This document provides an overview of occupational lung diseases. It defines pneumoconiosis as non-neoplastic lung disease from inhaled dust. Common occupational lung diseases discussed include silicosis from silica dust, anthracosis from coal dust, asbestosis from asbestos, and bagassosis, byssinosis, and farmer's lung from various organic dusts. Clinical features, pathogenesis, and preventive measures are described for several conditions. Homeopathic medicines like Aconite, Antimonium tartaricum, and Arsenicum album are recommended for management of related symptoms.
This document discusses various agents used to treat cough. It begins by describing the pathophysiology of cough and differentiating between acute, chronic, and subacute cough. It then categorizes cough medications as peripherally or centrally acting. Peripherally acting medications include demulcents, mucosal anesthetics, bronchodilators, expectorants, and miscellaneous agents. Centrally acting medications include opioid/narcotics and non-opioid/non-narcotics. Specific medications are discussed under each category along with their mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, indications, and side effects. The document provides detailed information on commonly used antitussive medications to treat cough.
This document discusses respiratory pharmacology and drugs used to treat disorders of the respiratory system. It begins with an overview of the respiratory system and process of respiration. The main focus is on pharmacotherapy for bronchial asthma, including bronchodilators like beta-2 agonists, methylxanthines, muscarinic receptor antagonists, and corticosteroids. Other topics covered include mast cell stabilizers, treatment of status asthmaticus, anti-tussives, decongestants, bronchitis, and treatment of the common cold.
This document presents a study on the determination of methylxanthines (caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline) in cocoa, coffee, and tea using HPLC. The author develops and validates an HPLC method for extracting and analyzing the methylxanthine content of different samples. Results show theobromine is mainly present in cocoa, caffeine is abundant in coffee, and only trace amounts of theophylline are found in the three samples. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry is also used to identify methylxanthines and observe their fragmentation patterns.
Antiprotozoal drugs classification,mechanism of action uses and adverse effectsMuhammad Amir Sohail
Antiprotozoal drugs are used to treat protozoal infections. They often have restricted activity against specific protozoa through interference with protozoal enzyme pathways. Treatment may not consistently clear infections and resistance is a growing problem. Some drugs have minimal side effects while others have effects that limit their use. Common antiprotozoal drugs include amprolium, fenbendazole, metronidazole, pyrimethamine/sulfadiazine combinations, and atovaquone which is used with azithromycin to treat babesiosis.
- Macrolides are a class of antibiotics that are produced by Streptomyces bacteria and contain a macrocyclic lactone ring. Erythromycin was the first macrolide discovered in 1952.
- Macrolides work by attaching to the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and inhibiting protein synthesis. They are bacteriostatic and have selectivity for bacterial over mammalian cells.
- Common macrolides include erythromycin, clarithromycin, roxithromycin, and azithromycin. They are effective against many gram-positive bacteria and some gram-negatives. Azithromycin has the broadest spectrum of activity.
The content of presentation is as follows
- introduction to thyroid
- thyroid hormone synthesis
- type of thyroidism
- difference between hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism
-treatment of hypothyroidism
- anti thyroid drug classification
- mechanism of anti thyroid drugs
-
This document discusses various agents used to treat cough. It begins by describing the pathophysiology of cough and differentiating between acute, chronic, and subacute cough. It then categorizes cough medications as peripherally or centrally acting. Peripherally acting medications include demulcents, mucosal anesthetics, bronchodilators, expectorants, and miscellaneous agents. Centrally acting medications include opioid/narcotics and non-opioid/non-narcotics. Specific medications are discussed under each category along with their mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, indications, and side effects. The document provides detailed information on commonly used antitussive medications to treat cough.
This document discusses respiratory pharmacology and drugs used to treat disorders of the respiratory system. It begins with an overview of the respiratory system and process of respiration. The main focus is on pharmacotherapy for bronchial asthma, including bronchodilators like beta-2 agonists, methylxanthines, muscarinic receptor antagonists, and corticosteroids. Other topics covered include mast cell stabilizers, treatment of status asthmaticus, anti-tussives, decongestants, bronchitis, and treatment of the common cold.
This document presents a study on the determination of methylxanthines (caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline) in cocoa, coffee, and tea using HPLC. The author develops and validates an HPLC method for extracting and analyzing the methylxanthine content of different samples. Results show theobromine is mainly present in cocoa, caffeine is abundant in coffee, and only trace amounts of theophylline are found in the three samples. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry is also used to identify methylxanthines and observe their fragmentation patterns.
Antiprotozoal drugs classification,mechanism of action uses and adverse effectsMuhammad Amir Sohail
Antiprotozoal drugs are used to treat protozoal infections. They often have restricted activity against specific protozoa through interference with protozoal enzyme pathways. Treatment may not consistently clear infections and resistance is a growing problem. Some drugs have minimal side effects while others have effects that limit their use. Common antiprotozoal drugs include amprolium, fenbendazole, metronidazole, pyrimethamine/sulfadiazine combinations, and atovaquone which is used with azithromycin to treat babesiosis.
- Macrolides are a class of antibiotics that are produced by Streptomyces bacteria and contain a macrocyclic lactone ring. Erythromycin was the first macrolide discovered in 1952.
