This document provides examples and explanations of how to calculate oil and gas flow rates from well test data. It covers three examples of calculating oil rates using different methods: 1) direct shrinkage measurement and meter factor, 2) estimated shrinkage from tables, and 3) combined meter factor. It also provides an example gas rate calculation, explaining the various factors used in the gas flow rate equation such as orifice size, pressure, and temperature corrections. Charts and tables are presented to lookup values for specific gravity, shrinkage, expansion factors and other parameters needed for the calculations. Standard well test report sheets are also demonstrated with the examples.
This document describes the process of solid bed gas dehydration. It begins with an introduction to gas dehydration and why it is needed to meet contractual water content specifications. It then covers determining the water content in a gas stream and corrections that must be made. The main part of the document discusses how solid bed dehydration systems work using adsorption onto a desiccant and provides details on the process, design considerations, example calculations, and heat requirements for regeneration. It concludes with a solved example to design a solid bed dehydration unit to treat a specific gas feed.
This document outlines the key steps in the liquefied natural gas (LNG) production process. It begins with extracting natural gas from the ground, then treating the gas to remove impurities. The treated gas is then condensed into a liquid by cooling it to -260°F through a multi-stage liquefaction process. The LNG is stored and transported in specialized cryogenic tanks on ships or trucks, then regasified back into gas form before being distributed through pipelines. The document provides details on each stage of the LNG value chain from production to regasification and discusses related technologies like compressed natural gas.
Thermal flooding involves increasing the temperature of oil reservoirs to reduce viscosity and make the thick, heavy oil easier to produce. This can be done through steam cycling/stimulation, steam drives, or in situ combustion. Steam stimulation involves injecting steam into a well and then producing it back out, repeating over time. Steam drives inject steam into multiple injection wells to heat the reservoir indirectly. In situ combustion uses oxygen injection to ignite the oil itself, propagating a flame front and heating the reservoir. Thermal methods are commonly used for producing heavy oil due to the dramatic decrease in viscosity with increased temperature.
Gas Lift Design: Comparative Study of Continuous and Intermittent Gas Lift (C...Nicodeme Feuwo
This document was produced as part of my final year project of training to obtain a petroleum engineering diploma.
The aim of this project is to make a comparative study between continuous and intermittent gas lift systems based on real data from an oil well in Algeria, and to choose the system best suited to increase the production of the well.
This study was carried out by a manual design using the method of “fixed pressure drop” for the continuous gas lift system and “fallback gradient” method for intermittent gas lift system.
We were able to determine at the end of this study that the system best suited to the current conditions of our well would be the intermittent gas lift system and we also proposed that it should be combine with the "plunger lift " system in order to increase the efficiency of the intermittent gas lift system by eliminating problems linked to the phenomenon of" fallback " thus increase the production of our wells.
Here are the key steps to take in the event of an LNG spill:
1. Evacuate the area immediately and move upwind. LNG vapors are heavier than air and can accumulate in low-lying areas.
2. Call emergency services and report the spill. Provide details on location, size of spill, and any injuries.
3. Warn others and prevent access to the spill area. Use barricades or barriers if possible.
4. Do not attempt to extinguish a LNG fire unless trained and it is safe to do so. Evacuate immediately instead.
5. Avoid direct contact with spilled LNG as it can cause frostbite or freeze skin/eyes on
1. The document discusses procedures for calculating pressure safety valve (PSV) sizes for various scenarios that could lead to overpressure. It covers scenarios like closed outlets, external fires, control valve failures, hydraulic expansion, heat exchanger tube ruptures, and power or cooling failures.
2. Calculation methods include enthalpy balances for fractionating columns and the use of relief equations specified in codes like API 521. Worst cases are chosen from all possible scenarios to determine the required PSV size.
3. Key scenarios discussed in detail include closed outlets on vessels, external fires, failures of automatic controls, hydraulic expansion, heat exchanger tube ruptures, total and partial power failures, reflux losses,
Gas Condensate Separation Stages – Design & OptimizationVijay Sarathy
The life cycle of an oil & gas venture begins at the wellhead where subsurface engineers work their way through surveying, drilling, laying production tubing and well completions. Once a well is completed, gathering lines from each well is laid to gather hydrocarbons and transported via a main trunk line to a gas oil separation unit (GOSP) to be processed further to enhance their product value for sales. Gas condensate wells consist of natural gas which is rich in heavier hydrocarbons that are recovered as liquids in separators in field facilities or gas-oil separation plants (GOSP).
The following tutorial is aimed at demonstrating how to optimize and provide the required number of separation stages to process a gas condensate mixture and separate them into their respective vapour phase and liquid phase – termed as “Stage Separation”. Stage separation consists of laying a series of separators which operate at consecutive lower pressures to strip out vapours from the well liquids & resulting in a stabilized liquid. Prior to any hydrocarbon processing in a gas processing plant or a refinery, it is imperative to maximize the liquid recovery as well as provide a stabilized liquid hydrocarbon.
This document describes the process of solid bed gas dehydration. It begins with an introduction to gas dehydration and why it is needed to meet contractual water content specifications. It then covers determining the water content in a gas stream and corrections that must be made. The main part of the document discusses how solid bed dehydration systems work using adsorption onto a desiccant and provides details on the process, design considerations, example calculations, and heat requirements for regeneration. It concludes with a solved example to design a solid bed dehydration unit to treat a specific gas feed.
This document outlines the key steps in the liquefied natural gas (LNG) production process. It begins with extracting natural gas from the ground, then treating the gas to remove impurities. The treated gas is then condensed into a liquid by cooling it to -260°F through a multi-stage liquefaction process. The LNG is stored and transported in specialized cryogenic tanks on ships or trucks, then regasified back into gas form before being distributed through pipelines. The document provides details on each stage of the LNG value chain from production to regasification and discusses related technologies like compressed natural gas.
Thermal flooding involves increasing the temperature of oil reservoirs to reduce viscosity and make the thick, heavy oil easier to produce. This can be done through steam cycling/stimulation, steam drives, or in situ combustion. Steam stimulation involves injecting steam into a well and then producing it back out, repeating over time. Steam drives inject steam into multiple injection wells to heat the reservoir indirectly. In situ combustion uses oxygen injection to ignite the oil itself, propagating a flame front and heating the reservoir. Thermal methods are commonly used for producing heavy oil due to the dramatic decrease in viscosity with increased temperature.
