This document discusses two research articles about retroviruses and HIV. The first article describes a discovery about HIV's capsid, which regulates nucleotide entry and does not get cleared by the immune system as previously thought. Scientists are developing drugs to block the capsid pores, which could lead to more effective HIV treatment. The second article finds that HIV-related retroviruses date back 60 million years based on remnants found in a lemur genome. Understanding the evolution of these ancient viruses may provide insights to improve HIV treatment. The document concludes that both studies advance knowledge of how HIV works and evades detection to help develop new treatment approaches.
This document discusses challenges and opportunities for developing an AIDS vaccine. It describes several key difficulties, including HIV's sequence diversity, ability to infect immune cells, and mechanisms for immune avoidance. The document also reviews past vaccine trial results and discusses various vaccine design approaches, including those aimed at eliciting cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, antibodies, or using viral vectors. Developing an effective AIDS vaccine will likely require a multi-disciplinary approach and stimulation of multiple arms of the immune system.
In Vitro Diagnostic (IVD) Antibody Development - Creative BiolabsCreative-Biolabs
This slide is a brief introduction of in vitro diagnostic (IVD) antibody development. This presentation includes the introduction of background, principle and process of antibody development, difficulties in antibody development, as well as the antibody services of Creative Biolabs.
Studies on cycloferon by VICTORIA, RUBEN GOMBALANDI, IMMUNOMODULATORSRuben Gombalandi
Cycloferon induced changes in the stomach of old rats. In rats killed 7 days after cycloferon injection, the number of chief cells dropped by 13% compared to controls. The area of zymogenic cells and their nuclei was also less than controls. By day 90, parietal cells increased in number by 42% compared to controls, but morphometric data did not show functional activity increases. By the end of the 180-day experiment, parietal cells increased by 21% and chief cells by 28% compared to controls. Cycloferon was found to activate T-cells to produce IL-2, which through TGF-α expressed in stomach cells, mediated proliferation of secretory cells over the
This document discusses severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID). It notes that SCID is a group of inherited disorders that cause severe abnormalities in the immune system, leading to reduced or malfunctioning T- and B-lymphocytes. The main types of SCID discussed are gamma chain deficiency, recombination activating gene mutation, Janus kinase 3 deficiency, and deficiencies in purine salvage enzymes such as adenosine deaminase and purine nucleoside phosphorylase. Clinical presentations, diagnosis, and treatment options for SCID like gene therapy, bone marrow transplantation, and immunoglobulin infusion are also summarized.
1) Chimpanzees vaccinated with HIV neutralizing antibodies were resistant to homologous virus challenge but the challenge dose and route were important factors in determining protection.
2) SIV vaccination studies in monkeys showed protection against SIV challenge, even when the vaccine did not contain SIV, possibly due to antibodies against host proteins in the virus envelope.
3) An adenovirus-based vaccine aimed at cytotoxic T lymphocytes failed to prevent HIV infection in a clinical trial, possibly due to pre-existing antibodies against the viral vector.
This document summarizes a study on silencing the Elongation factor 1-alpha (EF1α) gene in Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV)-resistant tomato plants. The objectives were to silence EF1α and observe if resistance collapsed. Results showed that after silencing EF1α in resistant plants and inoculating with TYLCV, the resistance collapsed, as seen in increased virus infection and symptoms matching susceptible plants. It was concluded that EF1α is important for TYLCV resistance. Further study of EF1α's role in the resistance gene network was recommended.
Sanja Selak of Intercell AG, Vienna, Austria, presents at the ProImmune Antigen Characterization and Biomarker Discovery Summit, January 2011.
Intercell develops vaccines for the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases
This document discusses two research articles about retroviruses and HIV. The first article describes a discovery about HIV's capsid, which regulates nucleotide entry and does not get cleared by the immune system as previously thought. Scientists are developing drugs to block the capsid pores, which could lead to more effective HIV treatment. The second article finds that HIV-related retroviruses date back 60 million years based on remnants found in a lemur genome. Understanding the evolution of these ancient viruses may provide insights to improve HIV treatment. The document concludes that both studies advance knowledge of how HIV works and evades detection to help develop new treatment approaches.
This document discusses challenges and opportunities for developing an AIDS vaccine. It describes several key difficulties, including HIV's sequence diversity, ability to infect immune cells, and mechanisms for immune avoidance. The document also reviews past vaccine trial results and discusses various vaccine design approaches, including those aimed at eliciting cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, antibodies, or using viral vectors. Developing an effective AIDS vaccine will likely require a multi-disciplinary approach and stimulation of multiple arms of the immune system.
In Vitro Diagnostic (IVD) Antibody Development - Creative BiolabsCreative-Biolabs
This slide is a brief introduction of in vitro diagnostic (IVD) antibody development. This presentation includes the introduction of background, principle and process of antibody development, difficulties in antibody development, as well as the antibody services of Creative Biolabs.