- Macrolides work by attaching to the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and inhibiting protein synthesis. They are bacteriostatic and have selectivity for bacterial over mammalian cells.
- Common macrolides include erythromycin, clarithromycin, roxithromycin, and azithromycin. They are effective against many gram-positive bacteria and some gram-negatives. Azithromycin has the broadest spectrum of activity.
The content of presentation is as follows
- introduction to thyroid
- thyroid hormone synthesis
- type of thyroidism
- difference between hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism
-treatment of hypothyroidism
- anti thyroid drug classification
- mechanism of anti thyroid drugs
-
This document provides information on asthma, allergies, and the drug montelukast. It discusses how white blood cells and mast cells play a role in inflammation and allergic responses. It describes how leukotrienes are involved in these processes and how montelukast works as a leukotriene receptor antagonist to block leukotriene actions and relieve symptoms. The document also outlines the pharmacokinetics, mechanism of action, and dosing of montelukast for treating asthma and seasonal allergic rhinitis.
Asthma is a disease characterized by inflammation of the airways resulting in narrowing. It involves clinical symptoms like coughing, wheezing and shortness of breath. The main drugs used to treat asthma are bronchodilators like salbutamol, corticosteroids, leukotriene antagonists, and mast cell stabilizers. Salbutamol is a selective beta-2 agonist that works quickly to relax airways but has side effects like tremors. Corticosteroids reduce inflammation through various mechanisms but can cause fluid retention and weight gain. The document provides details on the mechanisms and use of these and other drugs in classifying and treating different types and severities of asthma.
This document discusses mania and bipolar disorder. It defines mania as a mood disorder characterized by elevated or irritable mood, increased energy, and decreased need for sleep. Bipolar disorder involves alternating periods of mania and depression. The neurobiology of bipolar disorder involves neurotransmitter systems like noradrenergic, serotonergic, and dopaminergic. Genetic factors and abnormalities in signaling pathways may also play a role. Lithium is a commonly used mood stabilizer for treating mania and preventing mood episodes in bipolar disorder. Other drugs like valproate, carbamazepine, and atypical antipsychotics are also used.
The document provides an overview of drug metabolism. It discusses that drug metabolism is important as it converts lipophilic drugs to hydrophilic metabolites that can be readily excreted. The key sites of drug metabolism are the liver, GI tract, lungs and kidneys. Metabolism occurs via phase I and phase II reactions and can activate or deactivate drugs. Factors like enzymes, diet and disease can influence a drug's metabolism. Understanding metabolism is important for predicting drug interactions and toxicity.
This document summarizes drugs that act on the gastrointestinal system, including antacids, H2 receptor antagonists, proton pump inhibitors, prostaglandins, and laxatives. It describes the mechanisms, examples, and uses of these different drug classes for treating conditions like acid reflux, ulcers, and constipation.
1. Tuberculosis remains a major global health problem, causing millions of deaths each year. New antitubercular agents are needed to combat drug resistance.
2. The document discusses the development of various classes of antitubercular agents, including synthetic drugs like isoniazid and rifampin, and antibiotics such as streptomycin. It covers their mechanisms of action, effectiveness, and toxicity.
3. Classification of antitubercular drugs includes first-line agents that are most effective and least toxic, second-line alternatives for resistant cases, and third-line options that are least effective and most toxic. Developing improved drug combinations remains a priority area in tuberculosis treatment.
Cimetidine is a histamine H2 receptor antagonist used to treat peptic ulcers, gastroesophageal reflux disease, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, and acid-related dyspepsia by blocking histamine receptors and reducing gastric acid secretion. It is administered orally or intravenously and common doses and formulations are listed to treat different conditions. Potential drug interactions and side effects are also outlined.
The document discusses several classes of drugs used to treat respiratory conditions:
1) Antihistamines are used to treat allergic conditions by blocking histamine. First generation causes more side effects like sedation.
2) Antitussives suppress cough reflex. Benzonatate and codeine are examples.
3) Bronchodilators like xanthines and beta-agonists open constricted airways. Theophylline is a xanthine that stimulates respiration but needs monitoring to avoid toxicity.
4) Expectorants and mucolytics help clear secretions by loosening mucus. Acetylcysteine is a mucolytic.
5) Drugs for
Appetite Stimulant And Suppressants.pptxGokul546572
This document discusses appetite stimulants and suppressants. It defines appetite as the desire to eat food felt as hunger, which is regulated by the brain, digestive tract, and adipose tissue. Common causes of decreased appetite are then listed, followed by classifications and examples of appetite stimulants like supplements, drugs, and hormones that increase hunger. Next, classifications and examples of appetite suppressants are provided, which reduce hunger through various neurotransmitter and hormonal effects. Specific stimulants and suppressants like dronabinol, oxandrolone, fenfluramine, and sibutramine are then described in more detail regarding their mechanisms of action, uses, and side effects.
