There is currently no cure for AIDS, but treatment involves antiretroviral therapy to suppress HIV and prevent opportunistic infections. Scientists are working to develop more effective treatments such as protease inhibitors, fusion inhibitors, and integrase inhibitors.
This document provides information on managing patients with AIDS. It discusses the introduction and global impact of HIV/AIDS. It then covers basic facts about HIV and AIDS, including causative agents, transmission, clinical staging, opportunistic infections, cancers, and complications. The remainder of the document outlines diagnosis, treatment, nursing management including common nursing diagnoses, and prevention of HIV/AIDS. It aims to inform on all aspects of caring for patients living with HIV/AIDS.
This power point presentation summarizes infectious diseases, specifically HIV/AIDS. It defines infectious diseases and describes how they can be transmitted between people through various means. It then focuses on HIV, explaining what it is, how it attacks the immune system over time, its life cycle within the body, and how it is transmitted most commonly through unprotected sex or needle sharing. The presentation also outlines the HIV testing process and goals of treatment to suppress the virus and prevent further transmission.
This presentation provides an overview of HIV and AIDS, including:
1. Definitions of HIV as the virus that causes AIDS and weakens the immune system, and AIDS as the final stage of HIV infection.
2. HIV-1 is the most common type worldwide and generally causes AIDS faster than HIV-2, which is mostly found in West Africa.
3. HIV is transmitted through bodily fluids and can be spread through unprotected sex, blood contact, or from mother to child during pregnancy or breastfeeding. Proper precautions can prevent transmission.
Hiv infection progresses from asymptomatic infection to AIDS, the most severe stage. It is caused by the HIV virus which depletes CD4+ T cells, weakening the immune system. Left untreated, opportunistic infections develop. HIV is transmitted via blood, sex, or perinatally. Treatment involves antiretroviral therapy to suppress the virus indefinitely and treat any infections, with the goals of prolonging life, improving quality of life, and restoring immune function. Nursing care focuses on medication adherence, nutrition, symptom management, and psychological support.
HIV/AIDS is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) which attacks CD4 T-cells and weakens the immune system. This leaves individuals vulnerable to opportunistic infections. While there is no cure for AIDS, antiretroviral drug combinations can suppress the virus and allow immune recovery. However, HIV persists in reservoirs and treatment must continue to prevent resurgence. Prevention efforts focus on behavior changes like abstinence and condom use as well as reducing needle sharing. Access to treatment varies globally and developing nations often lack resources for advanced therapies available elsewhere. Education has helped curb transmission in some African countries but challenges remain in combating misinformation and harmful practices.
This document summarizes key information about sexually transmitted diseases. It begins with an introduction that defines sexually transmitted diseases and how they are transmitted between people through intimate contact and sharing of bodily fluids. It then lists and describes three major sexually transmitted diseases - HIV/AIDS, Human Papilloma Virus (HPV), and Hepatitis B. For each disease, it discusses the causative virus or bacteria, symptoms, treatment options, and prevention methods. The document concludes by emphasizing the importance of screening, treatment, and awareness of sexually transmitted diseases.
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) by infecting and destroying helper T cells. There are two strains of HIV, HIV-1 being more virulent and prevalent globally. HIV is transmitted via bodily fluids and replicates by entering immune cells and integrating its genetic material into the host cell. While there is no vaccine or cure for HIV/AIDS, highly active antiretroviral therapy can suppress the virus and prevent progression to AIDS if taken consistently.
Hepatitis C is a viral infection that infects approximately 3% of the world's population. It is a chronic infection in most cases and replicates mainly in liver hepatocytes and blood cells. The virus is transmitted through blood and spreads through various means such as sharing needles or medical equipment contaminated with infected blood. While there is no vaccine, antiviral drug treatments involving interferon and ribavirin can successfully treat the infection in 30-50% of patients.
Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver that is usually caused by a viral infection, including hepatitis A, B, C, D, E, and G viruses. The document discusses each type of viral hepatitis in terms of its discovery date, prevalence, transmission routes, prevention methods, and available treatments. For most types, vaccination and practicing good hygiene are emphasized for prevention, while treatment varies depending on the viral agent and may involve antiviral medications.
Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver that can be caused by viruses, alcohol, drugs, toxins, and autoimmune diseases. There are 5 main types of viral hepatitis: Hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Hepatitis A and E are typically acute but Hepatitis B, C, and D can be acute or chronic. Chronic hepatitis B and C can lead to cirrhosis and liver cancer. Treatment depends on the cause but involves rest, proper nutrition, fluid maintenance, immunoglobulins, antivirals, and vaccination. Patient education focuses on prevention, risk factors, and symptom monitoring.
Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver that can be caused by viruses, alcohol, drugs, toxins and autoimmune diseases. There are 5 main types of viral hepatitis: Hepatitis A, B, C, D and E. Hepatitis A and E are typically acute but Hepatitis B, C and D can be acute or chronic. Chronic hepatitis B and C can lead to cirrhosis and liver cancer. Symptoms are similar to the flu. Treatment depends on the cause but involves rest, proper nutrition, fluid maintenance and medications to treat the virus in some cases. Education is important to prevent transmission.
HIV is a virus that weakens the immune system by destroying CD4 cells. It can lead to AIDS if not treated. The document discusses HIV/AIDS including definitions, epidemiology in India, risk factors, transmission methods, the virus life cycle, stages of infection, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment approaches. It provides an overview of HIV from introduction through various treatment strategies and guidelines in India.
Today is World AIDS Day, December 1st. Various government and non-government organizations in Nepal are organizing programs related to HIV/AIDS awareness and prevention. HIV is a virus that attacks immune cells and can develop into AIDS if left untreated. Common ways of transmitting HIV include unprotected sex, sharing needles, and mother-to-child transmission during birth or breastfeeding. While there is no vaccine, antiretroviral treatment can control the virus and prevent transmission. It is important to get tested, practice safe sex, and seek treatment to prevent the spread of HIV/AIDS.
This powerpoint, deals with HIV pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, mode of transmission and diagnostic parameters.
Purely based on clinical pharmacist perspective.
1. HIV causes AIDS by infecting and destroying CD4 T cells, progressively weakening the immune system.
2. There is currently no vaccine for HIV. Treatment involves combinations of antiretroviral drugs that target different parts of the virus's life cycle.
3. Prevention through education is the most effective strategy, particularly for high-risk groups where transmission is more likely to occur through sexual contact or intravenous drug use. Regular testing and treatment can also help prevent further spread.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is an enveloped RNA virus that infects and destroys CD4+ T cells of the immune system. HIV belongs to the retrovirus family and has two types, HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV replication involves binding to CD4 receptors on cells, integration into the host genome, and production of new virus particles. Infection progresses to AIDS as CD4 cells are depleted. There is currently no cure for HIV/AIDS, but treatment with antiretroviral drugs can suppress the virus and prolong life.
This document provides information about HIV infections and AIDS. It begins by describing HIV and AIDS, noting it was first recognized in 1981 and is caused by the HIV virus. It then discusses epidemiology, stating that as of 2000 there were an estimated 36 million people living with HIV/AIDS worldwide and 4 million in India. The document goes on to describe the normal immune system, how HIV works including its lifecycle, and the stages of HIV infection from primary infection through disease progression. It also covers transmission methods, high risk groups, viral structure, diagnosis, oral manifestations, and prevention.
This document summarizes information about HIV/AIDS. It begins by noting that the first reported HIV case was in 1981 and the virus was isolated in 1983. There are two types of HIV - HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV is believed to have originated from closely related viruses found in non-human primates. The virus is transmitted primarily through unprotected sexual intercourse and contaminated blood/needles. While antiretroviral therapy has slowed the pandemic, there is still no cure for HIV/AIDS. The document outlines the pathogenesis, clinical stages, diagnosis, and transmission routes of HIV in further detail over multiple pages.
1. HIV has two stages - an acute stage lasting around 4 weeks with flu-like symptoms, and a chronic stage that can last 20 years where the virus resides in lymph nodes.
2. HIV is transmitted through blood or sexual contact, or from mother to child. There is no cure but treatment with antiretroviral therapy can allow those infected to live long lives.
3. HIV's fast replication causes many strains to develop, making vaccination difficult. It is prevalent in Africa where lack of healthcare means it passes from mothers to children through breastfeeding.
The document provides information about the liver and Hepatitis C virus. It discusses the anatomy and function of the liver, as well as the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of Hepatitis C. Regarding Hepatitis C specifically, it notes that there are over 150 million chronic cases globally, it is transmitted through blood and bodily fluids, and while there is no vaccine, many new highly effective drug regimens have been developed to cure over 95% of cases. The document provides a comprehensive overview of Hepatitis C for medical students and healthcare professionals.
