Immunogenic Response
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The document summarizes the history and effects of HIV/AIDS. It describes how HIV infects CD4+ T cells and monocytes by binding to CD4 receptors. The virus then creates a DNA copy of itself using reverse transcriptase and integrates its DNA into the host cell's DNA. This allows the virus to replicate. The document also outlines key events in the discovery of HIV in the 1980s by French and American researchers. It explains how HIV destroys CD4+ T cells, leading to immune deficiency and the progression to AIDS. Both cellular and humoral immunity are affected as the virus develops escape mutants and masks neutralizing epitopes on its envelope.
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This document discusses novel approaches for understanding and treating HIV/AIDS. It covers recent research on the HIV virus itself, how it interacts with and infects host cells, and the host and environmental factors involved. Some key points include using antibodies or proteins from breast milk to block HIV, exploiting vulnerable areas exposed on the virus during infection, using gene therapy to insert modified viruses into cells, and developing multi-part vaccine regimens to both prime and boost the immune response against HIV.
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The document summarizes how HIV infects and replicates within cells. It begins by explaining the structure of HIV, which has a lipid membrane and envelope proteins containing two strands of viral RNA and the reverse transcriptase enzyme. It then describes the five step process of HIV infection: 1) HIV attaches to CD4 receptors on T-helper cells; 2) viral RNA is converted to DNA by reverse transcriptase; 3) viral DNA integrates into host cell DNA; 4) viral RNA and proteins are produced and assembled; 5) new viruses bud off from the host cell, destroying it in the process.
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HIV is a retrovirus that contains two copies of RNA and enzymes like reverse transcriptase that play a role in replicating its genetic material. It has a conical capsid enclosed in a lipid bilayer containing glycoproteins that bind to CD4 receptors on T cells, allowing the virus to enter the host cell. Inside the cell, reverse transcriptase converts the viral RNA into DNA which is then incorporated into the host cell's chromosome. The virus follows a life cycle in T cells involving attaching to CD4 receptors, entering the cell, converting its RNA to DNA, integrating into the host DNA, producing new viral proteins and particles, and ultimately killing the T cell.
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The document discusses the seven stages of the HIV life cycle: 1) viral attachment, 2) binding and fusion, 3) viral uncoating, 4) transcription and translation, 5) integration, 6) assembly, and 7) maturation and budding. It provides details on the key processes that occur at each stage, such as how HIV attaches to and enters CD4 cells, converts its RNA to DNA with reverse transcriptase, integrates into the host cell DNA, assembles new viral proteins, and buds from the host cell to infect other cells. The entire cycle allows HIV to hijack the host cell machinery to replicate itself and spread infection throughout the body.
Life cycle and pathogenesis hiv
The document summarizes the HIV lifecycle in cells. It explains that HIV binds to CD4 receptors on cells, fuses with the cell membrane, and injects its RNA inside. The viral enzyme reverse transcriptase then converts the RNA into DNA, which is integrated into the cell's DNA by the integrase enzyme. The cell's machinery then reads the viral DNA and produces viral proteins. These proteins self-assemble into new virus particles that bud out of the cell, taking some cell membrane with them.
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The document discusses the transmission of HIV/AIDS through various modes:
1) Sexual transmission is the most common mode, occurring through unprotected vaginal, anal and oral sex. Anal intercourse poses the highest risk while oral sex has a lower but present risk.
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Bacteriophage are viruses that infect bacteria by injecting their DNA or RNA genome into the bacterial cell. The viral genome is then used by the host cell to produce more virus particles. T4 bacteriophage contains DNA bounded by a protein coat and looks like a small spaceship under a microscope.
HIV targets the immune system of humans by infecting T-helper cells. It contains an RNA genome bounded by a protein coat. HIV uses the enzyme reverse transcriptase to convert its RNA into DNA, which is then incorporated into the host cell's genome to produce new viral particles and ultimately cause AIDS.