Autacoids, also known as local hormones, are naturally occurring substances that have different structures and pharmacological actions. They include decarboxylated amino acids, polypeptides, and eicosanoids. Histamine is one of the most important autacoids and is stored in mast cells. It is released through immunologic or non-immunologic mechanisms to modulate inflammatory and immune responses. Antihistamines work by blocking the H1 receptor and are used to treat various allergic conditions by reducing the effects of histamine. First generation antihistamines are less selective and have more side effects while second generation antihistamines have fewer side effects.
Anti Asthmatics Drugs and Pharmacotherapy of AsthmaNikhileshMaruthi
Anti Asthmatic drugs and classification , classification of asthmatic drugs , Drugs acting on the respiratory tract, Pharmacotherapy of Asthma , Asthma and Anti asthmatic drugs.
This document summarizes various antiprotozoal drugs used to treat malaria. It discusses the life cycle of malaria parasites and the stages at which different drugs act, including chloroquine, quinine, mefloquine, primaquine, proguanil, pyrimethamine, sulfadoxine, artesunate, and artemether. It also provides information on the mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, uses, and adverse effects of these antimalarial drugs.
Anthelmintic
According to the syllabus based on “PHARMACY COUNCIL OF INDIA”
“I Dedicate this work to all the
Students , Pharmacy Faculty & Family Members
Drx. Shubhanshu R.s. Jaiswal
Helminthiasis also known as Worm Infection, is any macro parasitic disease of humans & other animals in which a Part of the body is infected with parasitic worms, known as Helminths.
1. Helminths are multi-cellular parasitic worms that infect the human gastrointestinal tract and other tissues. They include nematodes (roundworms and hookworms), trematodes (flukes), and cestodes (tapeworms).
2. Common anthelmintic drugs work by disrupting the neuromuscular function, microtubule function, or energy metabolism of helminths. Drugs include mebendazole, albendazole, pyrantel, levamisole, ivermectin, diethylcarbamazine, praziquantel, and niclosamide.
3. Mebendazole and albendazole are broad-spectrum
This document discusses anti-asthmatic drugs, including their classification, mechanisms of action, routes of administration, and examples. It begins by defining anti-asthmatic drugs as medicines that treat or prevent asthma attacks by opening up airways. It then classifies these drugs based on their mechanism of action (bronchodilation or anti-inflammatory) and route of administration (oral, inhaled, etc.). The document provides examples of different drug classes, their advantages and disadvantages, and precautions for specific drugs. It concludes with monitoring advice for certain anti-asthmatic medications.
Biosynthesis of Histamine,Storage and release,Histamine H1-Receptor ,Histamine H1-Receptor Antagonists,Differences between first generation & second generation antihistamines,H2 receptor blockers
This document summarizes four plants from the Solanaceae family: belladonna, hyocyamus, stramonium, and capsicum. Belladonna, hyocyamus, and stramonium are perennial herbs that are indigenous to Europe and Asia. They contain alkaloids that are used as antispasmodics, narcotics, and to relieve asthma symptoms. Capsicum is a perennial shrub native to America and cultivated in tropical regions. It contains capsaicin and is used externally as a stimulant and internally to treat dyspepsia and flatulence. The document provides details on the botanical origin, common names, parts used, constituents, and medical uses of each plant.
1. Lung abscess is a bacterial infection in the lung tissue that causes pus to collect in dead tissue. It is challenging to treat and can be life-threatening.
2. Occupational lung diseases result from inhaling dust or chemicals at work. Pneumoconiosis like silicosis and asbestosis are caused by inhaling mineral dust and cause scarring of lung tissue.
3. Other occupational lung diseases include hypersensitivity reactions like asthma from allergens at work, and byssinosis from cotton dust exposure without proper ventilation. Prevention focuses on protective equipment and measures to reduce exposure.
This document defines various types of pneumoconiosis (occupational lung disease caused by dust inhalation). It discusses silicosis caused by silica dust, asbestosis caused by asbestos dust, coal worker's pneumoconiosis caused by coal dust, and other diseases. The classification, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, and control methods are described for different pneumoconioses. It emphasizes that pneumoconiosis remains an important global issue and that primary prevention through dust control and worker protection is key to addressing this occupational health problem.
This document provides information on asthma, allergies, and the drug montelukast. It discusses how white blood cells and mast cells play a role in inflammation and allergic responses. It describes how leukotrienes are involved in these processes and how montelukast works as a leukotriene receptor antagonist to block leukotriene actions and relieve symptoms. The document also outlines the pharmacokinetics, mechanism of action, and dosing of montelukast for treating asthma and seasonal allergic rhinitis.
Asthma is a disease characterized by inflammation of the airways resulting in narrowing. It involves clinical symptoms like coughing, wheezing and shortness of breath. The main drugs used to treat asthma are bronchodilators like salbutamol, corticosteroids, leukotriene antagonists, and mast cell stabilizers. Salbutamol is a selective beta-2 agonist that works quickly to relax airways but has side effects like tremors. Corticosteroids reduce inflammation through various mechanisms but can cause fluid retention and weight gain. The document provides details on the mechanisms and use of these and other drugs in classifying and treating different types and severities of asthma.