Gas Lift Design: Comparative Study of Continuous and Intermittent Gas Lift (C...Nicodeme Feuwo
This document was produced as part of my final year project of training to obtain a petroleum engineering diploma.
The aim of this project is to make a comparative study between continuous and intermittent gas lift systems based on real data from an oil well in Algeria, and to choose the system best suited to increase the production of the well.
This study was carried out by a manual design using the method of “fixed pressure drop” for the continuous gas lift system and “fallback gradient” method for intermittent gas lift system.
We were able to determine at the end of this study that the system best suited to the current conditions of our well would be the intermittent gas lift system and we also proposed that it should be combine with the "plunger lift " system in order to increase the efficiency of the intermittent gas lift system by eliminating problems linked to the phenomenon of" fallback " thus increase the production of our wells.
Here are the key steps to take in the event of an LNG spill:
1. Evacuate the area immediately and move upwind. LNG vapors are heavier than air and can accumulate in low-lying areas.
2. Call emergency services and report the spill. Provide details on location, size of spill, and any injuries.
3. Warn others and prevent access to the spill area. Use barricades or barriers if possible.
4. Do not attempt to extinguish a LNG fire unless trained and it is safe to do so. Evacuate immediately instead.
5. Avoid direct contact with spilled LNG as it can cause frostbite or freeze skin/eyes on
1. The document discusses procedures for calculating pressure safety valve (PSV) sizes for various scenarios that could lead to overpressure. It covers scenarios like closed outlets, external fires, control valve failures, hydraulic expansion, heat exchanger tube ruptures, and power or cooling failures.
2. Calculation methods include enthalpy balances for fractionating columns and the use of relief equations specified in codes like API 521. Worst cases are chosen from all possible scenarios to determine the required PSV size.
3. Key scenarios discussed in detail include closed outlets on vessels, external fires, failures of automatic controls, hydraulic expansion, heat exchanger tube ruptures, total and partial power failures, reflux losses,
Gas Condensate Separation Stages – Design & OptimizationVijay Sarathy
The life cycle of an oil & gas venture begins at the wellhead where subsurface engineers work their way through surveying, drilling, laying production tubing and well completions. Once a well is completed, gathering lines from each well is laid to gather hydrocarbons and transported via a main trunk line to a gas oil separation unit (GOSP) to be processed further to enhance their product value for sales. Gas condensate wells consist of natural gas which is rich in heavier hydrocarbons that are recovered as liquids in separators in field facilities or gas-oil separation plants (GOSP).
The following tutorial is aimed at demonstrating how to optimize and provide the required number of separation stages to process a gas condensate mixture and separate them into their respective vapour phase and liquid phase – termed as “Stage Separation”. Stage separation consists of laying a series of separators which operate at consecutive lower pressures to strip out vapours from the well liquids & resulting in a stabilized liquid. Prior to any hydrocarbon processing in a gas processing plant or a refinery, it is imperative to maximize the liquid recovery as well as provide a stabilized liquid hydrocarbon.
Sizing of relief valves for supercritical fluidsAlexis Torreele
The document provides an overview of Jacobs, an engineering company, and discusses their approach to sizing relief valves for supercritical fluids. It then presents a case study example of calculating the relief requirements for a vessel containing methane undergoing an external fire. The key steps involve: (1) gathering process data; (2) determining heat input from the fire; (3) calculating fluid properties as temperature increases; (4) determining mass and volume relief rates; (5) calculating choked flow rates; and (6) sizing the required relief valve orifice. The example demonstrates that relief of supercritical fluids can involve complex two-phase flow that requires specialized modeling approaches.
The document discusses natural gas liquid (NGL) recovery processes. It describes several types of NGL recovery processes including refrigeration processes like mechanical refrigeration, self-refrigeration, and cryogenic refrigeration. It also discusses lean oil absorption, solid bed adsorption, membrane separation, and twister supersonic separation. The document provides details on different types of natural gas reservoirs and discusses various refrigeration techniques in depth. It concludes by mentioning modern NGL recovery processes are based on turbo expanders using reflux configurations.
Produced Water Treatment to Enhance Oil Recoverygusgon
This document discusses water treatment technologies for the oil and gas industry. It covers upstream, produced, and downstream water treatment. Upstream treatment includes produced water separation and reinjection. Downstream treatment involves process water treatment and wastewater treatment for refineries and petrochemical plants. The document provides an overview of various separation, filtration, and disinfection technologies used at each stage of water treatment in the petroleum industry.
Innovation of LNG Carrier-Propulsion and BOG handling technology (LNG Warring...BenedictSong1
LNG Warring State Period!
With the advantage of direct injection two-stroke MAN MEGI diesel engines and otto cycle duel fuel XDF engines, existing steam turbine-propelled LNG carriers are significantly less competitive and are in danger of survival. Shipowners will continue to make efforts to create new value by converting these steam turbine LNG carriers to FSRU, FLNG and FPU.
Dr. Aborig Lecture- Chapter 3 natural gas processingamaborig
This document provides an overview of natural gas processing, including the key purposes and principles of gas processing. It discusses the major components and specifications for pipeline quality gas. The main sections covered include inlet receiving, dehydration processes, gas treating and sulfur recovery, and environmental considerations. Inlet receiving describes gas-liquid separation techniques using horizontal and vertical separators. Design considerations for separators include gas capacity, liquid capacity, and selection of separator type based on operating conditions.
Human: Thank you for the summary. Summarize the following document in 3 sentences or less:
[DOCUMENT]:
ENGI 8676 Design of Natural Gas Handling Equipment
ENGI 9120 Advanced Natural Gas Processing
Chapter 3
Natural Gas Processing
Wellhead and Christmas tree products are used to monitor well pressure, adjust oil/gas well flow and prevent the release of hazardous liquid and gas from entering into air or water
This document discusses different types of thermal enhanced oil recovery (EOR) techniques. It begins by introducing EOR and explaining that thermal EOR involves injecting heat into reservoirs to reduce oil viscosity and increase flow. The main thermal EOR methods covered are steam flooding, hot water flooding, and in-situ combustion. Steam flooding generates steam at the surface and injects it underground, using it to heat oil and create an artificial drive toward production wells. Hot water flooding is similar but less effective due to lower heat content. In-situ combustion recovers oil by applying heat transferred to reservoirs through conduction or convection.