Cellulose is a polysaccharide composed of glucose units linked together by beta-1,4-glycosidic bonds. It is the main component of plant cell walls and is produced by plants and some bacteria through biosynthesis. In plants, cellulose synthesis occurs on plasma membrane-bound rosette terminal complexes that polymerize glucose residues from UDP-glucose to form cellulose chains. These chains then assemble into crystalline microfibrils in the cell wall. Cellulose is widely used to produce derivatives like cellulose esters and rayon. Rayon is a regenerated cellulose fiber produced through a chemical process involving wood pulp. It has the same molecular structure as cellulose. Catgut is prepared from the natural
Gels are semisolid systems consisting of small particles suspended in a liquid that is given structure through the addition of a gelling agent. This causes a high degree of physical or chemical cross-linking that results in high viscosity and a semi-solid state. Gels can be single or multiphase depending on if the components are uniformly distributed or separated. Common gelling agents include carbomers, cellulose derivatives, and natural gums. Gels are used topically in products like acne treatments, anti-inflammatories, and vaginal medications due to their ability to maintain drug levels at application sites.
This document provides information on managing patients with AIDS. It discusses the introduction and global impact of HIV/AIDS. It then covers basic facts about HIV and AIDS, including causative agents, transmission, clinical staging, opportunistic infections, cancers, and complications. The remainder of the document outlines diagnosis, treatment, nursing management including common nursing diagnoses, and prevention of HIV/AIDS. It aims to inform on all aspects of caring for patients living with HIV/AIDS.
This power point presentation summarizes infectious diseases, specifically HIV/AIDS. It defines infectious diseases and describes how they can be transmitted between people through various means. It then focuses on HIV, explaining what it is, how it attacks the immune system over time, its life cycle within the body, and how it is transmitted most commonly through unprotected sex or needle sharing. The presentation also outlines the HIV testing process and goals of treatment to suppress the virus and prevent further transmission.
This presentation provides an overview of HIV and AIDS, including:
1. Definitions of HIV as the virus that causes AIDS and weakens the immune system, and AIDS as the final stage of HIV infection.
2. HIV-1 is the most common type worldwide and generally causes AIDS faster than HIV-2, which is mostly found in West Africa.
3. HIV is transmitted through bodily fluids and can be spread through unprotected sex, blood contact, or from mother to child during pregnancy or breastfeeding. Proper precautions can prevent transmission.
Hiv infection progresses from asymptomatic infection to AIDS, the most severe stage. It is caused by the HIV virus which depletes CD4+ T cells, weakening the immune system. Left untreated, opportunistic infections develop. HIV is transmitted via blood, sex, or perinatally. Treatment involves antiretroviral therapy to suppress the virus indefinitely and treat any infections, with the goals of prolonging life, improving quality of life, and restoring immune function. Nursing care focuses on medication adherence, nutrition, symptom management, and psychological support.
HIV/AIDS is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) which attacks CD4 T-cells and weakens the immune system. This leaves individuals vulnerable to opportunistic infections. While there is no cure for AIDS, antiretroviral drug combinations can suppress the virus and allow immune recovery. However, HIV persists in reservoirs and treatment must continue to prevent resurgence. Prevention efforts focus on behavior changes like abstinence and condom use as well as reducing needle sharing. Access to treatment varies globally and developing nations often lack resources for advanced therapies available elsewhere. Education has helped curb transmission in some African countries but challenges remain in combating misinformation and harmful practices.
This document summarizes key information about sexually transmitted diseases. It begins with an introduction that defines sexually transmitted diseases and how they are transmitted between people through intimate contact and sharing of bodily fluids. It then lists and describes three major sexually transmitted diseases - HIV/AIDS, Human Papilloma Virus (HPV), and Hepatitis B. For each disease, it discusses the causative virus or bacteria, symptoms, treatment options, and prevention methods. The document concludes by emphasizing the importance of screening, treatment, and awareness of sexually transmitted diseases.
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) by infecting and destroying helper T cells. There are two strains of HIV, HIV-1 being more virulent and prevalent globally. HIV is transmitted via bodily fluids and replicates by entering immune cells and integrating its genetic material into the host cell. While there is no vaccine or cure for HIV/AIDS, highly active antiretroviral therapy can suppress the virus and prevent progression to AIDS if taken consistently.
Hepatitis C is a viral infection that infects approximately 3% of the world's population. It is a chronic infection in most cases and replicates mainly in liver hepatocytes and blood cells. The virus is transmitted through blood and spreads through various means such as sharing needles or medical equipment contaminated with infected blood. While there is no vaccine, antiviral drug treatments involving interferon and ribavirin can successfully treat the infection in 30-50% of patients.
Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver that is usually caused by a viral infection, including hepatitis A, B, C, D, E, and G viruses. The document discusses each type of viral hepatitis in terms of its discovery date, prevalence, transmission routes, prevention methods, and available treatments. For most types, vaccination and practicing good hygiene are emphasized for prevention, while treatment varies depending on the viral agent and may involve antiviral medications.
Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver that can be caused by viruses, alcohol, drugs, toxins, and autoimmune diseases. There are 5 main types of viral hepatitis: Hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Hepatitis A and E are typically acute but Hepatitis B, C, and D can be acute or chronic. Chronic hepatitis B and C can lead to cirrhosis and liver cancer. Treatment depends on the cause but involves rest, proper nutrition, fluid maintenance, immunoglobulins, antivirals, and vaccination. Patient education focuses on prevention, risk factors, and symptom monitoring.
Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver that can be caused by viruses, alcohol, drugs, toxins and autoimmune diseases. There are 5 main types of viral hepatitis: Hepatitis A, B, C, D and E. Hepatitis A and E are typically acute but Hepatitis B, C and D can be acute or chronic. Chronic hepatitis B and C can lead to cirrhosis and liver cancer. Symptoms are similar to the flu. Treatment depends on the cause but involves rest, proper nutrition, fluid maintenance and medications to treat the virus in some cases. Education is important to prevent transmission.
HIV is a virus that weakens the immune system by destroying CD4 cells. It can lead to AIDS if not treated. The document discusses HIV/AIDS including definitions, epidemiology in India, risk factors, transmission methods, the virus life cycle, stages of infection, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment approaches. It provides an overview of HIV from introduction through various treatment strategies and guidelines in India.
Today is World AIDS Day, December 1st. Various government and non-government organizations in Nepal are organizing programs related to HIV/AIDS awareness and prevention. HIV is a virus that attacks immune cells and can develop into AIDS if left untreated. Common ways of transmitting HIV include unprotected sex, sharing needles, and mother-to-child transmission during birth or breastfeeding. While there is no vaccine, antiretroviral treatment can control the virus and prevent transmission. It is important to get tested, practice safe sex, and seek treatment to prevent the spread of HIV/AIDS.
This powerpoint, deals with HIV pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, mode of transmission and diagnostic parameters.
Purely based on clinical pharmacist perspective.
1. HIV causes AIDS by infecting and destroying CD4 T cells, progressively weakening the immune system.
2. There is currently no vaccine for HIV. Treatment involves combinations of antiretroviral drugs that target different parts of the virus's life cycle.
3. Prevention through education is the most effective strategy, particularly for high-risk groups where transmission is more likely to occur through sexual contact or intravenous drug use. Regular testing and treatment can also help prevent further spread.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is an enveloped RNA virus that infects and destroys CD4+ T cells of the immune system. HIV belongs to the retrovirus family and has two types, HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV replication involves binding to CD4 receptors on cells, integration into the host genome, and production of new virus particles. Infection progresses to AIDS as CD4 cells are depleted. There is currently no cure for HIV/AIDS, but treatment with antiretroviral drugs can suppress the virus and prolong life.
This document provides information about HIV infections and AIDS. It begins by describing HIV and AIDS, noting it was first recognized in 1981 and is caused by the HIV virus. It then discusses epidemiology, stating that as of 2000 there were an estimated 36 million people living with HIV/AIDS worldwide and 4 million in India. The document goes on to describe the normal immune system, how HIV works including its lifecycle, and the stages of HIV infection from primary infection through disease progression. It also covers transmission methods, high risk groups, viral structure, diagnosis, oral manifestations, and prevention.
This document summarizes information about HIV/AIDS. It begins by noting that the first reported HIV case was in 1981 and the virus was isolated in 1983. There are two types of HIV - HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV is believed to have originated from closely related viruses found in non-human primates. The virus is transmitted primarily through unprotected sexual intercourse and contaminated blood/needles. While antiretroviral therapy has slowed the pandemic, there is still no cure for HIV/AIDS. The document outlines the pathogenesis, clinical stages, diagnosis, and transmission routes of HIV in further detail over multiple pages.
1. HIV has two stages - an acute stage lasting around 4 weeks with flu-like symptoms, and a chronic stage that can last 20 years where the virus resides in lymph nodes.
2. HIV is transmitted through blood or sexual contact, or from mother to child. There is no cure but treatment with antiretroviral therapy can allow those infected to live long lives.