This document discusses mania and bipolar disorder. It defines mania as a mood disorder characterized by elevated or irritable mood, increased energy, and decreased need for sleep. Bipolar disorder involves alternating periods of mania and depression. The neurobiology of bipolar disorder involves neurotransmitter systems like noradrenergic, serotonergic, and dopaminergic. Genetic factors and abnormalities in signaling pathways may also play a role. Lithium is a commonly used mood stabilizer for treating mania and preventing mood episodes in bipolar disorder. Other drugs like valproate, carbamazepine, and atypical antipsychotics are also used.
The document provides an overview of drug metabolism. It discusses that drug metabolism is important as it converts lipophilic drugs to hydrophilic metabolites that can be readily excreted. The key sites of drug metabolism are the liver, GI tract, lungs and kidneys. Metabolism occurs via phase I and phase II reactions and can activate or deactivate drugs. Factors like enzymes, diet and disease can influence a drug's metabolism. Understanding metabolism is important for predicting drug interactions and toxicity.
This document summarizes drugs that act on the gastrointestinal system, including antacids, H2 receptor antagonists, proton pump inhibitors, prostaglandins, and laxatives. It describes the mechanisms, examples, and uses of these different drug classes for treating conditions like acid reflux, ulcers, and constipation.
1. Tuberculosis remains a major global health problem, causing millions of deaths each year. New antitubercular agents are needed to combat drug resistance.
2. The document discusses the development of various classes of antitubercular agents, including synthetic drugs like isoniazid and rifampin, and antibiotics such as streptomycin. It covers their mechanisms of action, effectiveness, and toxicity.
3. Classification of antitubercular drugs includes first-line agents that are most effective and least toxic, second-line alternatives for resistant cases, and third-line options that are least effective and most toxic. Developing improved drug combinations remains a priority area in tuberculosis treatment.
Cimetidine is a histamine H2 receptor antagonist used to treat peptic ulcers, gastroesophageal reflux disease, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, and acid-related dyspepsia by blocking histamine receptors and reducing gastric acid secretion. It is administered orally or intravenously and common doses and formulations are listed to treat different conditions. Potential drug interactions and side effects are also outlined.
The document discusses several classes of drugs used to treat respiratory conditions:
1) Antihistamines are used to treat allergic conditions by blocking histamine. First generation causes more side effects like sedation.
2) Antitussives suppress cough reflex. Benzonatate and codeine are examples.
3) Bronchodilators like xanthines and beta-agonists open constricted airways. Theophylline is a xanthine that stimulates respiration but needs monitoring to avoid toxicity.
4) Expectorants and mucolytics help clear secretions by loosening mucus. Acetylcysteine is a mucolytic.
5) Drugs for
Appetite Stimulant And Suppressants.pptxGokul546572
This document discusses appetite stimulants and suppressants. It defines appetite as the desire to eat food felt as hunger, which is regulated by the brain, digestive tract, and adipose tissue. Common causes of decreased appetite are then listed, followed by classifications and examples of appetite stimulants like supplements, drugs, and hormones that increase hunger. Next, classifications and examples of appetite suppressants are provided, which reduce hunger through various neurotransmitter and hormonal effects. Specific stimulants and suppressants like dronabinol, oxandrolone, fenfluramine, and sibutramine are then described in more detail regarding their mechanisms of action, uses, and side effects.
Autacoids, also known as local hormones, are naturally occurring substances that have different structures and pharmacological actions. They include decarboxylated amino acids, polypeptides, and eicosanoids. Histamine is one of the most important autacoids and is stored in mast cells. It is released through immunologic or non-immunologic mechanisms to modulate inflammatory and immune responses. Antihistamines work by blocking the H1 receptor and are used to treat various allergic conditions by reducing the effects of histamine. First generation antihistamines are less selective and have more side effects while second generation antihistamines have fewer side effects.
Anti Asthmatics Drugs and Pharmacotherapy of AsthmaNikhileshMaruthi
Anti Asthmatic drugs and classification , classification of asthmatic drugs , Drugs acting on the respiratory tract, Pharmacotherapy of Asthma , Asthma and Anti asthmatic drugs.
This document summarizes various antiprotozoal drugs used to treat malaria. It discusses the life cycle of malaria parasites and the stages at which different drugs act, including chloroquine, quinine, mefloquine, primaquine, proguanil, pyrimethamine, sulfadoxine, artesunate, and artemether. It also provides information on the mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, uses, and adverse effects of these antimalarial drugs.
Anthelmintic
According to the syllabus based on “PHARMACY COUNCIL OF INDIA”
“I Dedicate this work to all the
Students , Pharmacy Faculty & Family Members
Drx. Shubhanshu R.s. Jaiswal
Helminthiasis also known as Worm Infection, is any macro parasitic disease of humans & other animals in which a Part of the body is infected with parasitic worms, known as Helminths.
1. Helminths are multi-cellular parasitic worms that infect the human gastrointestinal tract and other tissues. They include nematodes (roundworms and hookworms), trematodes (flukes), and cestodes (tapeworms).
2. Common anthelmintic drugs work by disrupting the neuromuscular function, microtubule function, or energy metabolism of helminths. Drugs include mebendazole, albendazole, pyrantel, levamisole, ivermectin, diethylcarbamazine, praziquantel, and niclosamide.