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The document summarizes how HIV infects and replicates within cells. It begins by explaining the structure of HIV, which has a lipid membrane and envelope proteins containing two strands of viral RNA and the reverse transcriptase enzyme. It then describes the five step process of HIV infection: 1) HIV attaches to CD4 receptors on T-helper cells; 2) viral RNA is converted to DNA by reverse transcriptase; 3) viral DNA integrates into host cell DNA; 4) viral RNA and proteins are produced and assembled; 5) new viruses bud off from the host cell, destroying it in the process.
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HIV is a retrovirus that contains two copies of RNA and enzymes like reverse transcriptase that play a role in replicating its genetic material. It has a conical capsid enclosed in a lipid bilayer containing glycoproteins that bind to CD4 receptors on T cells, allowing the virus to enter the host cell. Inside the cell, reverse transcriptase converts the viral RNA into DNA which is then incorporated into the host cell's chromosome. The virus follows a life cycle in T cells involving attaching to CD4 receptors, entering the cell, converting its RNA to DNA, integrating into the host DNA, producing new viral proteins and particles, and ultimately killing the T cell.
Hiv cycle
The document discusses the seven stages of the HIV life cycle: 1) viral attachment, 2) binding and fusion, 3) viral uncoating, 4) transcription and translation, 5) integration, 6) assembly, and 7) maturation and budding. It provides details on the key processes that occur at each stage, such as how HIV attaches to and enters CD4 cells, converts its RNA to DNA with reverse transcriptase, integrates into the host cell DNA, assembles new viral proteins, and buds from the host cell to infect other cells. The entire cycle allows HIV to hijack the host cell machinery to replicate itself and spread infection throughout the body.
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The document summarizes the HIV lifecycle in cells. It explains that HIV binds to CD4 receptors on cells, fuses with the cell membrane, and injects its RNA inside. The viral enzyme reverse transcriptase then converts the RNA into DNA, which is integrated into the cell's DNA by the integrase enzyme. The cell's machinery then reads the viral DNA and produces viral proteins. These proteins self-assemble into new virus particles that bud out of the cell, taking some cell membrane with them.
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The document discusses the transmission of HIV/AIDS through various modes:
1) Sexual transmission is the most common mode, occurring through unprotected vaginal, anal and oral sex. Anal intercourse poses the highest risk while oral sex has a lower but present risk.
2) Transmission can also occur through blood, such as transfusions or sharing needles. Procedures involving piercing of skin like tattoos or circumcision can also transmit HIV.
3) Mother-to-child transmission is another mode, where the virus can be passed during pregnancy, delivery or through breastfeeding. The risk of transmission from an HIV-positive mother to her newborn ranges from 12-35%.
HIV VS AIDS. Can we prevent HIV transformation into AIDS?
This document discusses HIV and AIDS, specifically looking at whether we can prevent HIV from transforming into AIDS. It provides background on HIV/AIDS, noting that HIV causes AIDS by destroying CD4+ T cells. It discusses the role of CD4+ T cells in the immune system and how HIV infection leads to a reduction in CD4+ counts. The document explores various mechanisms by which HIV causes CD8+ T cell depletion and considers whether blocking apoptosis of these cells could benefit treatment of AIDS.
Hiv infection
The document provides an overview of HIV and AIDS, including:
- HIV is a virus that weakens the immune system and can lead to AIDS if untreated. There are two types, HIV-1 being more prevalent.
- It is typically transmitted sexually, through blood/needles, or mother-to-child. Diagnosis involves antibody tests like ELISA and confirmation with Western Blot.
- If left untreated, it can take 10-15 years for HIV to develop into AIDS. Antiretroviral treatment can slow disease progression. Current global statistics and highest prevalence areas are mentioned.
ch 20 ppt HIV.ppt
1. HIV causes AIDS by infecting and destroying CD4 T cells, progressively weakening the immune system.
2. There is currently no vaccine for HIV. Treatment involves combinations of antiretroviral drugs that target different parts of the virus's life cycle.
3. Prevention through education is the most effective strategy, particularly for high-risk groups where transmission is more likely to occur through sexual contact or intravenous drug use. Regular testing and treatment can also help prevent further spread.
