This document discusses several common respiratory disorders in children. It begins by noting that respiratory illnesses are frequent in young children, with most cases being mild. However, around one third of pediatric hospitalizations are due to more severe respiratory problems like asthma and pneumonia. The document then outlines different categories of respiratory disorders including acute issues like bronchitis, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia as well as chronic conditions such as tuberculosis and cystic fibrosis. Specific acute upper and lower respiratory diseases are defined and their symptoms, causes, diagnosis, and treatment are described. The document closes by focusing on apnea of prematurity, its risk factors, types, management, and typical resolution.
Pharyngitis- Easy PPT for Nursing StudentsSwatilekha Das
Pharyngitis- Easy PPT for Nursing Students
organs of the respiratory system
Definition
Acute Pharyngitis definition
Causes
Clinical features
Diagnosis
Treatment
Nutritional therapy
Chronic Pharyngitis
types
Clinical manifestations
Medical management
TOPIC: Nursing Management of Br.Asthma
المحاضر: فريدة محمد مصطفى (مشرفه التعليم الطبي بالتمريض)
SPEAKER: Sr.Fareedah M. Mustafa
( Nursing Education Coordinator , MGH)
Emphysema is a type of COPD involving damage to the air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs. As a result, your body does not get the oxygen it needs. Emphysema makes it hard to catch your breath. You may also have a chronic cough and have trouble breathing during exercise. The most common cause is cigarette smoking
Pharyngitis- Easy PPT for Nursing StudentsSwatilekha Das
Pharyngitis- Easy PPT for Nursing Students
organs of the respiratory system
Definition
Acute Pharyngitis definition
Causes
Clinical features
Diagnosis
Treatment
Nutritional therapy
Chronic Pharyngitis
types
Clinical manifestations
Medical management
TOPIC: Nursing Management of Br.Asthma
المحاضر: فريدة محمد مصطفى (مشرفه التعليم الطبي بالتمريض)
SPEAKER: Sr.Fareedah M. Mustafa
( Nursing Education Coordinator , MGH)
Emphysema is a type of COPD involving damage to the air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs. As a result, your body does not get the oxygen it needs. Emphysema makes it hard to catch your breath. You may also have a chronic cough and have trouble breathing during exercise. The most common cause is cigarette smoking
measles and influenza for nursing and other health department
INTRODUCTION.
DEFINITION.
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF LUNG,
Epidemiology,
CLINICAL MANIFESTATION
DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION
COMPLICATION
MANAGEMENT
PREVENTION
HEALTH EDUCATION.
Cough in children.pptx by dr sayed ismailSayed Ahmed
causes of cough in children
acute and chronic cough
approach to cough in children
common causes of cough
treatment of cough
investigation of cough
neonatal cough
differntial diagnosis of cough
impact of cough
complications of cough
prolonged cough
persistent cough
to differentiate b/w wheezing and stridor....lead to know to make clinical dx for asthma, croup, laryngomalacia, epiglottis...there many noisy breathing....our focus wheezing n stridor....
Dental consideration in respiratory disorders/prosthodontic coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Dental consideration in respiratory disorders/ dental crown & bridge coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
TUBERCULOSIS HAS BEEN EXCLUDED BECAUSE IN INDIA TUBERCULOSIS IS THE MOST COMMON CAUSE OF CHRONIC COUGH AND REST OTHER CAUSES OF CHRONIC COUGHS ARE IGNORED
Health Education on prevention of hypertensionRadhika kulvi
Hypertension is a chronic condition of concern due to its role in the causation of coronary heart diseases. Hypertension is a worldwide epidemic and important risk factor for coronary artery disease, stroke and renal diseases. Blood pressure is the force exerted by the blood against the walls of the blood vessels and is sufficient to maintain tissue perfusion during activity and rest. Hypertension is sustained elevation of BP. In adults, HTN exists when systolic blood pressure is equal to or greater than 140mmHg or diastolic BP is equal to or greater than 90mmHg. The
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R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair: A New Horizon in Nephrology" explores groundbreaking advancements in the use of R3 stem cells for kidney disease treatment. This insightful piece delves into the potential of these cells to regenerate damaged kidney tissue, offering new hope for patients and reshaping the future of nephrology.
CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, holds immense potential to reshape medicine, agriculture, and our understanding of life. But like any powerful tool, it comes with ethical considerations.
Unveiling CRISPR: This naturally occurring bacterial defense system (crRNA & Cas9 protein) fights viruses. Scientists repurposed it for precise gene editing (correction, deletion, insertion) by targeting specific DNA sequences.
The Promise: CRISPR offers exciting possibilities:
Gene Therapy: Correcting genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis.
Agriculture: Engineering crops resistant to pests and harsh environments.
Research: Studying gene function to unlock new knowledge.
The Peril: Ethical concerns demand attention:
Off-target Effects: Unintended DNA edits can have unforeseen consequences.
Eugenics: Misusing CRISPR for designer babies raises social and ethical questions.
Equity: High costs could limit access to this potentially life-saving technology.
The Path Forward: Responsible development is crucial:
International Collaboration: Clear guidelines are needed for research and human trials.
Public Education: Open discussions ensure informed decisions about CRISPR.
Prioritize Safety and Ethics: Safety and ethical principles must be paramount.
CRISPR offers a powerful tool for a better future, but responsible development and addressing ethical concerns are essential. By prioritizing safety, fostering open dialogue, and ensuring equitable access, we can harness CRISPR's power for the benefit of all. (2998 characters)
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ICH Guidelines for Pharmacovigilance.pdfNEHA GUPTA
The "ICH Guidelines for Pharmacovigilance" PDF provides a comprehensive overview of the International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) guidelines related to pharmacovigilance. These guidelines aim to ensure that drugs are safe and effective for patients by monitoring and assessing adverse effects, ensuring proper reporting systems, and improving risk management practices. The document is essential for professionals in the pharmaceutical industry, regulatory authorities, and healthcare providers, offering detailed procedures and standards for pharmacovigilance activities to enhance drug safety and protect public health.
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V - ROLE OF PEADIATRIC NURSE.pdfSachin Sharma
Pediatric nurses play a vital role in the health and well-being of children. Their responsibilities are wide-ranging, and their objectives can be categorized into several key areas:
1. Direct Patient Care:
Objective: Provide comprehensive and compassionate care to infants, children, and adolescents in various healthcare settings (hospitals, clinics, etc.).
This includes tasks like:
Monitoring vital signs and physical condition.
Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
Assisting with daily living activities (bathing, feeding).
Providing emotional support and pain management.
2. Health Promotion and Education:
Objective: Promote healthy behaviors and educate children, families, and communities about preventive healthcare.
This includes tasks like:
Administering vaccinations.
Providing education on nutrition, hygiene, and development.
Offering breastfeeding and childbirth support.
Counseling families on safety and injury prevention.
3. Collaboration and Advocacy:
Objective: Collaborate effectively with doctors, social workers, therapists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure coordinated care for children.
Objective: Advocate for the rights and best interests of their patients, especially when children cannot speak for themselves.
This includes tasks like:
Communicating effectively with healthcare teams.
Identifying and addressing potential risks to child welfare.
Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
4. Professional Development and Research:
Objective: Stay up-to-date on the latest advancements in pediatric healthcare through continuing education and research.
Objective: Contribute to improving the quality of care for children by participating in research initiatives.
This includes tasks like:
Attending workshops and conferences on pediatric nursing.
Participating in clinical trials related to child health.
Implementing evidence-based practices into their daily routines.
By fulfilling these objectives, pediatric nurses play a crucial role in ensuring the optimal health and well-being of children throughout all stages of their development.
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NDIS and Community 24/7 Nursing Care is a specific type of support that may be provided under the NDIS for individuals with complex medical needs who require ongoing nursing care in a community setting, such as their home or a supported accommodation facility.
The dimensions of healthcare quality refer to various attributes or aspects that define the standard of healthcare services. These dimensions are used to evaluate, measure, and improve the quality of care provided to patients. A comprehensive understanding of these dimensions ensures that healthcare systems can address various aspects of patient care effectively and holistically. Dimensions of Healthcare Quality and Performance of care include the following; Appropriateness, Availability, Competence, Continuity, Effectiveness, Efficiency, Efficacy, Prevention, Respect and Care, Safety as well as Timeliness.