3. Mebendazole and albendazole are broad-spectrum
This document discusses anti-asthmatic drugs, including their classification, mechanisms of action, routes of administration, and examples. It begins by defining anti-asthmatic drugs as medicines that treat or prevent asthma attacks by opening up airways. It then classifies these drugs based on their mechanism of action (bronchodilation or anti-inflammatory) and route of administration (oral, inhaled, etc.). The document provides examples of different drug classes, their advantages and disadvantages, and precautions for specific drugs. It concludes with monitoring advice for certain anti-asthmatic medications.
Biosynthesis of Histamine,Storage and release,Histamine H1-Receptor ,Histamine H1-Receptor Antagonists,Differences between first generation & second generation antihistamines,H2 receptor blockers
This document summarizes four plants from the Solanaceae family: belladonna, hyocyamus, stramonium, and capsicum. Belladonna, hyocyamus, and stramonium are perennial herbs that are indigenous to Europe and Asia. They contain alkaloids that are used as antispasmodics, narcotics, and to relieve asthma symptoms. Capsicum is a perennial shrub native to America and cultivated in tropical regions. It contains capsaicin and is used externally as a stimulant and internally to treat dyspepsia and flatulence. The document provides details on the botanical origin, common names, parts used, constituents, and medical uses of each plant.
1. Lung abscess is a bacterial infection in the lung tissue that causes pus to collect in dead tissue. It is challenging to treat and can be life-threatening.
2. Occupational lung diseases result from inhaling dust or chemicals at work. Pneumoconiosis like silicosis and asbestosis are caused by inhaling mineral dust and cause scarring of lung tissue.
3. Other occupational lung diseases include hypersensitivity reactions like asthma from allergens at work, and byssinosis from cotton dust exposure without proper ventilation. Prevention focuses on protective equipment and measures to reduce exposure.
This document defines various types of pneumoconiosis (occupational lung disease caused by dust inhalation). It discusses silicosis caused by silica dust, asbestosis caused by asbestos dust, coal worker's pneumoconiosis caused by coal dust, and other diseases. The classification, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, and control methods are described for different pneumoconioses. It emphasizes that pneumoconiosis remains an important global issue and that primary prevention through dust control and worker protection is key to addressing this occupational health problem.
Occupational lung diseases are caused by exposure to dusts, chemicals, or other agents in the workplace. Some examples described in the document include silicosis from inhaling silica dust, asbestosis from asbestos exposure, byssinosis from cotton dust, and farmer's lung caused by mold exposure. Symptoms vary but often include cough, shortness of breath, and lung impairment. Diagnosis involves exams, imaging, and pulmonary function tests. Treatment focuses on removing the causal exposure and managing symptoms, though many occupational lung diseases have no cure.
This document discusses pneumoconiosis, which is the non-neoplastic reaction of the lungs to inhaled dust. It defines various types of pneumoconiosis including silicosis caused by silica dust, asbestosis caused by asbestos dust, coal workers' pneumoconiosis caused by coal dust, and byssinosis caused by cotton dust. It describes the pathogenesis, clinical features, investigations, treatment and prevention of silicosis in particular.
OCCUPATIONAL LUNG DISORDERS by postgraduate students .pptxDrGarimaRatan
Occupational lung disease can result from inhaling dusts, fumes or other substances on the job. Common examples include pneumoconiosis caused by inhaling mineral dusts like coal, silica or asbestos. Coal workers' pneumoconiosis and silicosis develop due to deposition of dust deep in the lungs, causing inflammation and fibrosis over time. Asbestosis and certain cancers are associated with asbestos exposure. Chest x-rays and pulmonary function tests can help diagnose these conditions. Prevention involves eliminating dust exposure through measures like ventilation and use of protective masks.
The document discusses various lung diseases caused by inhaling certain dust particles, known as pneumoconiosis. It provides details on several primary pneumoconiosis diseases including asbestosis, caused by inhaling asbestos fibers; silicosis caused by inhaling silica dust; and coal worker's pneumoconiosis caused by inhaling coal mine dust. It describes the pathological processes, symptoms, diagnoses and treatments of these three dust-induced lung diseases.
This document provides information on Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and some of its components. It begins with an introduction defining COPD and its causes as disorders that narrow the airways and limit airflow. It then discusses specific conditions like asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema. For each condition, it covers definitions, classifications, etiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic tests, pathophysiology, management, pharmacological treatments, and potential complications. The document aims to educate on COPD and its subtypes through detailed descriptions and explanations.
TUBERCULOSIS HAS BEEN EXCLUDED BECAUSE IN INDIA TUBERCULOSIS IS THE MOST COMMON CAUSE OF CHRONIC COUGH AND REST OTHER CAUSES OF CHRONIC COUGHS ARE IGNORED
The document provides information on assessing the respiratory system through history and physical examination. It describes the key symptoms of respiratory disease including chest pain, dyspnea, cough, wheeze, sputum production, and hemoptysis. It outlines how to evaluate these symptoms and what they may indicate. It also details the physical examination of the respiratory system, covering inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation of the chest and other relevant body systems. The document is a guide for comprehensively assessing the respiratory system in clinical practice.