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The document provides information on HIV/AIDS, including:
- HIV is a retrovirus that infects CD4+ T cells and macrophages, progressively destroying the immune system.
- The virus enters cells using envelope glycoproteins, and its RNA is converted to DNA by reverse transcriptase. The DNA integrates into the host cell's genome.
- As the virus replicates and destroys immune cells, it can eventually cause AIDS, characterized by opportunistic infections. Current antiretroviral treatment aims to suppress viral replication and boost the immune system.
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HIV causes AIDS by infecting and destroying CD4+ T cells. It is transmitted sexually or through blood/bodily fluids. After entering the body, HIV binds to CD4 receptors on T cells, integrates into the host cell DNA, and uses the cell's machinery to replicate. This leads to the destruction of infected T cells and ultimately a collapse of the immune system as CD4+ T cell counts decline severely. As the immune system is compromised, opportunistic infections and cancers then develop, characterizing the onset of AIDS.
HIV-AIDS.pptx
What is HIV? How an HIV infections advances to AIDS? What is AIDS? What are the medicine to stop HIV replication? What are the diagnostic tests? What are the medical managements for AIDS? What are the categories of HIV infection? Symptoms of HIV infection? What should be the nurse care plan for an AIDS patient? How can people prevent HIV infection? All these questions are answered in this presentation.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
This document summarizes key information about HIV/AIDS, including:
- HIV was discovered in 1983-1984 and is the cause of AIDS. It infects and destroys CD4 cells.
- HIV has three main genes - gag, pol, and env. Gag codes for core proteins, pol codes for enzymes, and env codes for envelope glycoproteins gp120 and gp41.
- HIV attaches to host cells via gp120 binding to CD4 receptors, then fuses and enters the cell. It replicates by converting RNA to DNA via reverse transcriptase.
- As CD4 cells decline due to infection, opportunistic infections can occur, eventually leading to AIDS if untreated. Common
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Fundamentals of microbiology
1) Luc Montagnier and Robert Gallo jointly discovered HIV, the virus that causes AIDS.
2) In 1982, Montagnier isolated a virus from a lymph node biopsy of an AIDS patient that was later named HIV.
3) Around the same time, Gallo was studying retroviruses that affect T-cells and initially called the AIDS-causing virus HTLV-III.
4) By 1983, it was determined both researchers were studying the same virus, which was renamed to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
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Viruses can infect humans and cause illness or death. Forensic virology studies viruses in a legal context, such as determining the source of a virus used in bioterrorism. Viruses have genetic material protected by a protein coat and sometimes an envelope. They infect cells and hijack the cell's machinery to replicate themselves before breaking out and infecting new cells. PCR and RAPD techniques can be used to detect, analyze, and trace viruses.
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The document provides information on the history and epidemiology of HIV/AIDS. It discusses:
1) The first reports of HIV/AIDS in 1981 among homosexual men and intravenous drug users in the US. HIV was later isolated in 1983-1984 and named.
2) Current global statistics on HIV/AIDS from a 2014 WHO report, noting 36.9 million people living with HIV worldwide, with high prevalence in Sub-Saharan Africa.
3) The stages of HIV infection from acute infection to AIDS, and clinical definitions of AIDS.
Hiv infection
This presentation provides an overview of HIV and AIDS, including:
1. Definitions of HIV as the virus that causes AIDS and weakens the immune system, and AIDS as the final stage of HIV infection.
2. HIV-1 is the most common type worldwide and generally causes AIDS faster than HIV-2, which is mostly found in West Africa.
3. HIV is transmitted through bodily fluids and can be spread through unprotected sex, blood contact, or from mother to child during pregnancy or breastfeeding. Proper precautions can prevent transmission.
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HIV/AIDS
This document provides information about HIV/AIDS, including:
- HIV causes AIDS by breaking down the immune system. AIDS is the most advanced stage of HIV disease.
- Scientists believe HIV originated from chimpanzees in Western Africa and jumped to humans through contact with infected animals.