3. HIV's fast replication causes many strains to develop, making vaccination difficult. It is prevalent in Africa where lack of healthcare means it passes from mothers to children through breastfeeding.
The document provides information about the liver and Hepatitis C virus. It discusses the anatomy and function of the liver, as well as the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of Hepatitis C. Regarding Hepatitis C specifically, it notes that there are over 150 million chronic cases globally, it is transmitted through blood and bodily fluids, and while there is no vaccine, many new highly effective drug regimens have been developed to cure over 95% of cases. The document provides a comprehensive overview of Hepatitis C for medical students and healthcare professionals.
Cellulose is a polysaccharide composed of glucose units linked together by beta-1,4-glycosidic bonds. It is the main component of plant cell walls and is produced by plants and some bacteria through biosynthesis. In plants, cellulose synthesis occurs on plasma membrane-bound rosette terminal complexes that polymerize glucose residues from UDP-glucose to form cellulose chains. These chains then assemble into crystalline microfibrils in the cell wall. Cellulose is widely used to produce derivatives like cellulose esters and rayon. Rayon is a regenerated cellulose fiber produced through a chemical process involving wood pulp. It has the same molecular structure as cellulose. Catgut is prepared from the natural
Gels are semisolid systems consisting of small particles suspended in a liquid that is given structure through the addition of a gelling agent. This causes a high degree of physical or chemical cross-linking that results in high viscosity and a semi-solid state. Gels can be single or multiphase depending on if the components are uniformly distributed or separated. Common gelling agents include carbomers, cellulose derivatives, and natural gums. Gels are used topically in products like acne treatments, anti-inflammatories, and vaginal medications due to their ability to maintain drug levels at application sites.
Pesticides are chemical agents used to control or eliminate pests. Natural and artificial controls are used to control pests. Natural controls include predators and changing environmental conditions. Artificial controls include mechanical, agricultural, chemical and biological methods. Common types of pesticides include insecticides, herbicides, fungicides and rodenticides. Many plants contain chemical constituents that make them effective pesticides, such as nicotine from tobacco, rotenone from Derris roots, and azadirachtin from neem. These plant-derived pesticides can control insects, fungi, weeds and rodents in a natural way.
Papaveraceae family (poppy capsule + sanguinaria) .pptxAhmadShafiq43
The document summarizes information about two plants from the Papaveraceae family: Sanguinaria canadensis (bloodroot) and Papaver somniferum (opium poppy). It provides details on their botanical names, parts used, sensory characteristics, major chemical constituents, uses, and dosages. Both plants contain alkaloids with medicinal properties. Bloodroot contains sanguinarine and is used as an emetic and expectorant. Opium poppy contains morphine, codeine, and thebaine and its latex is used as an analgesic, sedative, and to treat diarrhea.
Diagnostic tools for disease evaluation.pdfAhmadShafiq43
This document provides information on various diagnostic tools used for disease evaluation. It describes X-ray scanners, magnetic resonance imaging scanners, computerized tomography scanners, positron emission tomography scans, blood analyzers, urine analyzers, blood pressure monitors, spirometers, ophthalmoscopes, ultrasounds, and biopsies. Each tool is used to examine a different part of the body or test a specific bodily function to aid in disease diagnosis.
This document discusses several central nervous system stimulants and hallucinogens. It describes their mechanisms of action, therapeutic uses, and adverse effects. Key stimulants discussed include caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, amphetamines, atomoxetine, methylphenidate, and modafinil. Hallucinogens covered are LSD, PCP, THC, and rimonabant. Therapeutic uses include treatment of ADHD, narcolepsy, and obesity. Adverse effects can include dependence, withdrawal symptoms, anxiety, increased heart rate and blood pressure, psychosis, and seizures.
The digestive system breaks down food, absorbs nutrients, and eliminates waste. It includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder and pancreas. Food is ingested, propelled through the system, and undergoes both mechanical and chemical digestion. Nutrients are absorbed through the intestinal walls and waste is eliminated as feces. Glands and organs secrete enzymes and hormones to regulate digestion.
Fungi are eukaryotic organisms that were historically classified as plants but are now recognized as a distinct kingdom. They differ from plants in that they lack chlorophyll and their cell walls contain chitin rather than cellulose. Fungi reproduce both sexually through the formation of spores like zygospores or basidiospores, and asexually through budding or the formation of conidia. Major groups of fungi include molds, mushrooms, and yeasts. Molds form branching filaments called hyphae that allow them to absorb nutrients, while mushrooms form visible fruiting bodies above ground. Yeasts are single-celled fungi that reproduce by budding.
