Cellular respiration is a redox reaction that breaks down glucose and other substrates to capture energy in the form of ATP. It has four phases: glycolysis, the preparatory reaction, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain. These phases occur both in the cytoplasm and in the mitochondria, and involve the oxidation of substrates and production of NADH and FADH2 to carry electrons through the electron transport chain. This establishes a proton gradient that drives ATP synthase to produce ATP through chemiosmosis. The process fully oxidizes one glucose molecule into 6 CO2, 6 H2O, and produces up to 36-38 ATP.

1. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chapter 7 Pathways of Cellular Respiration

2. Glucose Breakdown Releases Energy 7-

4. Figure 7.1 Cellular respiration produces ATP 7-

6. Figure 7.2 The four phases of complete glucose breakdown 7-

7. Carbon Dioxide and Water Are Produced During Glucose Breakdown 7-

9. Figure 7.3A Glycolysis 7-

10. Figure 7.3B Substrate-level ATP synthesis 7-

12. 7- Figure 7.4 Mitochondrion structure

14. Figure 7.5 The citric acid cycle 7-

16. Figure 7.6 The electron transport chain 7-

18. Figure 7.7 Organization and function of cristae 7-

20. 7- Fermentation Is Inefficient

22. Figure 7.9A Fermentation 7-

24. Metabolic Pathways Cross at Particular Substrates 7-

26. Figure 7.11 The metabolic pool concept 7-

28. Figure 7.12A Sources of fuel for exercise 7-