Studies on cycloferon by VICTORIA, RUBEN GOMBALANDI, IMMUNOMODULATORSRuben Gombalandi
Cycloferon induced changes in the stomach of old rats. In rats killed 7 days after cycloferon injection, the number of chief cells dropped by 13% compared to controls. The area of zymogenic cells and their nuclei was also less than controls. By day 90, parietal cells increased in number by 42% compared to controls, but morphometric data did not show functional activity increases. By the end of the 180-day experiment, parietal cells increased by 21% and chief cells by 28% compared to controls. Cycloferon was found to activate T-cells to produce IL-2, which through TGF-α expressed in stomach cells, mediated proliferation of secretory cells over the
This document discusses severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID). It notes that SCID is a group of inherited disorders that cause severe abnormalities in the immune system, leading to reduced or malfunctioning T- and B-lymphocytes. The main types of SCID discussed are gamma chain deficiency, recombination activating gene mutation, Janus kinase 3 deficiency, and deficiencies in purine salvage enzymes such as adenosine deaminase and purine nucleoside phosphorylase. Clinical presentations, diagnosis, and treatment options for SCID like gene therapy, bone marrow transplantation, and immunoglobulin infusion are also summarized.
1) Chimpanzees vaccinated with HIV neutralizing antibodies were resistant to homologous virus challenge but the challenge dose and route were important factors in determining protection.
2) SIV vaccination studies in monkeys showed protection against SIV challenge, even when the vaccine did not contain SIV, possibly due to antibodies against host proteins in the virus envelope.
3) An adenovirus-based vaccine aimed at cytotoxic T lymphocytes failed to prevent HIV infection in a clinical trial, possibly due to pre-existing antibodies against the viral vector.
This document summarizes a study on silencing the Elongation factor 1-alpha (EF1α) gene in Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV)-resistant tomato plants. The objectives were to silence EF1α and observe if resistance collapsed. Results showed that after silencing EF1α in resistant plants and inoculating with TYLCV, the resistance collapsed, as seen in increased virus infection and symptoms matching susceptible plants. It was concluded that EF1α is important for TYLCV resistance. Further study of EF1α's role in the resistance gene network was recommended.
Sanja Selak of Intercell AG, Vienna, Austria, presents at the ProImmune Antigen Characterization and Biomarker Discovery Summit, January 2011.
Intercell develops vaccines for the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases
Gene Olinger, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick USA, presents at the ProImmune Antigen Characterization and Biomarker Discovery Summit, January 2011.
Protective Immune Reponses to Ebola Virus
The document summarizes research on the role of the Wfdc1 gene in the inflammatory response to influenza virus infection. The research found that:
1) Wfdc1 expression is specific to smooth muscle surrounding small vessels and bronchioles in the mouse lung.
2) Mice with no Wfdc1 gene (null mice) showed higher macrophage levels in infected lungs compared to wild type and heterozygous mice, which could explain their greater resistance to influenza infection since more macrophages correlate with viral resistance.
3) There was no difference in neutrophil levels between null and heterozygous mice infected lungs, and neutrophils are usually associated with bacterial clearance rather than viral infection.
1) Malaria vaccines aim to prevent infection, decrease disease severity, and reduce transmission. However, developing an effective malaria vaccine is challenging due to the parasite's high mutation rate and ability to evade the immune system.
2) Most research focuses on P. falciparum since it causes the most mortality. Potential vaccine candidates target different stages of the parasite's life cycle and include antigens like CSP, AMA1, MSP1, and Pfs25.
3) SPf66 was the first malaria vaccine tested in humans but showed limited efficacy. RTS,S is the most advanced candidate vaccine and has demonstrated up to 50% efficacy in clinical trials. However, more research is still needed to develop
This document summarizes information about Human T-Lymphotropic Viruses Type 1 and 2 (HTLV-1 and HTLV-2). It describes their taxonomy as retroviruses, morphology and composition, replication and pathogenesis. HTLV-1 can cause Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma and Tropical Spastic Paraparesis, while HTLV-2 is rarely associated with disease. Transmission occurs through blood, sexual contact, and mother-to-child. While no treatment exists for the viruses, some therapies may help related diseases. Diagnosis involves blood tests and DNA detection by PCR.
Retroviruses are RNA viruses that contain the enzyme reverse transcriptase which allows their RNA to be converted to DNA. The two major genera of human retroviruses are lentiviruses, such as HIV, and HTLV viruses. HIV targets CD4+ T cells and causes AIDS by destroying the immune system over time. It is transmitted through bodily fluids and replicates by first converting its RNA to DNA then integrating into the host cell genome. Highly active antiretroviral therapy uses multiple drugs to suppress HIV replication and prevent disease progression.
This document summarizes immune evasion strategies used by flaviviruses. It discusses how flaviviruses evade innate immune responses such as type I interferon responses and complement system activation. It also describes adaptive immune evasion mechanisms, including antigenic variation, antibody-dependent enhancement of infection, and inhibition of antigen presentation. The document provides diagrams illustrating key concepts and cites related studies on flavivirus immune evasion and modulation of host inflammatory responses.
HIV is a retrovirus that infects and destroys CD4+ immune cells. It has high genetic variability due to a lack of proofreading during replication. There are three main groups of HIV (M, O, N) with group M causing the global epidemic and consisting of nine genetic subtypes. Natural infection progresses from asymptomatic infection to AIDS without treatment over many years. Some individuals are able to control virus levels long-term. Diagnosis involves antibody and viral load testing. While antiretroviral therapy can suppress the virus, developing an effective vaccine has proven difficult due to HIV's ability to mutate and evade the immune system.