This document discusses obstructive pulmonary disorders including asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It covers the causes of these conditions such as smoking, occupational exposures, air pollution, and genetics. The pathophysiology of COPD involves damage to airways and air sacs causing airflow limitation. Symptoms include coughing, wheezing and shortness of breath. Management involves medical treatment to improve ventilation, oxygen therapy, and surgery in some cases. Nursing care focuses on managing symptoms and preventing complications like infection.
The Respiration and the Problems of Respiratory SystemRenzo Cristobal
The document discusses the respiratory system and common respiratory problems. It describes the process of respiration which involves the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide through the respiratory tract. This includes the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and alveoli. Common respiratory issues like influenza, emphysema, chronic bronchitis, tuberculosis, cystic fibrosis, lung cancer, asthma and pneumonia are then explained in terms of their causes, symptoms and treatments. Smoking is identified as a leading cause of several respiratory diseases.
The document discusses the importance of clean air and the respiratory system. It describes the major parts of the respiratory system including the nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi, lungs and diaphragm. It then lists common symptoms of respiratory illness such as difficulty breathing, coughing, wheezing and sore throat. Several respiratory diseases and disorders are explained including lung cancer, bronchitis, tuberculosis and pneumonia. Common tests used to diagnose respiratory diseases like auscultation, chest ultrasound and bronchoscopy are also outlined. Key technical terms related to respiratory health are defined.
The document outlines plans for the week of respiratory system notes and labs, including a respiratory notes worksheet on Monday, a lung capacity lab on Tuesday, circulatory notes and worksheets on Wednesday, and pulse labs on Thursday and Friday. Students are instructed to bring a notebook and writing utensils. The remainder of the document details the structures and functions of the respiratory system, gas exchange process, common respiratory illnesses, and career options in respiratory therapy.
This document summarizes various respiratory system disorders. It discusses normal respiratory rates by age group and then outlines common upper respiratory diseases like the common cold, sinusitis, nasal polyps, sleep apnea, hay fever, tonsillitis and influenza. It also discusses lower respiratory diseases such as COPD, bronchitis, asthma, emphysema, pneumonia, pleurisy, tuberculosis, lung cancer and cystic fibrosis, providing details on symptoms and causes for each.
This document provides an overview of interstitial and infiltrative pulmonary diseases. It discusses diffuse parenchymal lung disease including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis which presents with progressive breathlessness. Drug-induced interstitial lung disease and sarcoidosis are also covered. Occupational lung diseases from exposures like hypersensitivity pneumonitis are explained. Pneumoconioses such as coal worker's pneumoconiosis, silicosis, and asbestosis are defined. Mesothelioma is discussed as associated with asbestos exposure. Characteristic chest x-ray patterns are provided to help identify different interstitial lung diseases.
This document discusses cough, its mechanism, phases, pathophysiology and approach to patients presenting with cough. It defines cough and outlines its mechanism as a sudden expiratory thrust interrupting breathing. It describes the inspiratory, compressive and expulsive phases of cough. The pathophysiology involves cough receptors in the airways activating afferent nerves that signal the cough center in the brainstem. A detailed history and examination is important to determine the cause and duration of cough. Common causes of acute, subacute and chronic cough are outlined. Investigations including sputum examination, chest imaging and pulmonary function tests may help diagnose the specific condition. Treatment focuses on identifying and treating the underlying cause, with additional options for antitussive agents
This document provides information on the human respiratory system and respiration process. It describes the pathway of air from the nostrils through the trachea and bronchi to the alveoli in the lungs. The alveoli have adaptations like a large surface area and thin walls that allow for efficient gas exchange. Oxygen is transported from the lungs to body cells via blood, binding to hemoglobin. Air pollution can harm the respiratory system and cause diseases like asthma, bronchitis, lung cancer, emphysema and pneumonia. Maintaining good indoor and outdoor air quality can help improve respiratory health.
Laryngitis is inflammation of the larynx or voice box caused by infection, irritation or overuse. It causes hoarseness, coughing and difficulty speaking. Acute laryngitis lasts less than 3 weeks and is usually caused by a cold or flu virus. Chronic laryngitis persists over 3 weeks and can be caused by smoking, acid reflux, vocal misuse or inhaled irritants. Treatment focuses on voice rest, hydration, steam inhalation and medication if caused by infection. Prevention involves avoiding irritants, smoking and overusing the voice.
This document discusses several common respiratory disorders in children. It begins by noting that respiratory illnesses are frequent in young children, with most cases being mild. However, around one third of pediatric hospitalizations are due to more severe respiratory problems like asthma and pneumonia. The document then outlines different categories of respiratory disorders including acute issues like bronchitis, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia as well as chronic conditions such as tuberculosis and cystic fibrosis. Specific acute upper and lower respiratory diseases are defined and their symptoms, causes, diagnosis, and treatment are described. The document closes by focusing on apnea of prematurity, its risk factors, types, management, and typical resolution.