This document provides an overview of thermal enhanced oil recovery (EOR) methods for heavy oils. It discusses the basic mechanisms and screening criteria for steam injection, steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD), hot water flooding, and combustion methods like in-situ combustion (ISC) and high pressure air injection (HPAI). Case studies on SAGD and HPAI are presented. Thermal EOR aims to increase reservoir temperature and reduce oil viscosity for improved production rates. Proper screening of reservoir properties like depth, viscosity, permeability is required to select the optimal thermal method.
Safety valves are automatic pressure relief devices that prevent excessive pressure buildup in systems like reactors, pipelines, and compressors. They open rapidly when pressure exceeds the set point to safely release pressure and reclose once normal pressure is restored. Proper safety valve design and sizing according to codes like API 520 and 526 is critical to ensure the valve can relieve the required flow rate without overpressurizing equipment. Key parameters include pressure conditions, required flow rate, orifice area, and type of valve.
This document provides information on various types of safety valves, their purpose, construction, operation, maintenance and testing procedures. It discusses safety valves, relief valves, safety relief valves, vacuum relief valves and their characteristics. The document also outlines requirements for safety valves according to regulations, general sizing guidelines, and procedures for dismantling, overhauling, assembling, testing, maintenance and erection of safety valves.
Flaring is the controlled burning of natural gas during oil and gas production. While necessary for safety, flaring wastes a resource and harms the environment. It is in industry's interest to minimize flaring by commercializing gas when possible. When gas cannot be utilized, reinjection underground or flaring with high-efficiency systems are preferable to venting. Governments must provide policies to encourage alternative approaches tailored to local conditions, in order to reduce flaring impacts.
Asphaltenes & wax deposition in petroleum production systemChirag Vanecha
This document discusses asphaltene and wax deposition in production systems and remedial measures. It provides information on the characteristics of paraffins and asphaltenes, factors that influence their deposition, and methods to remove deposits. Common removal techniques include mechanical cleaning, applying heat, using solvents, and adding dispersants. Preventing deposition involves methods such as using crystal modifiers, plastic pipelines, deposition inhibitors, and downhole heaters. The document also covers asphaltene deposition in detail, including how it occurs, influencing factors, typical locations, measuring techniques, diagnosis, and preventive actions.
Produced water overview ppt, Oct 2011, M RashidMahbubur Rashid
This document discusses produced water handling and treatment technologies. Produced water is a byproduct of oil and gas production that contains dispersed oil, solids, production chemicals and heavy metals. It requires treatment before disposal or reuse. The document outlines various separation and treatment technologies used, including settling, flotation, filtration and advanced processes. It provides guidelines for selecting technologies based on water characteristics and disposal criteria. Future developments discussed include downhole separation and subsea treatment to reduce volumes brought to the surface.
The document provides information about gas processing and separation. It discusses reservoir fluids and the components found in a barrel of crude oil. It then covers fluid emulsions and conditions in pipelines. Several pages are dedicated to explaining separators, including their definition, functions, factors affecting separation, and classifications based on geometry, function, number of phases separated, operating pressure, and application. Separator types discussed include vertical, horizontal, and spherical separators.
The document describes a distillation system with multiple units including a feed preheater, reboiler, distillation column, bottom product cooler, top product cooler, and condenser. It provides material and energy balances for the system, including flow rates, temperatures, heat duties, and phases of the streams at each component.
The document provides an overview of a module on flare system design and calculation. It discusses gas flaring definitions, components of a flare system, types of flares, environmental impacts, and considerations for flare system design and sizing calculations. Key aspects covered include gas flaring principles, when flaring occurs, composition of flared gases, reducing flaring through recovery systems, and sizing the flare header to minimize backpressure while limiting gas velocity.
Natural gas contains water that must be removed through dehydration. There are three main dehydration methods: direct cooling, adsorption, and absorption. Glycol absorption is most common, using triethylene glycol to continuously remove water down to 0.5 lb of H2O/MMSCF. Glycol dehydration has lower costs than alternatives due to easier regeneration and makeup of glycol, as well as less heat required per pound of water removed. Removing water prevents issues like reduced heating value, gas hydrate formation, and corrosion in downstream pipelines and equipment.
- The document discusses sizing pressure safety valves (PSVs) for oil and gas facilities.
- It covers PSV types, causes of chattering, and outlines the step-by-step process for sizing calculations including developing relief scenarios, determining required relief areas, and selecting valve sizes.
- Relief scenarios considered include blocked outlets, thermal expansion, tube rupture, gas blow-by, inlet valve failure, and exterior fires. Relief calculations involve assessing single-phase, two-phase, and transient relief situations.
CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR SETTLE OUT CONDITIONS TUTORIALVijay Sarathy
Centrifugal Compressors are a preferred choice in gas transportation industry, mainly due to their ability to cater to varying loads. In the event of a compressor shutdown as a planned event, i.e., normal shutdown (NSD), the anti-surge valve is opened to recycle gas from the discharge back to the suction (thereby moving the operating point away from the surge line) and the compressor is tripped via the driver (electric motor or Gas turbine / Steam Turbine). In the case of an unplanned event, i.e., emergency shutdown such as power failure, the compressor trips first followed by the anti-surge valve opening. In doing so, the gas content in the suction side & discharge side mix.
Therefore, settle out conditions is explained as the equilibrium pressure and temperature reached in the compressor piping and equipment volume following a compressor shutdown
Sizing of relief valves for supercritical fluidsAlexis Torreele
The document provides an overview of Jacobs, an engineering company, and discusses their approach to sizing relief valves for supercritical fluids. It then presents a case study example of calculating the relief requirements for a vessel containing methane undergoing an external fire. The key steps involve: (1) gathering process data; (2) determining heat input from the fire; (3) calculating fluid properties as temperature increases; (4) determining mass and volume relief rates; (5) calculating choked flow rates; and (6) sizing the required relief valve orifice. The example demonstrates that relief of supercritical fluids can involve complex two-phase flow that requires specialized modeling approaches.