Creative Biolabs-CAMouse™-Fully Human Antibody Generation PlatformCreative-Biolabs
This document describes Creative Biolabs' CAMouse fully human antibody generation platform. The CAMouse platform uses transgenic mouse strains that have had their endogenous antibody genes silenced and replaced with human antibody genes, allowing for the generation of fully human antibodies. The document outlines the advantages of the CAMouse platform, including highly efficient gene introduction, fully human antibody sequences, and an excellent mouse immune system for generating antibodies. It also describes the different CAMouse transgenic mouse strains and the processes of hybridoma, phage display, and B cell sorting that can be used for antibody discovery and development on the platform.
Presentation by adrian hill [university of oxford]Pamoja
Malaria is a major global health problem, killing over 700,000 people annually. Developing an effective vaccine is challenging due to the parasite's complex life cycle and ability to evade the immune system. Current vaccine approaches include protein-adjuvant vaccines targeting specific stages, viral vectored vaccines to induce cellular immunity, and whole parasite vaccines. Significant progress has been made, but partial efficacy has required unprecedented immunogenicity. A multi-component vaccine targeting multiple stages may be needed for high efficacy.
Yeast display is a novel technique widely used to express the proteins at the yeast surface after translation and maturation in a eukaryotic system. The slide named yeast display technology is created by Creative Biolabs who has established unique Ultraff™ yeast display platform to meet customers'requirement. In the slide, we will give you a comprehensive introduction to yeast display, including yeast display system, the process of yeast display system construction and application of yeast display. It is believed that you can fully understand yeast display technology after studying the slide.
This document summarizes a report of a reovirus infection in a broiler farm with 70,000 chickens. Lameness and inability to stand were observed in the chickens, especially males. Testing found high antibody levels against reovirus and Staphylococcus aureus was detected in the hock joints. Necropsy revealed swollen leg muscles and tendon damage. Molecular testing identified reovirus in the joints of 35-day old chickens and in the intestines and pancreas of younger chickens. The infection occurred despite the breeders being vaccinated twice for reovirus, suggesting current vaccines may not fully prevent farm outbreaks of reovirus.
This document summarizes research on how genes from parasitic wasps called bracoviruses have been recurrently domesticated by Lepidoptera species through horizontal gene transfer. Bracoviruses are viruses associated with parasitic wasps that integrate their DNA into the genomes of caterpillar hosts. The research found sequences matching genes from bracoviruses integrated into the genomes of non-host Lepidoptera species, indicating horizontal gene transfer. Two genes in particular, Se-BLL2 and BV2-5, were found to have spread across and become conserved in Lepidoptera genomes because they increase immunity against baculoviruses, providing a survival advantage.
This document summarizes a project aiming to decrease viral virulence through reverse evolution. The project will passage viruses multiple times in host cells expressing a viral protein to induce loss of function mutations. If viruses lose ability to produce the supplemented protein, they may become replication deficient. Experiments are examining influenza A virus passage in cells expressing the M1 protein over multiple generations to induce loss of function mutations through viral adaptation. Optimization of cell culture and molecular techniques like qPCR are improving the model. Future work will sequence evolved viruses to analyze genetic changes and their effects on function.
Anti Virus Biomolecular Discovery - Creative BiolabsCreative-Biolabs
Creative Biolabs is the leading custom service provider in antibody development and engineering. Our scientists bring state-of-the-art technology to support functional antibody and peptide discovery services against viruses. Here, we will introduce the virus and its pathogenic mechanism in detail. At the same time, you will learn how to obtain functional anti-virus antibodies and peptides through our technology platform.
Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), also known as "Bubble Boy Disease", is a primary immunodeficiency caused by mutations in several genes resulting in the lack of T-cells and sometimes B-cells and NK cells as well. It was widely known due to David Vetter who lived in a germ-free plastic bubble for 12 years. SCID is diagnosed through newborn screening, blood tests, and showing a lack of white blood cells in newborns. Treatments include supportive therapies like antibiotics and immunoglobulin injections as well as curative therapies such as stem cell transplant or gene therapy.
ProImmune Antigen Characterization Summit Paul Mossamandacturner
This document summarizes research on the immune response to cytomegalovirus (CMV) and cancer-testis antigens (CTAgs). It discusses how CMV elicits a massive immune response, occupying up to 40% of CD8+ T cells. This response declines with immunosuppression. It also explores using CMV-specific T cells for immunotherapy after stem cell transplantation. The document then examines CTAgs, which are expressed in cancers and elicit anti-tumor immune responses, but challenges remain in understanding their efficacy.
1. RNA viruses like SFV and VSV are effective oncolytic viruses but their replication is inhibited by type I interferons, limiting their efficacy.
2. Vaccinia virus has greater potential as an oncolytic virus because it produces a protein called B18R that allows it to evade type I interferon inhibition.
3. The study shows that vaccinia virus or B18R can boost the replication of RNA viruses like SFV and VSV in cancer cells by overcoming the antiviral effects of type I interferons. This dual viral therapy leads to enhanced oncolytic activity.