This document provides information about the pharmacognostical study of Aloe vera leaves and latex. It discusses the botanical name, common names, geographical source, sensory characteristics, major chemical constituents including anthraquinone glycosides and specific compounds like aloin, uses as a laxative and for skin benefits, dose, safety concerns, interactions, and phytochemical group of Aloe vera. It also provides references for further information.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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2. Table of Content
I. Introduction
Definition of HIV and AIDS
Overview of the HIV/AIDS epidemic
II. The Biology of HIV
Structure of the virus
Life cycle of the virus
Modes of transmission
III. Immune Response to HIV
The role of CD4+ T cells in the immune system
How HIV affects the immune system
The stages of HIV infection
3. Table of Content
IV. Diagnosis and Treatment of HIV
Testing for HIV
Antiretroviral therapy (ART)
Side effects of ART
Challenges in treating HIV
V. Prevention and Control of HIV
HIV prevention strategies
HIV/AIDS education and awareness
The role of pharmacists in HIV care
Role of a Pharmacist in HIV & AIDs prevention
VI. Conclusion
The impact of HIV and AIDS on global health
Future directions for HIV research and treatment
Why HIV don’t have a vaccine till now
5. Introduction
Hepatitis means inflammation of the liver.
The liver is a vital organ that processes nutrients, filters the blood, and fights
infections. When the liver is inflamed or damaged, its function can be affected.
Heavy alcohol use, toxins, some medications, and certain medical conditions can
cause hepatitis.
Types
Hepatitis is classified into five types (A, B, C, D, and E), each caused by different
viruses. These viruses are transmitted through contaminated food and water, blood
transfusions, or sexual contact.
6. Hepatitis A
Hepatitis A is caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV) and is transmitted through
ingestion of contaminated food and water or through close contact with an infected
person.
It is an acute infection, which means that it usually resolves on its own without
treatment within a few weeks. However, in rare cases, it can cause severe liver
damage.
Incubation period: 3-5 weeks with an average of 25 days
Treatment
Most cases of hepatitis A do not require treatment as the body can clear the virus
on its own within a few weeks. However, supportive care such as rest, hydration,
and medication for symptoms like nausea and fever may be recommended.
7. Hepatitis B
Hepatitis B is caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and is transmitted through
blood or other bodily fluids of an infected person, such as during unprotected
sex, sharing needles, or from mother to child during childbirth. It can cause
both acute and chronic infections, and chronic infections can lead to liver
damage or liver cancer.
Incubation period: 2-5 months
Treatment
Acute cases of hepatitis B also do not require treatment as the body can clear
the virus on its own. However, in chronic cases, antiviral medications such as
entecavir, tenofovir, and interferon-alpha may be prescribed to slow down the
progression of the disease and reduce the risk of liver damage.
8. Hepatitis E
Hepatitis B is complex structure with 3 distinct antigens:
HBcAg - Hepatitis B core antigen
HBsAg - Hepatitis B surface antigen
HBeAg – Independent protein circulating in blood
9. Hepatitis C
Hepatitis C is caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV) and is transmitted through
blood-to-blood contact, such as sharing needles or receiving a blood
transfusion with infected blood. It can also be transmitted through sexual
contact with an infected person. Hepatitis C can cause chronic infection, which
can lead to liver damage or liver cancer.
Treatment
Antiviral medications such as direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) are the main
treatment for hepatitis C. These drugs can cure more than 95% of hepatitis C
cases, and the treatment usually lasts for 8-12 weeks. DAAs include drugs
such as sofosbuvir, ledipasvir, daclatasvir, and ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir.
10. Hepatitis D
Hepatitis D is caused by the hepatitis D virus (HDV) and can only infect people
who already have hepatitis B. It is transmitted through contact with infected
blood or other bodily fluids, and can cause acute or chronic infections.
Treatment
There is no specific treatment for hepatitis D, and the treatment for hepatitis B
is usually recommended to manage the symptoms and reduce the risk of liver
damage.
11. Hepatitis E
Hepatitis E is caused by the hepatitis E virus (HEV) and is transmitted through
ingestion of contaminated food or water. It is usually an acute infection, which
resolves on its own within a few weeks. However, it can cause severe liver
damage in pregnant women, and can lead to chronic infection in people with
weakened immune systems.
Treatment
Similar to hepatitis A, most cases of hepatitis E do not require treatment as the
virus can clear on its own. Supportive care is usually recommended, such as
rest and hydration.