Laryngitis is inflammation of the larynx (voice box) caused by irritation or infection. It causes hoarseness, coughing, and difficulty speaking. Risk factors include respiratory infections, irritants like smoke, cold weather, and voice overuse. Treatment focuses on voice rest, hydration, steam inhalation, and medication if caused by infection. Preventing larynx irritation and avoiding overuse of the voice can help prevent recurrent laryngitis.
Similar to 06 --30 november occupational disease (20)
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/Pt1nA32sdHQ
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/uFdc9F0rlP0
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
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3.
Occupational health should aim at the promotion and
maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental
and social well-being of workers in all occupations.
The term pneumoconiosis derives its meaning from the
Greek words: pneuma = air and konis = dust
Pneumoconiosis can be defined as the non-neoplastic
reaction of lungs to inhaled minerals or organic dust
and the resultant alteration in their structure excluding
asthma, bronchitis and emphysema
Definition
4.
The maintenance and promotion of workers health and
working capacity
Development of work organizations and working cultures
in a direction which supports health and safety at work
and in doing so also promotes a positive social climate
and smooth operation and may enhance productivity of
the undertakings
Objectives
6.
Diseases due to chemical agents
1.Gases:
co2,HCN,NH3,N2,HCL,SO2
2.Dusts(pneumoconiosis)
i. Inorganic dusts:
a. Coal dust:anthracosis
b. Silica-silicosis
c. Asbestosis-asbestosis,cancer lung
d. iron-siderosis
ii. organic dusts:
a. Cane fibre-bagassosis
b. Cotton dust-byssinosis
c. Hay or grain dust-farmer’s lung
Occupational lung diseases are
grouped as follows
7.
3. Metals and their compounds-toxic hazardous from
mercury,cadmium,arsenic.
4. chemicals:acids,alkalies
8.
Dusts within the rangeof 0.5 micron to 3 micron is a
health hazard producing, after a variable period of
exposure, a lung disease known as pneumoconiosis,
which may gradually cripple a man by reducing his work
capacity due to lung fibrosis and other complications
PNEUMOCONIOSIS
9.
1. Chemical compound
2. Fineness
3. Concentration of dust in the air
4. Period of exposure
5. Health status of person exposed
Hazardous effects of dust on
lungs depends on factors
10.
• Caused by inhalation of dust
containing free silica or silicon
dioxide.
• people who are working in
mining industry,pottery and
ceramic industry,sand
blasting,building and
construction works and several
others.
Silicosis
11.
Incubation period may vary from few months upto 6
yrs of exposure.
Pathology:Quartz is transported widely in the lung
via lymphatic,much of it deposited in the hilar nodes
which it destroys.This destruction of the nodes is
very likely to be responsible for blockage of exit
route for further inhaled dust,therefore it retains in
the lung ,thus progressive massive fibrosis or even
acute silicosis starts
12.
1. Acute silicosis ,Accelerated silicosis ,chronic silicosis
2. pt becomes intensely breathless,cough,weight loss
and die within months.
3. Less exposure causes progressively less
symptoms,ranging from progressive upper lobe
fibrosis with slowly increasing exertional dyspnoea
over 5 to 15 yrs after exposure
4. Snow storm appearance in X ray
CLINICAL FEATURES
14.
• It is caused by inhalation of dust
containing coal miners.
• First phase is called simple pneumoconiasis
which is associated with little impairment.
• Second phase is characterized by
Progressive massive fibrosis
Anthracosis
15.
The primary lesion in CWP is coal macule.
It consist of focal collection of coal dust
macrophages around the respiratory bronchioles
tapering off towards alveoli.
Lung fibroblast secrete fine network of reticulin
fibres around the macule.
The lesion increase in size and number with increase
in dust deposition.The nodule increase in size more
than 2 cm in diameter..
PATHOLOGY:
16.
Pt may present with cough,black sputum and
dyspnoea.
It is usually progressive and leading to respiratory
failure,cor-pulmonale and death.
The risk of death among coal miners has been nearly
twice that of general population
CLINICAL FEATURES
17.
• Inhalation of cotton fibre dust over long periods of, time.
• Incidence rate -7-8% in India
The symptoms are
• Chronic cough
• Progressive dyspnoea,
• Chronic bronchitis
Byssinosis
18.
• Caused by inhalation of bagasse or sugar-cane dust.
• Bagassosis has been shown to be due to a
thermophilic actinomycet for which the name
The symptoms
• Breathlessness
• Cough
• Haemoptysis
• slight fever
• Skygram –Mottling of lung or shadow
Bagassosis
20.
• Asbestos is of two types- serpentine or chrysolite varietyand
amphibole type.
• Clinically the disease is characterized by dyspnoea.
• Clubbing of fingers,
• Cardiac distress and cyanosis.
• The sputum shows "asbestos bodies"
• An X-ray of the chest shows a ground-glass appearance in the lower
two thirds of the lung fields
Asbestosis
23.
Farmer's lung is due to the inhalation of mouldy hay or
grain dust
hay containing spores of thermophilic actinomycetes
that produce hypersensitive pneumonitis.A pt with
acute farmer’s lung presents 4-8 hrs after exposure
with chills,fever,maliase,cough and dyspnoea
without wheezing.
Farmer's lung
25.