PRODUCTION OF YELLOW FEVER VIRUS IN VERO CELLS GROWN IN SERUM-FREE MEDIUM Dr. Érica Schulze
This document summarizes research on producing yellow fever virus in Vero cells grown in serum-free medium. The researchers were able to obtain very high virus titers of 108 pfu/mL using the best conditions for cell propagation and viral infection in serum-free medium. Analysis showed no difference in antigenic properties between virus cultivated in serum-containing and serum-free medium. SDS-PAGE analysis confirmed a drastic reduction in protein content for yellow fever virus cultivated in serum-free medium. Developing a cell culture process for propagating yellow fever virus in serum-free Vero cells could be an important step towards producing a new inactivated yellow fever vaccine.
The Power of Vaccines: ‘getting to zero’ for HIV and TB was an event hosted by the TB/HIV and Prevention Working Groups of the UK Consortium on AIDS and International Development. The meeting was sponsored by Pamela Nash MP and held on Friday, 18th May 2012, in Portcullis House, Westminster. Read more at http://storify.com/PamojaUK/the-power-of-vaccines
http://www.pamoja.uk.com
The document discusses approaches for developing new tuberculosis (TB) vaccines. It describes existing TB vaccines like BCG and aims of new TB vaccines to induce TH1 cytokines and CD4+ or CD8+ T cell responses. New vaccines are being developed to prevent initial infection, boost immunity in BCG-primed individuals, or help treat active TB disease. They utilize various vaccine delivery systems including plasmid DNA, bacterial spores, viral vectors, and recombinant bacteria. Whole cells, recombinant cells, and adjuvanted subunit vaccines featuring TB antigens are also under investigation. New antigen discovery strategies incorporate bioinformatics, proteomics, and identifying antigens expressed during latent TB infection.
Gene Olinger, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick USA, presents at the ProImmune Antigen Characterization and Biomarker Discovery Summit, January 2011.
Protective Immune Reponses to Ebola Virus
The document summarizes research on the role of the Wfdc1 gene in the inflammatory response to influenza virus infection. The research found that:
1) Wfdc1 expression is specific to smooth muscle surrounding small vessels and bronchioles in the mouse lung.
2) Mice with no Wfdc1 gene (null mice) showed higher macrophage levels in infected lungs compared to wild type and heterozygous mice, which could explain their greater resistance to influenza infection since more macrophages correlate with viral resistance.
3) There was no difference in neutrophil levels between null and heterozygous mice infected lungs, and neutrophils are usually associated with bacterial clearance rather than viral infection.
1) Malaria vaccines aim to prevent infection, decrease disease severity, and reduce transmission. However, developing an effective malaria vaccine is challenging due to the parasite's high mutation rate and ability to evade the immune system.
2) Most research focuses on P. falciparum since it causes the most mortality. Potential vaccine candidates target different stages of the parasite's life cycle and include antigens like CSP, AMA1, MSP1, and Pfs25.
3) SPf66 was the first malaria vaccine tested in humans but showed limited efficacy. RTS,S is the most advanced candidate vaccine and has demonstrated up to 50% efficacy in clinical trials. However, more research is still needed to develop
This document summarizes information about Human T-Lymphotropic Viruses Type 1 and 2 (HTLV-1 and HTLV-2). It describes their taxonomy as retroviruses, morphology and composition, replication and pathogenesis. HTLV-1 can cause Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma and Tropical Spastic Paraparesis, while HTLV-2 is rarely associated with disease. Transmission occurs through blood, sexual contact, and mother-to-child. While no treatment exists for the viruses, some therapies may help related diseases. Diagnosis involves blood tests and DNA detection by PCR.
Retroviruses are RNA viruses that contain the enzyme reverse transcriptase which allows their RNA to be converted to DNA. The two major genera of human retroviruses are lentiviruses, such as HIV, and HTLV viruses. HIV targets CD4+ T cells and causes AIDS by destroying the immune system over time. It is transmitted through bodily fluids and replicates by first converting its RNA to DNA then integrating into the host cell genome. Highly active antiretroviral therapy uses multiple drugs to suppress HIV replication and prevent disease progression.
This document summarizes immune evasion strategies used by flaviviruses. It discusses how flaviviruses evade innate immune responses such as type I interferon responses and complement system activation. It also describes adaptive immune evasion mechanisms, including antigenic variation, antibody-dependent enhancement of infection, and inhibition of antigen presentation. The document provides diagrams illustrating key concepts and cites related studies on flavivirus immune evasion and modulation of host inflammatory responses.
HIV is a retrovirus that infects and destroys CD4+ immune cells. It has high genetic variability due to a lack of proofreading during replication. There are three main groups of HIV (M, O, N) with group M causing the global epidemic and consisting of nine genetic subtypes. Natural infection progresses from asymptomatic infection to AIDS without treatment over many years. Some individuals are able to control virus levels long-term. Diagnosis involves antibody and viral load testing. While antiretroviral therapy can suppress the virus, developing an effective vaccine has proven difficult due to HIV's ability to mutate and evade the immune system.