The document discusses natural gas liquid (NGL) recovery processes. It describes several types of NGL recovery processes including refrigeration processes like mechanical refrigeration, self-refrigeration, and cryogenic refrigeration. It also discusses lean oil absorption, solid bed adsorption, membrane separation, and twister supersonic separation. The document provides details on different types of natural gas reservoirs and discusses various refrigeration techniques in depth. It concludes by mentioning modern NGL recovery processes are based on turbo expanders using reflux configurations.
Produced Water Treatment to Enhance Oil Recoverygusgon
This document discusses water treatment technologies for the oil and gas industry. It covers upstream, produced, and downstream water treatment. Upstream treatment includes produced water separation and reinjection. Downstream treatment involves process water treatment and wastewater treatment for refineries and petrochemical plants. The document provides an overview of various separation, filtration, and disinfection technologies used at each stage of water treatment in the petroleum industry.
Innovation of LNG Carrier-Propulsion and BOG handling technology (LNG Warring...BenedictSong1
LNG Warring State Period!
With the advantage of direct injection two-stroke MAN MEGI diesel engines and otto cycle duel fuel XDF engines, existing steam turbine-propelled LNG carriers are significantly less competitive and are in danger of survival. Shipowners will continue to make efforts to create new value by converting these steam turbine LNG carriers to FSRU, FLNG and FPU.
Dr. Aborig Lecture- Chapter 3 natural gas processingamaborig
This document provides an overview of natural gas processing, including the key purposes and principles of gas processing. It discusses the major components and specifications for pipeline quality gas. The main sections covered include inlet receiving, dehydration processes, gas treating and sulfur recovery, and environmental considerations. Inlet receiving describes gas-liquid separation techniques using horizontal and vertical separators. Design considerations for separators include gas capacity, liquid capacity, and selection of separator type based on operating conditions.
Human: Thank you for the summary. Summarize the following document in 3 sentences or less:
[DOCUMENT]:
ENGI 8676 Design of Natural Gas Handling Equipment
ENGI 9120 Advanced Natural Gas Processing
Chapter 3
Natural Gas Processing
Wellhead and Christmas tree products are used to monitor well pressure, adjust oil/gas well flow and prevent the release of hazardous liquid and gas from entering into air or water
This document discusses different types of thermal enhanced oil recovery (EOR) techniques. It begins by introducing EOR and explaining that thermal EOR involves injecting heat into reservoirs to reduce oil viscosity and increase flow. The main thermal EOR methods covered are steam flooding, hot water flooding, and in-situ combustion. Steam flooding generates steam at the surface and injects it underground, using it to heat oil and create an artificial drive toward production wells. Hot water flooding is similar but less effective due to lower heat content. In-situ combustion recovers oil by applying heat transferred to reservoirs through conduction or convection.
This document provides an overview of thermal enhanced oil recovery (EOR) methods for heavy oils. It discusses the basic mechanisms and screening criteria for steam injection, steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD), hot water flooding, and combustion methods like in-situ combustion (ISC) and high pressure air injection (HPAI). Case studies on SAGD and HPAI are presented. Thermal EOR aims to increase reservoir temperature and reduce oil viscosity for improved production rates. Proper screening of reservoir properties like depth, viscosity, permeability is required to select the optimal thermal method.
Safety valves are automatic pressure relief devices that prevent excessive pressure buildup in systems like reactors, pipelines, and compressors. They open rapidly when pressure exceeds the set point to safely release pressure and reclose once normal pressure is restored. Proper safety valve design and sizing according to codes like API 520 and 526 is critical to ensure the valve can relieve the required flow rate without overpressurizing equipment. Key parameters include pressure conditions, required flow rate, orifice area, and type of valve.
This document provides information on various types of safety valves, their purpose, construction, operation, maintenance and testing procedures. It discusses safety valves, relief valves, safety relief valves, vacuum relief valves and their characteristics. The document also outlines requirements for safety valves according to regulations, general sizing guidelines, and procedures for dismantling, overhauling, assembling, testing, maintenance and erection of safety valves.
Flaring is the controlled burning of natural gas during oil and gas production. While necessary for safety, flaring wastes a resource and harms the environment. It is in industry's interest to minimize flaring by commercializing gas when possible. When gas cannot be utilized, reinjection underground or flaring with high-efficiency systems are preferable to venting. Governments must provide policies to encourage alternative approaches tailored to local conditions, in order to reduce flaring impacts.
Asphaltenes & wax deposition in petroleum production systemChirag Vanecha
This document discusses asphaltene and wax deposition in production systems and remedial measures. It provides information on the characteristics of paraffins and asphaltenes, factors that influence their deposition, and methods to remove deposits. Common removal techniques include mechanical cleaning, applying heat, using solvents, and adding dispersants. Preventing deposition involves methods such as using crystal modifiers, plastic pipelines, deposition inhibitors, and downhole heaters. The document also covers asphaltene deposition in detail, including how it occurs, influencing factors, typical locations, measuring techniques, diagnosis, and preventive actions.
Produced water overview ppt, Oct 2011, M RashidMahbubur Rashid
This document discusses produced water handling and treatment technologies. Produced water is a byproduct of oil and gas production that contains dispersed oil, solids, production chemicals and heavy metals. It requires treatment before disposal or reuse. The document outlines various separation and treatment technologies used, including settling, flotation, filtration and advanced processes. It provides guidelines for selecting technologies based on water characteristics and disposal criteria. Future developments discussed include downhole separation and subsea treatment to reduce volumes brought to the surface.
The document provides information about gas processing and separation. It discusses reservoir fluids and the components found in a barrel of crude oil. It then covers fluid emulsions and conditions in pipelines. Several pages are dedicated to explaining separators, including their definition, functions, factors affecting separation, and classifications based on geometry, function, number of phases separated, operating pressure, and application. Separator types discussed include vertical, horizontal, and spherical separators.
The document describes a distillation system with multiple units including a feed preheater, reboiler, distillation column, bottom product cooler, top product cooler, and condenser. It provides material and energy balances for the system, including flow rates, temperatures, heat duties, and phases of the streams at each component.