12. Dignostic tests for hepatitis
Liver function tests (LFTs): These tests measure the levels of certain enzymes and
proteins in the blood, which can indicate liver damage or inflammation.
Hepatitis virus serology: This involves testing for the presence of specific antibodies
and antigens associated with Hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E.
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test: This test can detect and measure the
genetic material (DNA or RNA) of the Hepatitis virus in the blood.
Liver biopsy: This involves taking a small sample of liver tissue to examine under a
microscope for signs of inflammation, scarring, or other damage.
Imaging tests: Ultrasound, CT scans, and MRI scans can be used to visualize the
liver and detect abnormalities such as swelling or scarring.
13. Introduction
HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is a virus that attacks the immune
system and can lead to AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome). AIDS
is a condition where the immune system is weakened and unable to fight off
infections and diseases.
Since the first case was identified in 1981, HIV/AIDS has become a global
epidemic, with over 38 million people living with HIV worldwide. Sub-Saharan
Africa is the region most affected by HIV, accounting for two-thirds of all people
living with HIV.
In Pakistan, according to the National AIDS Control Program, there were an
estimated 160,000 people living with HIV at the end of 2020. The prevalence of
HIV in Pakistan is relatively low, at 0.09% of the general population.
15. The Biology of HIV
Structure: HIV is a retrovirus, which means it has RNA as its genetic material and
uses the enzyme reverse transcriptase to convert RNA to DNA. The virus has a
lipid envelope that contains surface proteins, including the gp120 protein that binds
to CD4+ T cells.
16. The Biology of HIV
Life cycle of the virus: HIV infects CD4+ T cells and uses the cell machinery
to replicate its genetic material and produce new virus particles. The virus can
also infect other immune cells and organs, such as the brain and lymph nodes.
Stages of Life Cycle:
1. Binding
2. Fusion
3. Reverse Transcription
4. Integration
5. Replication
6. Assembly
7. Budding
17. Stages of Life Cycle
1. Attachment
occurs when the GP120 protein projections make contact and bind with a CD4
receptor. In addition, there is also binding with certain co-receptors called CCR5 or
CXCR4 to gain entry into the cell.
2. Fusion
occurs when the virus becomes united with the cell and dumps its content into the
cell, which is genetic material (RNA) and enzymes (unpacks it “suitcase”).
3. Reverse transcription
Now it’s time for getting into the cell’s nucleus and becoming integrated with the
cell! Therefore, the single strand of viral RNA needs to turn into viral DNA. The HIV
virus brought along with it an enzyme called reverse transcriptase. This enzyme
causes the viral RNA to turn into double stranded DNA. This viral DNA moves into
the nucleus of the cell.
18. Stages of Life Cycle
4. Integrate
Once inside the nucleus it needs to hijack the cell’s DNA (hence become part of it
so it can take control, produce more HIV virus, and kill the cell). To do this, the HIV
DNA strand releases another enzyme called integrase, which allows it to become
part of the cell’s DNA. So, it’s now integrated into the cell’s DNA.
5. Replicate
Now that the HIV’s DNA is in control, it starts to use the parts of the hijacked cell to
make long chains of the virus.
6. Assembly
These long chains and other viral material are being assembled and start to move
toward the cell’s surface.
19. Stages of Life Cycle
7. Budding
The assembled parts start to grow (hence bud) off the cell wall.
8. Maturity
Once it has completely grown off the cell’s surface, it pops off. Then protease (an
enzyme that cuts the long chain of virus prepping it for maturity) completes its job of
maturing the viral material, and a new mature virus is born. The cell that the HIV
virus hijacked dies, and this new mature HIV virus has a mission of finding another
cell victim with a CD4 receptor. It then starts the whole process again.
20.
21. The Biology of HIV
Modes of transmission: HIV can be transmitted through blood, semen, vaginal
fluids, breast milk, and other bodily fluids. The most common modes of
transmission are sexual contact, sharing of needles or syringes, and mother-to-
child transmission during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding.
22. Immune Response to HIV
Role of CD4+ T cells in the immune system: CD4+ T cells are a type of
white blood cell that help coordinate the immune response to infections. They
recognize foreign pathogens and activate other immune cells to eliminate
them.
How HIV affects the immune system: HIV infects and destroys CD4+ T cells,
leading to a weakened immune system that is susceptible to opportunistic
infections and cancers.
23. Immune Response to HIV
The stages of HIV infection: HIV infection progresses through Three Stages:
• Acute infection
• Clinical latency
• AIDS.