Creative Biolabs-CAMouse™-Fully Human Antibody Generation PlatformCreative-Biolabs
This document describes Creative Biolabs' CAMouse fully human antibody generation platform. The CAMouse platform uses transgenic mouse strains that have had their endogenous antibody genes silenced and replaced with human antibody genes, allowing for the generation of fully human antibodies. The document outlines the advantages of the CAMouse platform, including highly efficient gene introduction, fully human antibody sequences, and an excellent mouse immune system for generating antibodies. It also describes the different CAMouse transgenic mouse strains and the processes of hybridoma, phage display, and B cell sorting that can be used for antibody discovery and development on the platform.
Presentation by adrian hill [university of oxford]Pamoja
Malaria is a major global health problem, killing over 700,000 people annually. Developing an effective vaccine is challenging due to the parasite's complex life cycle and ability to evade the immune system. Current vaccine approaches include protein-adjuvant vaccines targeting specific stages, viral vectored vaccines to induce cellular immunity, and whole parasite vaccines. Significant progress has been made, but partial efficacy has required unprecedented immunogenicity. A multi-component vaccine targeting multiple stages may be needed for high efficacy.
Yeast display is a novel technique widely used to express the proteins at the yeast surface after translation and maturation in a eukaryotic system. The slide named yeast display technology is created by Creative Biolabs who has established unique Ultraff™ yeast display platform to meet customers'requirement. In the slide, we will give you a comprehensive introduction to yeast display, including yeast display system, the process of yeast display system construction and application of yeast display. It is believed that you can fully understand yeast display technology after studying the slide.
This document summarizes a report of a reovirus infection in a broiler farm with 70,000 chickens. Lameness and inability to stand were observed in the chickens, especially males. Testing found high antibody levels against reovirus and Staphylococcus aureus was detected in the hock joints. Necropsy revealed swollen leg muscles and tendon damage. Molecular testing identified reovirus in the joints of 35-day old chickens and in the intestines and pancreas of younger chickens. The infection occurred despite the breeders being vaccinated twice for reovirus, suggesting current vaccines may not fully prevent farm outbreaks of reovirus.
This document summarizes research on how genes from parasitic wasps called bracoviruses have been recurrently domesticated by Lepidoptera species through horizontal gene transfer. Bracoviruses are viruses associated with parasitic wasps that integrate their DNA into the genomes of caterpillar hosts. The research found sequences matching genes from bracoviruses integrated into the genomes of non-host Lepidoptera species, indicating horizontal gene transfer. Two genes in particular, Se-BLL2 and BV2-5, were found to have spread across and become conserved in Lepidoptera genomes because they increase immunity against baculoviruses, providing a survival advantage.
This document summarizes a project aiming to decrease viral virulence through reverse evolution. The project will passage viruses multiple times in host cells expressing a viral protein to induce loss of function mutations. If viruses lose ability to produce the supplemented protein, they may become replication deficient. Experiments are examining influenza A virus passage in cells expressing the M1 protein over multiple generations to induce loss of function mutations through viral adaptation. Optimization of cell culture and molecular techniques like qPCR are improving the model. Future work will sequence evolved viruses to analyze genetic changes and their effects on function.
Anti Virus Biomolecular Discovery - Creative BiolabsCreative-Biolabs
Creative Biolabs is the leading custom service provider in antibody development and engineering. Our scientists bring state-of-the-art technology to support functional antibody and peptide discovery services against viruses. Here, we will introduce the virus and its pathogenic mechanism in detail. At the same time, you will learn how to obtain functional anti-virus antibodies and peptides through our technology platform.
Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), also known as "Bubble Boy Disease", is a primary immunodeficiency caused by mutations in several genes resulting in the lack of T-cells and sometimes B-cells and NK cells as well. It was widely known due to David Vetter who lived in a germ-free plastic bubble for 12 years. SCID is diagnosed through newborn screening, blood tests, and showing a lack of white blood cells in newborns. Treatments include supportive therapies like antibiotics and immunoglobulin injections as well as curative therapies such as stem cell transplant or gene therapy.
ProImmune Antigen Characterization Summit Paul Mossamandacturner
This document summarizes research on the immune response to cytomegalovirus (CMV) and cancer-testis antigens (CTAgs). It discusses how CMV elicits a massive immune response, occupying up to 40% of CD8+ T cells. This response declines with immunosuppression. It also explores using CMV-specific T cells for immunotherapy after stem cell transplantation. The document then examines CTAgs, which are expressed in cancers and elicit anti-tumor immune responses, but challenges remain in understanding their efficacy.
1. RNA viruses like SFV and VSV are effective oncolytic viruses but their replication is inhibited by type I interferons, limiting their efficacy.
2. Vaccinia virus has greater potential as an oncolytic virus because it produces a protein called B18R that allows it to evade type I interferon inhibition.
3. The study shows that vaccinia virus or B18R can boost the replication of RNA viruses like SFV and VSV in cancer cells by overcoming the antiviral effects of type I interferons. This dual viral therapy leads to enhanced oncolytic activity.
PRODUCTION OF YELLOW FEVER VIRUS IN VERO CELLS GROWN IN SERUM-FREE MEDIUM Dr. Érica Schulze
This document summarizes research on producing yellow fever virus in Vero cells grown in serum-free medium. The researchers were able to obtain very high virus titers of 108 pfu/mL using the best conditions for cell propagation and viral infection in serum-free medium. Analysis showed no difference in antigenic properties between virus cultivated in serum-containing and serum-free medium. SDS-PAGE analysis confirmed a drastic reduction in protein content for yellow fever virus cultivated in serum-free medium. Developing a cell culture process for propagating yellow fever virus in serum-free Vero cells could be an important step towards producing a new inactivated yellow fever vaccine.