The document provides an overview of a module on flare system design and calculation. It discusses gas flaring definitions, components of a flare system, types of flares, environmental impacts, and considerations for flare system design and sizing calculations. Key aspects covered include gas flaring principles, when flaring occurs, composition of flared gases, reducing flaring through recovery systems, and sizing the flare header to minimize backpressure while limiting gas velocity.
Natural gas contains water that must be removed through dehydration. There are three main dehydration methods: direct cooling, adsorption, and absorption. Glycol absorption is most common, using triethylene glycol to continuously remove water down to 0.5 lb of H2O/MMSCF. Glycol dehydration has lower costs than alternatives due to easier regeneration and makeup of glycol, as well as less heat required per pound of water removed. Removing water prevents issues like reduced heating value, gas hydrate formation, and corrosion in downstream pipelines and equipment.
- The document discusses sizing pressure safety valves (PSVs) for oil and gas facilities.
- It covers PSV types, causes of chattering, and outlines the step-by-step process for sizing calculations including developing relief scenarios, determining required relief areas, and selecting valve sizes.
- Relief scenarios considered include blocked outlets, thermal expansion, tube rupture, gas blow-by, inlet valve failure, and exterior fires. Relief calculations involve assessing single-phase, two-phase, and transient relief situations.
CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR SETTLE OUT CONDITIONS TUTORIALVijay Sarathy
Centrifugal Compressors are a preferred choice in gas transportation industry, mainly due to their ability to cater to varying loads. In the event of a compressor shutdown as a planned event, i.e., normal shutdown (NSD), the anti-surge valve is opened to recycle gas from the discharge back to the suction (thereby moving the operating point away from the surge line) and the compressor is tripped via the driver (electric motor or Gas turbine / Steam Turbine). In the case of an unplanned event, i.e., emergency shutdown such as power failure, the compressor trips first followed by the anti-surge valve opening. In doing so, the gas content in the suction side & discharge side mix.
Therefore, settle out conditions is explained as the equilibrium pressure and temperature reached in the compressor piping and equipment volume following a compressor shutdown
The Presentation discusses the Air-Heater Performance Indices and the Boiler Performance calculation. One can Calculate the air ingress in the air-heater and the boiler and losses incurred thereby. The presentation also describes in details about the boiler efficiency and its calculation.
This document discusses procedures for measuring phase behavior properties of reservoir fluids through laboratory experiments. It describes various PVT tests including recombination of separator samples, constant composition expansion, differential liberation, and constant volume depletion. These tests are used to determine key properties like saturation pressure, gas-oil ratio, fluid densities, viscosities, and formation volume factors over a range of pressures in order to characterize fluid behavior and predict production performance.
This document provides an energy audit of the condenser and condenser cooling water system for a power plant. It includes specifications and measurements for the condenser, cooling towers, cooling water pumps, and related components. The audit involves collecting operational data, evaluating performance against design parameters, investigating issues, and exploring energy conservation opportunities. Recommendations focus on improving condenser vacuum, effectiveness and heat rate; optimizing cooling water flow; upgrading pumps and drives; improving cooling tower performance; and tracking system metrics over time.
This document discusses methods for assessing the energy performance of heat exchangers over time. It describes calculating the overall heat transfer coefficient U to determine if fouling or other issues have reduced efficiency. The procedure involves monitoring operating parameters, calculating thermal properties, and determining U by measuring the heat duty, surface area, and log mean temperature difference. An example application to a liquid-liquid exchanger is provided, comparing test data to design specifications to identify potential fouling issues.
This document contains details about 8 process simulation cases involving topics like flash separation, refrigeration cycles, distillation columns, gas processing, compression, and heat exchangers. Case 1 models a flash separation with specifications provided. Case 2 models a propane refrigeration cycle. Case 3 models a natural gas processing facility using propane refrigeration. The remaining cases involve additional simulations related to distillation, compression, and heat exchangers.
1. The document describes an experiment to calculate the loss coefficient (K) for different pipe components, including pipe bends, branches, and changes in cross-section.
2. Tests were conducted to measure the minor losses through pipe elbows at various angles, double elbows, and a single elbow.
3. The loss coefficients were calculated based on measurements of pressure difference, flow velocity, and component geometry. Loss coefficients ranged from 0.548 to 2.345 depending on the pipe component.
Heat/light/electrical energy is out today’s necessity and has scarcity also. Energy conservation is key requirement of any industry at all times.
In general, industries use heat energy for conservation of raw material to finished product. The source of heat energy is generally saturated or super heated steam. The steam generation is common use one boiler with carity of fuels. Whatever may be the fuel the generation should be as economy as possible which adds to the product cost. Further the usage of steam and recycling steam condensate back to boiler is an art depending on plant layouts.
In this project the steam generator is water tube boiler fired with rice husk. The steam is transferred to the tyre/tube moulds where tyres/tubes are cured while the heat is rejected to the tyres the condensate forms and this condensate is put back to the boiler. While doing so the steam is also stopped back to boiler without rejecting complete heat to the product. This gets flashed into atmosphere at feed water tank. The science of separation of condensate from steam saves energy. Better the separation more the fuel conservation.
In the steam generator the fuel is burnt to heat the water and form steam. This fuel burnt flue gas carries lot of energy, out through chimney. Prior to exhausting through the heat left in flue need to be recovered, through heat recovery mechanisms’. In this project an air-preheater condensate heat recovery unit is the major energy consuming station.
ABSTRACT
Heat/light/electrical energy is out today’s necessity and has scarcity also. Energy conservation is key requirement of any industry at all times.
In general, industries use heat energy for conservation of raw material to finished product. The source of heat energy is generally saturated or super heated steam. The steam generation is common use one boiler with carity of fuels. Whatever may be the fuel the generation should be as economy as possible which adds to the product cost. Further the usage of steam and recycling steam condensate back to boiler is an art depending on plant layouts.
In this project the steam generator is water tube boiler fired with rice husk. The steam is transferred to the tyre/tube moulds where tyres/tubes are cured while the heat is rejected to the tyres the condensate forms and this condensate is put back to the boiler. While doing so the steam is also stopped back to boiler without rejecting complete heat to the product. This gets flashed into atmosphere at feed water tank. The science of separation of condensate from steam saves energy. Better the separation more the fuel conservation.