One of the most developed cities of India, the city of Chennai is the capital of Tamilnadu and many people from different parts of India come here to earn their bread and butter. Being a metropolitan, the city is filled with towering building and beaches but the sad part as with almost every Indian city
3. INTRODUCTION
• Respiratory illness are common in children under 5 years of
age.
• They have 3-8 episodes of cold or respiratory illness in a year.
• Most cases are mild.
• But one by third of all hospitalisation in this age group are due
to respiratory problems including severe asthma and
pneumonia cases.
4. DISORDERS OF RESPIRATORY CAN BE
I. APNEA OF PREMATURITY.
II. ACUTE RESPIRATORY DISORDERS.
a) Upper respiratory disorders
b)Lower respiratory disorders
III. CHRONIC RESPIRATORY DISORDERS
• TB, Asthma, Cystic Fibrosis, Lung Abscess.
6. I. APNEA OF PREMATURITY.
• Apnea is the cessation of breathing.
• During apnea, there is no movement of the muscles of
inhalation, and the volume of the lungs initially remains
unchanged.
• It is common problem in preterm neonates.
• It occurs in preterm neonates between 2nd – 5th days of life
due to immaturity of the brain.
7. TYPES
1. CENTRAL:
Occurs due to sepsis,
hypoglycaemia, hypocalcaemia,
temperature instability, respiratory
diseases etc…
2. OBSTRUCTIVE APNEA:
Occurs due to blockage of airway
due to secretion, improper position
like hyper flexed neck or
hyperextended neck of baby.
3. MIXED TYPE: May start either as Obstructive or Central. But
involves elements of both and becomes mixed in nature.
9. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Leading to Apnea.
For premature infants, response to this stimuli is impaired
due to under development of respiratory centre of brain.
Respiratory effort is dependent on response to ↑CO2 and
lactic acid in blood. And another stimuli is hypoxia.
11. 2. RESPIRATORY SUPPORT:
a) Tactile stimulation to increase the
infants alertness.
b) Oxygen supply with using oxygen
hood.
c) Continuous positive airway
pressure (CPAP).
MANAGEMENT
12. • It gets better when respiratory centre of brain is mature.
• Usually disappear after 42 weeks of age.
PROGNOSIS
13. II. UPPER RESPIRATORY DISORDERS
a) Sinusitis.
b) Nasopharyngitis.
c) Stridor.
d) Pharyngitis/tonsillitis.
e) Croup.
f) Whooping cough(Pertussis).
14. ASSIGNMENT
Q. Write a short notes on following topic.
1. Sinusitis.
2. Nasopharyngitis.
3. Tonsillitis.
4. Tonsillitis.
15. • Stridor is a noisy or high-pitched sound with
breathing.
• It is a sign that the upper airway is partially
blocked.
• It may involve the nose, mouth, sinuses, voice box
(larynx), or windpipe (trachea).
c. STRIDOR
17. TYPES OF STRIDOR
1. INSPIRATORY STRIDOR: It suggest obstruction above
the vocal cords.
2. EXPIRATORY STRIDOR: It is present when obstruction is
in distal trachea.
3. BIPHASIC STRIDOR: when stridor is heard during
inspiration and expiration.
18. CAUSES
A. CONGENITAL B. INFECTION C. TRAUMATIC CAUSE
1. Laryngomalacia.
2. Subglottic stenosis.
3. Vascular rings.
1. Croup
2. Epiglottitis
3. Bronchitis
4. Severe tonsillitis
5. Retropharyngeal
abscess.
1. Foreign bodies in ear,
nose, respiratory
tract.
2. Fracture in neck.
3. Swallowing a harmful
substance.
19. DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION
1. Medical history.
2. Physical examination.
3. Chest x-ray.
4. Bronchoscopy.
5. Pulse oximetry.
6. Sputum culture.
20. MANAGEMENT
The treatment depends on:
1. Age.
2. Causes.
3. Extent of the condition.
4. Child’s tolerance for specific medication, procedure or
therapies.
The treatment may includes:
1. Referral to ENT specialist.
2. Surgery.
3. Medication to reduce the inflammation.
22. CROUP
‘An upper airway infection that blocks breathing and has a distinctive
barking cough’.