The Power of Vaccines: ‘getting to zero’ for HIV and TB was an event hosted by the TB/HIV and Prevention Working Groups of the UK Consortium on AIDS and International Development. The meeting was sponsored by Pamela Nash MP and held on Friday, 18th May 2012, in Portcullis House, Westminster. Read more at http://storify.com/PamojaUK/the-power-of-vaccines
http://www.pamoja.uk.com
The document discusses approaches for developing new tuberculosis (TB) vaccines. It describes existing TB vaccines like BCG and aims of new TB vaccines to induce TH1 cytokines and CD4+ or CD8+ T cell responses. New vaccines are being developed to prevent initial infection, boost immunity in BCG-primed individuals, or help treat active TB disease. They utilize various vaccine delivery systems including plasmid DNA, bacterial spores, viral vectors, and recombinant bacteria. Whole cells, recombinant cells, and adjuvanted subunit vaccines featuring TB antigens are also under investigation. New antigen discovery strategies incorporate bioinformatics, proteomics, and identifying antigens expressed during latent TB infection.
The document summarizes efforts to develop an HIV vaccine by inducing broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) through structure-based immunogen design. It describes how bnAbs isolated from infected individuals can inform design of immunogens that expose conserved vulnerabilities on HIV. Challenges include guiding antibody maturation along pathways to bnAbs and understanding how bnAbs develop naturally. Ongoing work includes defining HIV vulnerabilities with additional bnAbs and structures, understanding natural bnAb responses, epitope-directed and trimer-based immunogen design, and evaluating immunogens in collaboration between multiple research institutions. The goal is to develop an HIV vaccine to help curb the global AIDS pandemic.
The document provides an overview of the biotechnology industry in India. Some key points:
- The biotechnology industry in India is expected to increase in value from USD11 billion in FY2016 to USD100 billion by FY2025 due to favorable business conditions and government support.
- The government aims to spend USD3.7 billion on biotechnology in the 12th Five-Year Plan, compared to USD1.1 billion in the previous plan, in order to further industry growth.
- India has a large population that offers a major market for biotechnology products and services. The country also benefits from low costs and a skilled workforce.
Progress is being made in developing new tuberculosis (TB) vaccines. Currently, 15 vaccine candidates have entered clinical trials with 12 currently in clinical testing. The Oxford-Emergent Tuberculosis Consortium (OETC) is developing MVA85A, an attenuated viral vector vaccine that boosts BCG. MVA85A has undergone safety and immunogenicity testing in various populations and two Phase IIb efficacy trials in infants and HIV-infected adults are ongoing. While progress has been made, continued momentum and funding is needed to demonstrate efficacy in late-stage trials and build capacity to develop and deliver new TB vaccines globally.
recent advances in Antitubercular vaccinespriyanka527
1) Tuberculosis remains a major global health problem, with over 9 million new cases and 2 million deaths annually. Current BCG vaccine has variable efficacy and there is a need for newer, improved vaccines.
2) Recent vaccine candidates include recombinant BCG strains to boost immunity, viral-vectored vaccines using viruses to deliver TB antigens, and protein-adjuvant vaccines combining TB antigens with immune-boosting adjuvants.
3) Vaccines in clinical trials show promise, including MVA85A, AERAS-402, M72, and H1. Therapeutic vaccines like RUTI and M. vaccae are being tested alongside TB treatment to help cure disease. Overall, new vaccines
This document discusses HIV and TB co-infection. It notes that HIV increases the risk of developing active TB due to immunosuppression. Diagnosing TB is more difficult in HIV patients as sputum smears can be negative and symptoms are atypical. WHO recommends treating TB first before beginning antiretroviral therapy for co-infected patients, and directly observed treatment to ensure adherence. Clinical trials are exploring optimal antiretroviral regimens for co-infected patients.
The document discusses the history and types of vaccination. It describes how Edward Jenner observed that milkmaids exposed to cowpox did not get smallpox, leading him to develop the smallpox vaccine in 1796. Since then, vaccines have been developed for over 20 diseases and have saved millions of lives worldwide by training the immune system to recognize and fight pathogens. Vaccines can be live attenuated, inactivated, toxoid, subunit, polysaccharide or genetic based.
The document discusses designing teams and processes to adapt to changing needs. It recommends structuring teams so members can work within their competencies and across projects fluidly with clear roles and expectations. The design process should support the team and their work, and be flexible enough to change with team, organization, and project needs. An effective team culture builds an environment where members feel free to be themselves, voice opinions, and feel supported.
UX, ethnography and possibilities: for Libraries, Museums and ArchivesNed Potter
1) The document discusses how the University of York Library has used various user experience (UX) techniques like ethnographic observation and interviews to better understand user needs and behaviors.
2) Some changes implemented based on UX findings include installing hot water taps, changing hours, and adding blankets - aimed at improving the small details of user experience.
3) The presentation encourages other libraries, archives and museums to try incorporating UX techniques like behavioral mapping and cognitive interviews to inform design changes that enhance services for users.