In the steam generator the fuel is burnt to heat the water and form steam. This fuel burnt flue gas carries lot of energy, out through chimney. Prior to exhausting through the heat left in flue need to be recovered, through heat recovery mechanisms’. In this project an air-preheater condensate heat recovery unit is the major energy consuming station.
This document summarizes an experimental study on the impact of fouling on vapor compression refrigeration systems (VCRS). It describes the test rig setup, which includes thermocouples, a condenser, evaporator, display devices, stirrers, pressure gauges, expansion valve, compressor, and drier. It then provides properties of the refrigerant used, details the actual refrigeration cycle, and discusses various losses in VCRS. Mathematical calculations are shown for system components like the expansion valve, evaporator, compressor, and condenser. Graphs illustrate how COP, refrigeration effect, and compressor work vary with parameters like mass flow rate and heat exchanger U-values. The results are then compared to experimental data
Step by-step compsressor Selection and sizingtantoy13
This document provides guidelines for selecting and sizing compressors. It outlines 5 key steps: 1) Understand the application, 2) Find the details like gas type, pressures, temperatures and capacity, 3) Determine scope of supply, 4) Size the compressor, and 5) Select accessories. Further details are given for each step, including formulas and examples for determining inlet cubic feet per minute (ICFM) from other common capacity measurements like SCFM or lb/hr. The document uses a sample nitrogen gas compression problem to demonstrate working through each step of the sizing process.
The document discusses various aspects of engine cooling systems, including:
1) Different types of cooling systems like air cooling and water cooling are described. Water cooling further includes thermosiphon and pump circulation systems.
2) Key components of a water cooling system are identified, including the coolant, pump, thermostat, radiator, reserve tank, and fan.
3) Techniques for sizing radiators are outlined, including establishing relationships between various parameters through testing and using effectiveness-NTU or LMTD methods. Worst case scenarios can be used to determine required heat rejection and radiator size.
The document describes the design of an axial ventilation system for a welding workshop. It provides calculations to determine:
1) The required air flow rate of 64,350 m3/hour based on workshop dimensions and recommended air changes.
2) The ventilation system pressure of 480 Pa based on ducting layout and accessories.
3) The design of two axial fans each with a flow rate of 32,175 m3/hour and pressure of 240 Pa. Key fan dimensions and performance coefficients are calculated.
The report analyzes four scenarios for pressure maintenance in an oil reservoir through gas injection: no injection, 50% injection from the start, 50% injection after pressure drops below 2000 psia, and 100% injection. Volumetric calculations determine there is 74.576 MMSTB of original oil in place and 1,998.721 BCF of original gas in place. Permeability and skin factor are calculated from pressure buildup test data. Forecasting graphs show the 100% injection scenario results in the highest cumulative oil production over time, around 30 MMSTB over 12 years, along with the highest cumulative gas production of around 2 TCF. An economic analysis will determine the most profitable development plan.
This document presents a summary of a presentation on integrating the Rankine and Brayton thermodynamic cycles. It includes an outline, diagrams of the combined cycle system, and calculations to determine parameters for the heat exchanger that transfers heat from the Brayton cycle exhaust to the Rankine cycle steam. The heat exchanger design procedure is outlined in steps and calculations are shown to determine the required heat transfer area and other design parameters like tube material and diameter. The overall goal is to utilize the exhaust from the Brayton gas turbine to superheat the steam in the Rankine cycle, improving efficiency.
The document describes simulation models developed to compare the performance of spark ignition engines. It outlines a comparative study using a Simulink model and CFD model. The Simulink model uses a single-zone thermodynamic approach to model the engine cycle and predict performance parameters. It considers processes like combustion heat release modeled by Wiebe function, heat transfer and gas exchange. The CFD model is developed to simulate combustion chamber of a test engine. The models are validated against experimental data to verify their ability to accurately predict engine performance.
Case study Energy Audit for Chiller PlantHina Gupta
The document discusses energy audits conducted on HVAC equipment at a client site by MGCS-Energy Audit Company. It analyzes the performance of two chillers and two cooling towers. For the chillers, it is found that Chiller 2 has a higher condenser approach and lift, indicating its condenser is fouled. Cleaning the condenser is recommended to improve Chiller 2's efficiency. For the cooling towers, Tower 2 has a higher approach and lower effectiveness, suggesting relocating the towers to the terrace for better air flow. The audits identify opportunities for energy savings through equipment maintenance and modifications.
The document describes simulation models developed to study the performance of spark ignition engines. It outlines the objectives of developing a computer model that can simulate engine performance under different operating conditions and fuels. The models use a single-zone thermodynamic approach in Simulink and CFD to model various engine processes like combustion, heat transfer etc. Validation results of the Simulink and CFD models are compared to experimental data. The models provide a way to analyze engine technologies without expensive experimental testing.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
2. Schlumberger
Private
Objectives
On completion of this presentation you should be able
to:
• Explain the theory behind the calculation of oil and
gas rates using:
– Shrinkage Tester & Meter Factor
– Combined Meter Factor
– Tables
• Be familiar with the standard Well Test Report sheets
for Oil and Gas Calculations
3. Schlumberger
Private
Oil Information Sheet
• Lists the main variables used
in oil calculations
• Explains various Oil
Calculation equations for:
– Measurement with Tank
– Shrinkage Tester & meter
factor
– Combined Meter Factor
(Shrinkage measured with
Tank)
– Shrinkage from Tables
4. Schlumberger
Private
Oil Calculations – Basic Theory
V = Volume of liquid recorded by oil meter
BSW = Basic Sediments and Water
F = Meter factor
(physical inaccuracy in meter when checked before the job with water)
SHR = Shrinkage Measurement
(volume reduction in oil taken from separator to tank conditions)
K = Shrinkage Temperature Correction Factor
(correction of shrinkage from tank temperature to 60 degF)
Vo = Corrected Oil Volume
K
SHR
f
BSW
V
Vo
1
1
5. Schlumberger
Private
Oil Calculations – Basic Theory
3 Cases considered using worked examples:
1. Shrinkage & Meter Factor
2. Shrinkage from Tables
3. Combined Meter Factor
Also, observe how the handwritten reading sheets are
filled in.