24. Immune Response to HIV
During acute infection, the virus replicates rapidly and causes flu-like symptoms.
Clinical latency is a period of relatively low viral activity, but CD4+ T cells are
gradually depleted.
AIDS is characterized by a CD4+ T cell count below 200 cells/mm3 or the
occurrence of opportunistic infections.
25. Diagnosis and Treatment of HIV
Testing for HIV: HIV can be detected through blood tests that look for antibodies
to the virus or viral proteins. Rapid tests are also available that can provide results
within minutes.
Some of the laboratories in Pakistan that provide HIV testing facilities include:
• National AIDS Control Program (NACP)
• Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences (PIMS)
• Aga Khan University Hospital (AKUH)
• Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre
• Chughtai Lab
• Punjab AIDS Control Program (PACP)
• Dow University Hospital
• Pakistan Red Crescent Society (PRCS)
26. Diagnosis and Treatment of HIV
Tests used for Diagnosis of HIV:
Antibody screening test: This is a blood test that detects HIV antibodies
produced by the body in response to HIV infection. The test can be conducted
using various methods, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
(ELISA), rapid antibody tests, and oral fluid tests.
Western blot test: This is a confirmatory test that is used to confirm the results
of an antibody screening test. The Western blot detects specific HIV proteins in the
blood to confirm the presence of HIV antibodies.
27. Diagnosis and Treatment of HIV
Nucleic acid test (NAT): This is a blood test that detects the genetic material (RNA) of
the virus itself. NAT can detect HIV infection earlier than antibody tests, but it is more expensive
and may not be as widely available.
p24 antigen test: This is a blood test that detects the p24 protein produced by the virus
during the early stages of HIV infection. The test is less commonly used than antibody tests or
NAT but can be useful for detecting HIV in the early stages of infection.
It's important to note that no single test can definitively diagnose HIV infection. Rather, a
sequence or algorithm of tests is typically used to confirm the presence of HIV antibodies or the
virus itself. Additionally, a positive HIV test result does not necessarily mean that a person has
AIDS, as HIV infection can be effectively managed with antiretroviral therapy.
28. Diagnosis and Treatment of HIV
Antiretroviral therapy (ART): ART is a combination of drugs that suppress the
replication of HIV and reduce the viral load in the body. The goal of ART is to maintain
a low viral load and preserve CD4+ T cells to prevent opportunistic infections and
prolong survival.
29. Diagnosis and Treatment of HIV
Side effects of ART: ART can cause side effects such as nausea, diarrhea,
fatigue, and changes in body fat distribution. These side effects can affect
medication adherence and quality of life for people living with HIV.
30. Diagnosis and Treatment of HIV
Challenges in treating HIV: HIV treatment requires lifelong adherence to
medication, which can be challenging for some patients.
In addition, drug resistance can develop if ART is not taken as prescribed.
31. Prevention and Control of HIV
HIV prevention strategies: HIV can be prevented through strategies such as
condom use, pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), and harm reduction programs for
people who inject drugs. HIV education and awareness campaigns can also help
reduce stigma and discrimination against people living with HIV.
HIV/AIDS education and awareness: Education and awareness about HIV/AIDS
can help reduce the spread of the virus and improve the quality of life for people
living with HIV. This can include teaching about safe sex practices, providing
information on HIV testing and treatment, and promoting HIV prevention and care
32. Role of a Pharmacist in HIV and AIDs
Pharmacists play a vital role in the prevention, treatment, and management of HIV
and AIDS. Here are some ways in which pharmacists can contribute:
Dispensing antiretroviral therapy (ART)
Monitoring drug interactions
Providing counseling and education
Promoting HIV prevention
Advocating for access to care
33. Conclusion
HIV and AIDS continue to be a significant global health challenge, affecting millions
of people worldwide. Despite progress in HIV prevention, testing, and treatment,
much work remains to be done to end the epidemic. The impact of HIV and AIDS
extends beyond health, affecting social, economic, and political systems, and
further efforts are needed to address the social and structural drivers of HIV
transmission.
The future of HIV research and treatment is promising, with ongoing efforts to
develop new prevention and treatment options, such as long-acting medications,
vaccines, and gene therapies. Additionally, research is exploring the potential for
HIV cure, which would represent a significant advance in HIV treatment.
34. Why HIV don't have a vaccine till
now?
There are several reasons for this:
• HIV is a highly variable virus
• The immune response to HIV is complex
• Lack of animal models
• Limited understanding of protective immunity