An immersive workshop at General Assembly, SF. I typically teach this workshop at General Assembly, San Francisco. To see a list of my upcoming classes, visit https://generalassemb.ly/instructors/seth-familian/4813
I also teach this workshop as a private lunch-and-learn or half-day immersive session for corporate clients. To learn more about pricing and availability, please contact me at http://familian1.com
How to Become a Thought Leader in Your NicheLeslie Samuel
Are bloggers thought leaders? Here are some tips on how you can become one. Provide great value, put awesome content out there on a regular basis, and help others.
The document provides an overview of HIV and AIDS, including:
- The origin and history of HIV, tracing it back to transfers from chimpanzees to humans in Africa in the late 19th/early 20th century.
- The structure and life cycle of HIV, which involves adsorption, penetration, reverse transcription, integration, transcription, and assembly/release of new virus particles.
- How HIV interacts with and affects the immune system, preferentially infecting CD4+ T cells and macrophages/monocytes and ultimately causing immunosuppression.
- The four stages of HIV infection: primary infection, asymptomatic stage, symptomatic stage, and AIDS.
- AIDS is an acquired immunodeficiency caused by the HIV virus which affects T lymphocytes. It results in opportunistic infections and tumors due to a reduced helper T cell population. HIV is transmitted through sexual contact, blood exposure, and mother-to-child transmission.
- Laboratory diagnosis is by detecting antibodies through ELISA or detecting the virus directly through PCR, antigen detection, or viral culture. Treatment involves antiretroviral therapy using different classes of drugs targeting viral enzymes and entry.
This document summarizes key information about HIV/AIDS, including its history, virology, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. It describes how HIV was first identified in 1981 as the cause of AIDS, belongs to the retrovirus family, and has two types, HIV-1 and HIV-2. Over 30 million people have died of AIDS since 1981, and approximately 2.5 million people are newly infected with HIV each year.
Oral Manifestation of HIV. In detail history of the origin of HIV, the Virus pathology, Classification of HIV.
Systematic manifestation and Oral Manifestation of HIV.
The various tests available for HIV testing and Drug regimens for HIV, Immuno-compromised, pregnant and PCP'S
This talks about the HAV, HBV and HCV , intro, properties, epidemiology and transmission, pathogenesis , clinical findings , laboratory diagnosis, and prevention
Human Retroviruses are RNA viruses that contain the enzyme reverse transcriptase, allowing them to convert their RNA genome into DNA. The two major genera that affect humans are Lentiviruses, which include HIV-1 and HIV-2, and HTLV-BLV group, which includes HTLV-1 and HTLV-2. HIV binds host cells via gp120, enters via fusion, reverse transcribes into DNA then integrates into the host genome. It replicates using host cell machinery. Infection can lead to AIDS as CD4+ T cells are depleted. Opportunistic infections are treated with antiretrovirals that target reverse transcriptase and protease.
Oral Manifestation of Human Immunodeficiency VirusDr Jinki Singha
HIV infects cells of the immune system and destroys their function over time. It is classified as a retrovirus. The virus structure includes proteins like p24 and inserts its RNA into the host cell DNA using reverse transcriptase. Diagnosis is through tests detecting antibodies, antigens, or viral RNA. ELISA and Western blot are most common for antibody detection while PCR detects viral RNA. Treatment involves antiretroviral drugs during all stages to suppress the virus and prevent progression to AIDS.
A detailed description of HIV covering virology, morphology, pathogenesis, clinical stages and manifestations, laboratory diagnosis, and diagnostic strategy, and therapeutic options and prevention.
This document discusses oral and periodontal manifestations of HIV. It begins with an introduction and overview of HIV/AIDS epidemiology. It then covers the virus structure, modes of transmission, pathogenesis, classification and staging systems. It discusses natural evolution of HIV infection and resistance of the virus. The main part discusses various oral manifestations strongly associated with HIV including oral candidiasis, oral hairy leukoplakia, herpetic lesions, Kaposi's sarcoma, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. It also briefly discusses opportunistic infections and the role of dentists in managing HIV-infected patients.
The document discusses HIV and its discovery. It describes how HIV was discovered in 1981 when CDC noted an increase in opportunistic infections in previously healthy individuals with impaired immune function. HIV was isolated in 1983. It provides details on the properties of HIV, how it interacts with and infects host cells, the pathogenesis and progression of HIV infection including how it evades the immune system, and diagnostic tests for HIV including viral detection tests and antibody tests.
1. Vaccination involves administering an antigen to elicit an antibody response and protect against future infections. Jenner pioneered vaccination by inoculating cowpox to stimulate immunity against smallpox.
2. There are three main types of vaccines - those using dead or weakened pathogens, live attenuated pathogens, and purified components or antigens of pathogens. Recombinant hepatitis B vaccine uses the hepatitis B surface antigen protein produced in yeast cells.
3. Oral cholera vaccine is composed of an attenuated Vibrio cholerae strain genetically modified to delete the gene encoding the toxic A1 peptide of the cholera toxin. This renders the strain safe for use as a live vaccine.