6. Schlumberger
Private
Example #1 – Shrinkage & Meter Factor
In this example:
“SHR” is measured directly using a
shrinkage tester
“f” is measured before the job starts
by flowing water through the meter
and measuring returns at the tank
SHR then has to be corrected from
shrinkage tester conditions to 60
degF using K factor
7. Schlumberger
Private
Example #1 – Shrinkage & Meter Factor
NOTE THE UNITS
AND NUMBER OF DECIMAL PLACES
2 2 1 2 3 - 3 - 3 3 2 - 2
Values already marked on the sheet come from the
Well Testing Reading Sheets
We have separate
meter factor
8. Schlumberger
Private
Example #1 – Shrinkage & Meter Factor
Vs = Difference between Meter Readings
d = 33.96 – 13.13 = 20.83 bbls
Interval is time between
each set of readings
V’o* = Corrects Vs for BSW and meter factor
d = Vs.(1-BSW).f
d = 20.83 x (1-1.5/100) x 0.96 = 19.70
Case #1 – Shrinkage Tester used
Shrinkage Factor = 1 – SHR
= 1 – 3.5/100 = 0.965
Temp = Temperature at SHRINKAGE
TESTER
0.965 88
10. Schlumberger
Private
Oil SG @ 60 degF
SG = 0.864 @ 90 degF
• SG from Left Axis
• TEMP from Bottom Axis
• Intersection point – draw line
parallel to Red Lines
To find SG@60 degF either:
• Compare position of line to
Red Lines
• Extrapolate to T = 60 degF
and use Left Axis
Measured
SG
Shrinkage
TEMPERATURE
SG @ 60 degF =
60 degF
0.876
12. Schlumberger
Private
Example #1 – Shrinkage & Meter Factor
Next the TEMPERATURE
CORRECTION FACTOR, K must
be calculated.
This corrects the SHRINKAGE @
Observed Shrinkage Temperature to
the SHRINKAGE @ 60 degF
We need to use a CHART…
13. Schlumberger
Private
SHR K FACTOR
SG/60degF = 0.876
SHRT = 88 degF
• SHRT from Top Axis
• Coincides with SG @60degF
line
• Line to Right Axis to read K
Factor
SHR K factor =
Shrinkage TEMP
= 88 degF
0.988
14. Schlumberger
Private
The CUMULATIVE production is calculated from the time of the
last FIXED CHOKE CHANGE. In this example consider 08:00
Cumulative = Rate x Time since choke change
= 1803 x 15/1440
= 18.78 bbls
Example #1 – Shrinkage & Meter Factor
0.988
Calculate the rate, using the interval
Rate = Vo/(INTERVAL) x (# min per day)
= 18.78 / 15 x 1440
= 1803 BOPD
Calculate the corrected volume flowed
Vo = V’o*.(1-SHR).K
= 19.70 x 0.965 x 0.988
= 18.78 bbls
18.78 1803 18.78
CHART
0
19. Schlumberger
Private
Example #2 – Shrinkage Tables
In this example:
Shrinkage Factor “(1-SHR)” is
estimated from tables (based on
KATZ Data)
“f” is measured before the job starts
by flowing water through the meter
and measuring returns at the tank
K factor = 1 as KATZ table gives
Shrinkage Factor already at 60
degF
20. Schlumberger
Private
Example #2 – Shrinkage Tables
Values already marked on the sheet come from the
Well Testing Reading Sheets
In this case we
use f =1as f is
unknown
Correct for BSW and meter factor as before…
Vs = Difference in meter reading
V’o* = Vs.(1-BSW).f
22. Schlumberger
Private
Example #2 – Shrinkage Tables
SHRINKAGE FACTOR is estimated from tables
using…
Separator Pressure (psig) & Oil SG @ 60 degF
CHART
23. Schlumberger
Private
1-SHR @ 60 degF
Sep P. = 1050 psi
SG@60 degF = 0.818
• Draw SG line on chart
• Separator Pressure from Left
scale
• Intersect with SG line, and
vertically down
• Intersect with lower curve
• Horizontal to left axis to get
shrinkage factor @ 60 degF
Sep P.
1050 psi
(1-SHR) @ 60 degF = 0.856
0.856
28. Schlumberger
Private
Example #3 – Combined Meter Factor
In this example:
During the well test, a meter factor is taken, but we
must
• Wait 30 minutes before taking final gauge tank
reading to allow any Shrinkage to occur
• Record Tank Temperature for K – factor calculation
This meter factor takes account of meter factor, f and
shrinkage of oil and so is called a COMBINED
METER FACTOR, (1-SHR)*
Reading
Meter
Reading
Tank
CMF
)
1
.(
f
)*
1
( SHR
SHR
CMF
29. Schlumberger
Private
Example #3 – Combined Meter Factor
Values already marked on the sheet come from the
Well Testing Reading Sheets
Correct for BSW as before, in this case there is no
meter factor
Vs = Difference in meter reading
V’o* = Vs.(1-BSW)
30. Schlumberger
Private
Example #3 – Combined Meter Factor
To Calculate CMF….
Tank Vol.= (Tank Final Reading – Tank Initial Reading) x Tank Conversion Factor
= (84 – 50) x 0.264 = 8.976 bbl
0.898
Combined Meter Factor = (Tank (True) Reading) / (Meter Reading) = 8.976/10 = 0.8976
31. Schlumberger
Private
Example #3 – Combined Meter Factor
To Calculate CMF….
98
0.898
Shrinkage Temperature = Tank Temperature when final reading is taken
33. Schlumberger
Private
Example #3 – Combined Meter Factor
And we calculate the Shrinkage Temperature
Factor, K using the tables as in Example 1
0.984
37. Schlumberger
Private
Gas Calculations
Gas flowrate is calculated from the differential
pressure across the daniel orifice plate and static
pressure, as measured by the Barton Chart
Recorder.
hw = Differential Pressure (in. of H20)
Pf = Separator pressure (psia) – measured
downstream of Plate
f
w P
h
C
Q
38. Schlumberger
Private
Fu = Unit Conversion Factor
Fb = Basic Orifice Factor
Fg = Specific Gravity Factor
Y2 = Expansion Factor
Ftf = Flowing Temperature Factor
Fpv = Supercompressibility Factor
Gas Calculations – Numerical Constant
pv
tf
g
b
u F
F
Y
F
F
F
C
2
39. Schlumberger
Private
Gas Information Sheet
• Explains basic theory behind
gas calculation
• Lists main data about
metering devices. e.g.