• Croup generally occurs in children.
• In addition to a barking cough, symptoms include fever,
hoarseness and laboured or noisy breathing.
• Most cases clear up with home care in three to five days.
• A doctor may prescribe a steroid for a persistent case.
• Rarely, a severe case may need hospital care.
23.
24. WHOOPING COUGH
• Whooping cough (pertussis) is a highly contagious
respiratory tract infection.
• In many people, it's marked by a severe hacking cough
followed by a high-pitched intake of breath that sounds
like "whoop."
• Before the vaccine was developed, whooping cough was
considered a childhood disease.
25. SIGN AND SYMPTOMS
• Cough: Can Be Chronic Or Severe
• Nasal: Congestion, Runny Nose, Or Sneezing
• Whole Body: Fatigue Or Fever
• Also Common: Cough, Episodes Of No
Breathing, Vomiting, Or Watery Eyes.
30. INTRODUCTION
“Acute bronchitis is a clinical syndrome produced by inflammation
of the trachea and bronchi.”
• It is a febrile illness, that is characterized by dry cough (worst at
night) and wheezing.
• Involves inflammation of one or more bronchi.
31. INCIDENCE
• Occurs specially in children less than 4 years of age.
• Usually associated with previous upper respiratory infection.
32. ETIOLOGY
• Viral : Adenovirus, Respiratory Syncytial Virus and
Rhinovirus.
• Bacterial: Mycoplasma Pneumoniae
• May occur with Communicable diseases: Pertussis,
Measles, Diphtheria, Typhoid.
• Physical or chemical agents : Dust, allergens, strong
fumes, etc.
33. CLINICAL FEATURES
• Runny nose (usually before cough starts).
• Malaise.
• Chills.
• Fever .
• Back and muscle pain.
• Wheezing.
• Dry non productive cough in earlier stages.
• Excessive mucous filled cough in later stages.
• Symptoms usually lasts for 7 – 14 days.
34. DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION
• History
• Physical examination
• Chest auscultation reveals Ronchi ( low pitched wheezing
sound like snoring) and Crepitations (bubbling /crackel
sound)
• X ray chest
38. DEFINITION
“ it is a serious illness characterized by inflammation of bronchioles ,
causing severe dyspnea”
39.
40.
41.
42. ALVEOLI
• The alveoli are where the lungs and
the blood exchange oxygen and
carbon dioxide during the process of
breathing in and breathing out.
• Oxygen breathed in from the air
passes through the alveoli and into
the blood and travels to the tissues
throughout the body.
43. • It is a serious acute lower respiratory
infection of bronchioles.
• Most commonly occurs in infants aged
1 – 6 months.
• More common in winters and spring.
44. Causative organisms
• Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) – most common
• Parainfluenza virus
• Adenovirus
• Influenza viruses
• M. Pneumoniae - (rarely)
45. CLINICAL FEATURES
A few days following upper respiratory tract infection….
• Dyspnea
• High fever
• Intercoastal retractions
• Prolonged expiration
• Crepitation. (bubbling /crackel sound)
• Ronchi ( low pitched wheezing sound like snoring)
• Nasal flaring
46. In more severe infection
• Dyspnea.
• Cyanosis.
• High fever.
• Increased antero-posterior diameter of chest.
• Faint or inaudible breath sounds.
47. DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION
• History
• Physical examination
• Chest X ray
• Blood investigations
• Rapid test using monoclonal antibodies on
nasopharyngeal aspirate to identify RSV (Respiratory
syncytial virus).
48. PROGNOSIS
• Usually self limiting
• Symptoms subside in three to seven days.
• Death may occur in 1% of the severely ill patients due to
respiratory failure.
49. MANAGEMENT
The management is usually symptomatic
• Oxygen administration.
• Warm and humid atmosphere.
• Propped up position with head and neck elevated.
• Pulse oximetry
• Fluids and electrolytes balance should be maintained
50. • Bronchodilators (salbutamol with iprotropium and
epinephrine).
• Ribavirin (in severe bronchiolitis resulting from RSV).
• Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) or assisted
ventilation, to control respiratory failure.
MANAGEMENT