- The earliest known case of HIV in humans was in 1959 in the Congo. The epidemic then spread among high-risk groups and an estimated 5% of gay men in New York and San Francisco had HIV by 1978.
- AIDS was first observed clinically in 1981 in the US in drug users and gay men with rare infections. Soon the CDC formed a task force to monitor the outbreak.
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HIV genetics
HIV Viral Properties
HIV Life Cycle
Role of CD4 Lymphocytes in HIV Infection
HIV Replication
HIV Latency
HIV Immune Response
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This document discusses HIV and AIDS, specifically looking at whether we can prevent HIV from transforming into AIDS. It provides background on HIV/AIDS, noting that HIV causes AIDS by destroying CD4+ T cells. It discusses the role of CD4+ T cells in the immune system and how HIV infection leads to a reduction in CD4+ counts. The document explores various mechanisms by which HIV causes CD8+ T cell depletion and considers whether blocking apoptosis of these cells could benefit treatment of AIDS.
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The document provides an overview of HIV and AIDS, including:
- HIV is a virus that weakens the immune system and can lead to AIDS if untreated. There are two types, HIV-1 being more prevalent.
- It is typically transmitted sexually, through blood/needles, or mother-to-child. Diagnosis involves antibody tests like ELISA and confirmation with Western Blot.
- If left untreated, it can take 10-15 years for HIV to develop into AIDS. Antiretroviral treatment can slow disease progression. Current global statistics and highest prevalence areas are mentioned.
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1. HIV causes AIDS by infecting and destroying CD4 T cells, progressively weakening the immune system.
2. There is currently no vaccine for HIV. Treatment involves combinations of antiretroviral drugs that target different parts of the virus's life cycle.
3. Prevention through education is the most effective strategy, particularly for high-risk groups where transmission is more likely to occur through sexual contact or intravenous drug use. Regular testing and treatment can also help prevent further spread.
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The document provides information on HIV/AIDS, including:
- HIV is a retrovirus that infects CD4+ T cells and macrophages, progressively destroying the immune system.
- The virus enters cells using envelope glycoproteins, and its RNA is converted to DNA by reverse transcriptase. The DNA integrates into the host cell's genome.
- As the virus replicates and destroys immune cells, it can eventually cause AIDS, characterized by opportunistic infections. Current antiretroviral treatment aims to suppress viral replication and boost the immune system.
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HIV causes AIDS by infecting and destroying CD4+ T cells. It is transmitted sexually or through blood/bodily fluids. After entering the body, HIV binds to CD4 receptors on T cells, integrates into the host cell DNA, and uses the cell's machinery to replicate. This leads to the destruction of infected T cells and ultimately a collapse of the immune system as CD4+ T cell counts decline severely. As the immune system is compromised, opportunistic infections and cancers then develop, characterizing the onset of AIDS.
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This document summarizes key information about HIV/AIDS, including:
- HIV was discovered in 1983-1984 and is the cause of AIDS. It infects and destroys CD4 cells.
- HIV has three main genes - gag, pol, and env. Gag codes for core proteins, pol codes for enzymes, and env codes for envelope glycoproteins gp120 and gp41.
- HIV attaches to host cells via gp120 binding to CD4 receptors, then fuses and enters the cell. It replicates by converting RNA to DNA via reverse transcriptase.
- As CD4 cells decline due to infection, opportunistic infections can occur, eventually leading to AIDS if untreated. Common
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Fundamentals of microbiology
1) Luc Montagnier and Robert Gallo jointly discovered HIV, the virus that causes AIDS.
2) In 1982, Montagnier isolated a virus from a lymph node biopsy of an AIDS patient that was later named HIV.
3) Around the same time, Gallo was studying retroviruses that affect T-cells and initially called the AIDS-causing virus HTLV-III.
4) By 1983, it was determined both researchers were studying the same virus, which was renamed to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
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HIV ITS PREVENTION AND CONTROL is a presentation that aim to introduce HIV(Human immunodeficiency Virus),its pathogenesis, clinical manifestation, diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control
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This powerpoint, deals with HIV pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, mode of transmission and diagnostic parameters.