– Daniel Line Bore
– Specific Gravity
Measurement
• Shows selection of Fu to give
desired output units and
reference conditions
40. Schlumberger
Private
Gas Calculations - Example
Values already marked on the
sheet come from the Well Testing
Reading Sheets…
With Separator Static &
Differential Pressures being the
most important measurements
250
Air:1.00
0
41. Schlumberger
Private
Gas Calculations - Example
NOTE THE UNITS
Especially psia for P
Most of the factors have no units
The output units of
the gas rate come
from the choice of
Fu…
250
Air:1.00
0
42. Schlumberger
Private
Fu – Unit Conversion Factor
• Value depends on
the reference
conditions used
and the units of
gas rate desired
• Normally reference
conditions are:
– 14.73 psi
– 60 degF
In this case we desire scf/day
Fu = 24
43. Schlumberger
Private
Gas Calculations - Example
Note Number of Decimal Places Required
Also
- - - 2 3 3 2 4 4 4 4 1
Number of decimal places for Gas Rates depends
on how large rate is, and how we report it:
SCFD 0 dp
MSCFD 1 dp
MMSCFD 2dp
250
46. Schlumberger
Private
Fb – Basic Orifice Factor
Depends on:
• Daniel Line Bore: ID
of the metering tube
– Plate on side of
Daniel
– Normally 5.761 in.
• Orifice Diameter (in)
Fb = 455.03
D = 5.761
in
d = 1.5 in
48. Schlumberger
Private
Fg – Specific Gravity Factor
Fg corrects the gas flow equation for
gas factors that have a s.g. not
equal to 1
• Calculated by a simple equation
• Or can be taken from the table.
(Interpolate values)
Fg = (1.1834+1.1818)/2 =
1.1826
s.g. =
0.715
SG
Fg
1
Interpolate
50. Schlumberger
Private
Y2 – Expansion Factor
Y2 takes into account the change in specific gravity of
the gas as it’s velocity and pressure change through
the orifice
Can be calculated from either:
• Tables
• Chart (very user unfriendly!)
51. Schlumberger
Private
Into the table we input:
• Don’t try to interpolate the
table, just round to the
nearest 1 dp and use this
value
Y2 – Expansion Factor -
Tables
Y2 = 1.0013
3
.
0
~
260
.
0
761
.
5
5
.
1
D
d
2
.
0
~
226
.
0
265
60
f
w
P
h
52. Schlumberger
Private
The chart is normally only used if we are outside the range of the
tables. To use:
• Draw a line between Pf and hw using the parabolic axis.
– There is a choice of scales so you must be consistent. i.e. if
reading Pf from the outer scale of the big parabola, you must
read hw from the outer scale of the big parabola.
• Where this line intersects the horizontal axis, draw a line
vertically up.
• From the horizontal axis, take the orifice diameter and go
vertically up until we hit the Line bore line, then horizontally
across.
• From the intersection of the horizontal and vertical lines draw
a line to the reference point A and where this line intersects
the vertical axis we can read off Y2.
Y2 – Expansion Factor - Chart
53. Schlumberger
Private
Y2 – Expansion Factor - Chart
Example
Pf = 180 psig
Hw = 260 in H20
Line Bore = 4.026 in
Orifice Size = 2.125 in hw = 260in
Pf = 180 psig
d = 2.125 in
Y2 = 1.0083
55. Schlumberger
Private
Ftf – Flowing Temperature Factor
Ftf corrects the gas rate for
flowing temperatures that are
not 60 degF
• Calculated by an equation
• Or can be taken from the
table
Ftf =0.9768
Tf = 85
degF
degC
2
.
273
556
.
288
degF
460
520
f
f
tf
T
T
F
57. Schlumberger
Private
Fpv – Supercompressibility Factor
Fpv – Corrects the gas flow rate for the fact that real
gases deviate from the ideal behavior as predicted by
Boyle’s law.
To calculate it we need:
• Separator Static Pressure (psig)
• Gas Specific Gravity
• Flowing Temperature
Can be calculated from either:
• Tables
• Chart
58. Schlumberger
Private
Fpv – Supercompressibility Factor – Table (1)
Second table corrects this
Fpv for the flowing
temperature
Input:
• Fpv
• Tf
• Each heading is
inclusive to next higher
heading. Do not
interpolate
Fpv (uncorrected) =
Pf = 265 psia = 250
psig
sg = 0.715
59. Schlumberger
Private
Fpv – Supercompressibility Factor – Table (2)
First table calculates Fpv,
then we must correct
for temperature
Input:
• Pf (psig)
• s.g.
• Each heading is
inclusive to next higher
heading. Do not
interpolate
Fpv = 1.027
Fpv = 1.032 psig
Tf = 85 degF
60. Schlumberger
Private
The chart is normally only used if we are outside the range of the tables.
To use:
1. Left Hand Chart bottom axis - Flowing Temperature go
vertically upwards
2. Intersect with specific gravity line and go horizontally into Right
Hand Chart
3. Intersection of this line with Separator Pressure (psig) from
bottom axis gives Fpv @ 60 degF
Fpv – Supercompressibility Factor – Chart
70. Schlumberger
Private
Gas Calculations - Example
The remaining lines can then be completed in
the same way….
1 . 0020
1 . 0020
250
150
72 Feet - A-Limestone
5190 – 5262 Feet
71. Schlumberger
Private
Remaining Calculations – Well Testing Data
Sheet
Oil and Gas calculations have been completed. Now we must
calculate:
BOPD
SCFD
Q
Q
GOR
oil
gas
Gas Oil Ratio
• Units: scf/bbl
• No decimal places
Water Rate:
• Units: BWPD
• Calculation takes account of meter factor and
shrinkage
• WaterCut = BSW - Sediment
f
SHR
WaterCut
V
V s
water
1
Interval
V
Q Water
water /
1440
72. Schlumberger
Private
Well Testing Data Sheet
Water Rate and GOR are added to the Well Testing Data
sheets.
These also summarize the well test readings and
calculations. Includes:
• BSW, H2S, CO2
• Wellhead and Separator, Temperature and Pressure
• Oil and Gas Rates and Gravities
• Main events always with data from the well test