Viral infections can occur at the cellular, individual, and community levels. At the cellular level, viral infection may cause cytocidal effects, cellular proliferation, or steady state infection through various mechanisms of cellular injury. Inclusion bodies are virus-specific intracellular masses that can be seen in infected cells under microscopy. Viral infections may be classified as inapparent, apparent acute, subacute, or chronic, and some viruses like herpes can cause latent infections. Viruses enter the body through routes like respiratory, alimentary, skin, genital, conjunctival, or congenital transmission. The host mounts non-specific responses like age, hormones, malnutrition, fever, and interferons as well as specific humoral
This document provides an overview of HIV/AIDS, including its classification, transmission, epidemiology, virology, pathogenesis, and treatment. Key points include:
- HIV is a lentivirus that infects CD4+ cells and integrates into the host genome. It has high genetic diversity and can lie dormant for years.
- HIV is transmitted sexually, through blood exposure, or mother-to-child. Factors like behavior patterns, condom use, and availability of treatment impact spread.
- HIV evades the immune system through rapid mutation, hiding in sanctuaries, and immune activation leading to exhaustion. This allows the virus to persist despite immune responses.
- HIV causes
This document discusses the challenges of developing an effective HIV vaccine and different vaccine approaches that have been attempted. The first attempts used recombinant viral proteins to generate antibodies but had limited effectiveness. A combination vaccine trial in Thailand saw partial effectiveness by generating antibodies to a variable loop on the HIV gp120 protein. Subsequent trials used adenovirus vectors carrying HIV genes to also boost T cell responses, but early results from a major trial were a stunning failure, leading researchers to re-evaluate their vaccine strategies and focus more on understanding immune responses.
This document provides an overview of Hepatitis C. It begins with an introduction stating that over 71 million people worldwide are chronically infected with HCV. It then covers the virology of HCV including its structure, genome, replication cycle, genotypes/quasispecies. The epidemiology section discusses the global prevalence and incidence. Pathogenesis outlines how HCV evades the immune system to cause chronic infection. Clinical features are separated into acute hepatitis C and chronic hepatitis C. Extrahepatic manifestations associated with HCV are also summarized.
Infectious disease
HIV life cycle
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Antiretroviral drugs
All details required for pharm d , b pharm and d pharm students.
Useful to learn about AIDs and HIV virus.
Ppt contains defination, etiology, pathophysiology,life cycle, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of AIDs
immunobiology of hiv virus human immunodeficeincy virusAkshay Raj
HIV infects and destroys CD4+ T cells, weakening the immune system and leading to AIDS. It is transmitted through sexual contact, blood transfusions, or from mother to child. While some can suppress the virus for many years, treatment aims to control progression, as there is no cure. HIV evades immunity through antigenic mutations and hiding from antibodies, exploiting the immune system it evolved to overcome. Immunotherapy and antiretroviral drugs target different stages of the viral lifecycle, but combination treatment is required to suppress HIV long-term.
The skin is the largest organ and its health plays a vital role among the other sense organs. The skin concerns like acne breakout, psoriasis, or anything similar along the lines, finding a qualified and experienced dermatologist becomes paramount.
Kosmoderma Academy, a leading institution in the field of dermatology and aesthetics, offers comprehensive courses in cosmetology and trichology. Our specialized courses on PRP (Hair), DR+Growth Factor, GFC, and Qr678 are designed to equip practitioners with advanced skills and knowledge to excel in hair restoration and growth treatments.
DECLARATION OF HELSINKI - History and principlesanaghabharat01
This SlideShare presentation provides a comprehensive overview of the Declaration of Helsinki, a foundational document outlining ethical guidelines for conducting medical research involving human subjects.
5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT or Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that serves a range of roles in the human body. It is sometimes referred to as the happy chemical since it promotes overall well-being and happiness.
It is mostly found in the brain, intestines, and blood platelets.
5-HT is utilised to transport messages between nerve cells, is known to be involved in smooth muscle contraction, and adds to overall well-being and pleasure, among other benefits. 5-HT regulates the body's sleep-wake cycles and internal clock by acting as a precursor to melatonin.
It is hypothesised to regulate hunger, emotions, motor, cognitive, and autonomic processes.
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Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
11. Antigen Presenting Cells *“First-line Defense” *Involved in capturing antigen *Display ‘foreign’ antigens to activate T Cells T Cells *Involved in the ‘killing’ of virus-infected cells * Adaptive Immunity B Cells *Involved in making antibodies * Adaptive Immunity
12. The Ideal Vaccine Neutralising Antibody T cell Immunity Mucosal Immunity Innate Immunity
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15. Strains / Clades Clades differ by around 20% of RNA and Protein sequence C C C E B B B A , D E C C C B B B 2 A-H O, N B
16. What are the steps in Vaccine development? Phase I: 10-30 volunteers, 8-12 months Phase II: 50-500 volunteers,18-24 months Phase III: Thousands of volunteers, 3 or more years
17. What types of HIV vaccines are being tested? Peptide epitopes (protein fragments) Live attenuated HIV Whole, killed HIV Naked DNA
18. Types of HIV vaccines Recombinant Viral Proteins Live bacterial vectors Live Viral Vectors Pseudovirions
19. HIV vaccines in clinical trials for efficacy and immunogenicity
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22. WORLD TB CASES CASES OF TB PER 100,000 CITIZENS: >300 200-300 <50 100-200 N/A 50-100