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Viral forensics
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The document provides information on the history and epidemiology of HIV/AIDS. It discusses:
1) The first reports of HIV/AIDS in 1981 among homosexual men and intravenous drug users in the US. HIV was later isolated in 1983-1984 and named.
2) Current global statistics on HIV/AIDS from a 2014 WHO report, noting 36.9 million people living with HIV worldwide, with high prevalence in Sub-Saharan Africa.
3) The stages of HIV infection from acute infection to AIDS, and clinical definitions of AIDS.
Hiv infection
This presentation provides an overview of HIV and AIDS, including:
1. Definitions of HIV as the virus that causes AIDS and weakens the immune system, and AIDS as the final stage of HIV infection.
2. HIV-1 is the most common type worldwide and generally causes AIDS faster than HIV-2, which is mostly found in West Africa.
3. HIV is transmitted through bodily fluids and can be spread through unprotected sex, blood contact, or from mother to child during pregnancy or breastfeeding. Proper precautions can prevent transmission.
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This document discusses immunodeficiency and HIV/AIDS. It defines immunodeficiency as a compromised immune system and describes how it is classified as either primary/congenital or secondary/acquired. HIV is described as a retrovirus that causes AIDS by infecting CD4 cells and impairing the immune system over time. The document outlines HIV transmission, structure, lifecycle, and global prevalence, with statistics provided on prevalence in Zambia.
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This document provides information about HIV/AIDS, including:
- HIV causes AIDS by breaking down the immune system. AIDS is the most advanced stage of HIV disease.
- Scientists believe HIV originated from chimpanzees in Western Africa and jumped to humans through contact with infected animals.
- The earliest known case of HIV in humans was in 1959 in the Congo. The epidemic then spread among high-risk groups and an estimated 5% of gay men in New York and San Francisco had HIV by 1978.
- AIDS was first observed clinically in 1981 in the US in drug users and gay men with rare infections. Soon the CDC formed a task force to monitor the outbreak.
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Pathogenesis of HIV
HIV genetics
HIV Viral Properties
HIV Life Cycle
Role of CD4 Lymphocytes in HIV Infection
HIV Replication
HIV Latency
HIV Immune Response
AIDs
Infectious disease
HIV life cycle
Symptoms
Diagnosis
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This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODEL
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Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
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Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
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scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
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our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Recycled Concrete Aggregate in Construction Part II
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECT
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
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referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
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Immunogenic Response
- 3. HIV has high affinity for CD4+ T lymphocytes and monocytes. • HIV ties to CD4+ cells and becomes disguised. The infection imitates itself by creating a DNA duplicate by turn around transcriptase. • Viral DNA gets joined into the host DNA, empowering further replication.
- 4. In 1982, the term Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome is utilized just because. The name was assigned by the CDC. In 1983, French researchers at the Institute Pasteur found another infection that they called lymph denopathy-related infection or LAV. About a year later, Dr. Robert Gallo, of the National Cancer Institute found HLTV-III. The principal disclosure was made in France at the Institute Pasteur, however shared credit is given to Dr. Robert Gallo, the pioneer of AIDS and his French partners for finding HIV on April 23, 1984.
- 8. • It targets T lymphocytes. So all the resistant actuation halted. • If resistant actuated, it will murders the T cells, due to of HIV in it. • Main saint's of safe cells as MACROPHAGE, WBCs get tainted. • No immunological memory framed.
- 9. ●Destruction of CD4+ T cells population ●Immune effects due to HIV infection ●Progression of HIV infection to AIDS
- 10. CELLULAR IMMUNITY CD8+ T cells Early: Development of escape mutants. Late: Apoptosis-Expression of PDI molecule. Malfunctional CD8+ T cells. HUMORAL IMMUNITY Neutralizing Antibodies Hypervariabiling of Primary sequence of the envelope. Extensive Glycosylation of the envelope. Conformational masking of the neutralizing epitopes.
- 12. THANK YOU