The toxic effects of inorganic exposure
abdominal colic
Constipation
loss of appetite
blue-line on the gums stippling
of red cells Anaemia
wrist drop
foot drop
26.
• The toxic effects of organic lead compounds are mostly
on the central nervous system
• Insomnia
• Headache
• Mental confusion
• Delirium
30.
1. Pre-placement examination –
2. Periodical examination –
3. Medical and health care services –
4. Notification –
5. Maintenance and analysis of records –
6. Health education and counselling –
7. Practicing good personal hygiene Preventive
measures
Medical measures
33.
1. Design of building –
2. Conduct air monitoring to measure the workers’
exposure to crystalline silica.
3. Minimize exposures by controlling the creation of
airborne particles, for example, use wet drilling, local
exhaust ventilation.
4. Personal Protective Equipments: Provide workers with
protective clothes, respiratory protection, and facilities
for washing (showers) and changing.
5. Enclosure / isolation
6. Environmental monitoring Preventive measures
Engineering measures
34.
It is a non maismatic disease.
Disesae occurs due to exposure of dust or chemicals
so it does not come under miasmatic
Classification of disease
35.
Aconitum Napellus-
Constant pressure in left chest; oppressed breathing on least motion. Hoarse, dry,
croupy cough; loud, labored breathing. Child grasps at throat every time he coughs.
Very sensitive to inspired air. Shortness of breath. Larynx sensitive. Stitches through
chest. Cough, dry, short, hacking; worse at night and after midnight. Hot feeling in
lungs. Blood comes up with hawking. Tingling in chest after cough.
Ammonium Carbonicum-
Cough every morning about three o'clock, with dyspnœa, palpitation, burning in
chest; worse ascending. Chest feels tired. Emphysema. Much oppression in
breathing; worse after any effort, and entering warm room, or ascending even a few
steps. Asthenic Pneumonia. Slow labored, stertorous breathing; bubbling sound.
Winter catarrh, with slimy sputum and specks of blood. Pulmonary œdema.
HOMOEOPATHIC
MANAGEMENT
36.
Ammonium Muriaticum-
Hoarseness and burning in larynx. Dry, hacking,
scraping cough; worse lying on back or right side.
Stitches in chest. Cough loose in afternoon, with
profuse expectoration and rattling of mucus.
Oppression of chest. Burning at small spots in chest.
Scanty secretion. Cough with profuse salivation.
37.
Antimonium Tartaricum-
Great rattling of mucus, but very little is expectorated. Velvety feeling in chest.
Burning sensation in chest, which ascends to throat. Rapid, short, difficult
breathing; seems as if he would suffocate; must sit up. Emphysema of the aged.
Coughing and gaping consecutively. Bronchial tubes overloaded with mucus.
Cough excited by eating, with pain in chest and larynx. Edema and impending
paralysis of lungs. Much palpitation, with uncomfortable hot feeling. Pulse
rapid, weak, trembling. Dizziness, with cough. Dyspnea relieved by eructation.
Cough and Dyspnea better lying on right side
Arsenicum Album-
Unable to lie down; fears suffocation. Air-passages constricted. Asthma worse
midnight. Burning in chest. Suffocative catarrh. Cough worse after midnight;
worse lying on back. Expectoration scanty, frothy. Darting pain through upper
third of right lung. Wheezing respiration. Hæmoptysis with pain between
shoulders; burning heat all over. Cough dry, as from sulphur fumes; after
drinking.
38.
Drosera-
Spasmodic, dry irritative cough, like whooping-cough,
the paroxysms following each other very rapidly; can
scarcely breathe; chokes. Cough very deep and hoarse;
worse, after midnight; yellow expectoration, with
bleeding from nose and mouth; retching. Deep, hoarse
voice; hoarseness; laryngitis. Rough, scraping sensation
deep in the fauces and soft palate. Sensation as if crumbs
were in the throat, of feather in larynx. Asthma when
talking, with contraction of the throat at every word
uttered.
39.
Ferrum Phosphoricum-
First stage of all inflammatory affections. Congestions of lungs.
Hæmoptysis. Short, painful tickling cough. Croup. Hard, dry
cough, with sore chest. Hoarseness. Expectoration of pure
blood in pneumonia (Millefol). Cough better at night.
Veratrum Viride-
Congestion of lungs. Difficult breathing. Sensation of a heavy
load on chest. Pneumonia, with faint feeling in stomach and
violent congestion. Croup
40.
63rd National Conference of Indian Association of
Occupational Health was held in Bengaluru, 22nd – 25th
January, 2013.
“An International meet on climate, the workplace and the
lungs” 6th -8th December 2012.
Main topics discussed were
1. – Integration of occupational health with primary health care
2. – Imaging for occupational and environmental respiratory
disorders
Study of Pneumoconiosis in Thermal Power Station Workers, –
K. D. Garkal, Shete Anjali N. in International Journal of Recent
Trends in Science And Technology, Beed district, Maharashtra
2012
Recent updates
41.
1. Practice of medicine –P K Das
2. API text book of medicine
3. Textbook of Pulmonary Medicine , D Behera
4. Homeopathic materia medica –kent,Dubey
5. Preventive and social Medicine- K Park
Reference